Digital Signal Processing

Associate Prof. Heba Afify

 Course Details
Digital Signal Processing
Course Title

BIS 464
Course Code

Level/Semester 4st / 2st

 Assesment
Method Quantity (%)
Attendance& participation - 5
Quiz 2 10
Homework 6 5
Presentation 1 5
Midterm Exam(s) 1 15
Final Exam 1 60

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References
 Course Contents
• Overview of DSP
• Discrete-Time Signals Representation types, Operations-spectrum-
correlation energy and Power , Characteristics and Convolution-
• The discrete Time Fourier analysis: The discrete time Fourier transform,
• The Frequency Domain Representation of LTI Systems ,
• The Discrete Fourier Transform , DFT – properties, Linear Convolution
using the DFT
• The Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) - Digital Filter Structure: Finite impulse
response (FIR),Infinite impulse response (IIR)
• Applications of DSP in biomedical Engineering
Signals and Systems
• A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys information
• Systems respond to signals and produce new signals
• Excitation signals are applied at system inputs and response signals
are produced at system outputs

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Signal Types

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Conversions Between Signal Types

Sampling

Quantizing

Encoding

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 Recorded Sound as a Signal Example
• “s” “i” “gn” “al”

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 Signal Processing
• Humans are the most advanced signal processors
• speech and pattern recognition, speech synthesis,…
• We encounter many types of signals in various applications
• Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
• Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
• Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
• Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
• Most real-world signals are analog
• They are continuous in time and amplitude
• Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
• Analog circuits process these signals using
• Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
• Analog signal processing examples
• Audio processing in FM radios
• Video processing in traditional TV sets
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 Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
• Accuracy limitations due to
• Component tolerances
• Undesired nonlinearities
• Limited repeatability due to
• Tolerances
• Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
• Sensitivity to electrical noise
• Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
• Inflexibility to changes
• Difficulty of implementing certain operations
• Nonlinear operations
• Time-varying operations
• Difficulty of storing information
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Digital Signal Processing
• Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
• Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
• Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
• Digital signal processing
• Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
• Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output

– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer 12
 Pros and Cons of Digital Signal Processing
• Pros
• Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
• Repeatable
• Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
• Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
• Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
• Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
• Digital storage is cheap
• Digital information can be encrypted for security
• Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
• Cons
• Sampling causes loss of information
• A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
• Limited speed of processors
• Quantization and round-off errors
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Introduction to DSP
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is used in a wide variety of
applications, and it is hard to find a good definition that is general.
We can start by dictionary definitions of the words:
 Digital: operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in
the form of numbers
 Signal: a variable parameter by which information is conveyed
through an electronic circuit
 Processing: to perform operations on data according to programmed
instructions
Which leads us to a simple definition of:
Digital Signal processing: changing or analyzing information which is
measured as discrete sequences of numbers

Note two unique features of Digital Signal processing as opposed to plain old
ordinary digital processing:
Signals come from the real world - this intimate connection with the real
world leads to many unique needs such as the need to react in real time and
a need to measure signals and convert them to digital numbers
Signals are discrete - which means the information in between discrete
samples is lost
Digital better than Analog

 Analog
- Aging
- Sensitivity to the environment
- Uncertain performance in production units
- Variation in performance of units
- Sensitivity analog traces on PCBs
- Effort to migrate and adopt “canned” solutions

 DSP doesn’t have these problems!

By a signal we mean any variable that carries or contains
some kind of information that can be conveyed,
displayed or manipulated.

Variable of Signals：
Time/Distance/Temperature/Voltage
One-dimensional Signals： Single variable y=x(t)
Two-dimensional Signals： Two variables
Three-dimensional Signals ：Three variables
Classification of Signal
Continuous-time and discrete-time signal
Analog and digital signal (time and amplitude)
(1) Continuous-time signal：
(2) Discrete-time signal：Discrete variableContinuous amplitude
Time-domain discrete signals
(3) Analog Signal: Continuous variableContinuous amplitude
Speech, Television, Time-domain continuous signals
(4) Digital Signal：Discrete variablesDiscrete amplitude
Quantized discrete-time signals
Signal operation include:
(1) Transform, filter, inspection, spectrum analysis;
(2) Modulation and coding;
(3) Analog Signal Processing;
(4) Digital Signal Processing.
Examples of signals of particular interest are:

 Speech, is encountered in telephony, radio, and everyday life

 Biomedical signals, (heart signals, brain signals)
 Sound and music, as reproduced by the compact disc player
 Video and image,
 Radar signals, which are used to determine the range and bearing
of distant targets
Basic concepts about system

(1) System

Device or technology of signal processing.

(2) Analog system

System with analog input and output.

(3) Digital system

System with digital input and output.

Three Problems

x y
h

• Given x and h, find y analysis

• Given h and y, find x control
• Given x and y, find h design or synthesis

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Theory of digital signal processing
• Sampling of analog signals
A/D conversion, sampling theory, analysis of quantization errors;
• Discrete-time signal analysis
Time-domain and frequency-domain analysis, Fourier transform, z -
transform, Hilbert transform;
• Discrete-time system analysis
System representation, causality and stability, time-invariant system,
convolution, frequency response, digital filter design;
• Fast algorithm for signal processing
FFT, fast convolution and correlation;
• Special algorithm for signal processing
Interpolation, singular value analysis, deconvolution.