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Line Coding

Line coding is used for digital data transport in telecommunications systems. Some key considerations for selecting a line coding scheme include synchronization between transmitter and receiver, noise and interference levels, error detection, implementation requirements, and bandwidth. Common line coding types discussed in the document are NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester, and B8ZS/HDB3, which vary in their pulse shapes and abilities to eliminate DC components and enable clock recovery.

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157 views

Line Coding

Line coding is used for digital data transport in telecommunications systems. Some key considerations for selecting a line coding scheme include synchronization between transmitter and receiver, noise and interference levels, error detection, implementation requirements, and bandwidth. Common line coding types discussed in the document are NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester, and B8ZS/HDB3, which vary in their pulse shapes and abilities to eliminate DC components and enable clock recovery.

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mahwisharshad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Line Coding

Line Coding Basics: In telecommunication, a line code (also called digital baseband modulation) a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport. In selecting a particular line-coding scheme some considerations must be made, as not all line codes adequately provide the all-important synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Other considerations for line code selection are noise and interference levels, error detection and error checking, implementation requirements, and the available bandwidth. Types of Line Coding: 1) Unipolar Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) 0 = low level, 1 = high level. And unipolar NRZ: 0V and high volts (e.g. TTL 0V/5V). Bipolar NRZ: positive and negative. It has manly two types: 1.1) Nonreturn to Zero level (NRZ-L) Commonly used code to generate or interpret digital data by digital devices. 1.2) Nonreturn to Zero inverted (NRZ-I) More reliable to detect transition in the presence of noise. (i.e. non-differential always compares to the threshold.) NRZ techniques are used for digital magnetic recording. This line code is shown in Fig1. Problem with NRZ-L & NRZ-I 1-Possesses D.C. components. 2-Lack of synchronization capabilities.

Figure 1 the NRZ line code. 2. Unipolar Return to zero: In unipolar RZ the duration of the MARK pulse ( ) is less than the duration (To) of the symbol slot. Typically RZ pulses fill only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the second half.

Figure 2 the RZ line code.

3.

Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) & Pseudoternary: No less of synchronization (Bipolar AMI: 111 Pseudoternary: 000..,) No net d.c. component. Less BW compared to NRZ. Error detection for isolated errors.

Figure 3 the Multilevel Binary line code. 4. Biphase. Have two types: 4.1) Manchester code Transition in the middle of the bit period. Transition in middle of bit period Mid-bit transition serves as clock and data 1 = low-to-high transition 0 = high-to-low transition 4.2) Differential Manchester Code. Mid-bit transition is clock Data is encoded at the beginning of the bit period 0 = transition at beginning of bit period 1 = no transition at beginning

Figure 4 the Biphase line code. 5. Bipolar with 8-Zeros Substitution (B8ZS)

Modification to Bipolar-AMI to eliminate string of 0 bits: Replace any octet of all 0 (00000000) with: 000+-0-+ if previous non-zero signal was + 000-+0+if previous non-zero signal was This causes 2 code violations, so receiver knows it is a substitution byte, not a transmission error. Advanteges: Good clock recovery Most of the transmitted energy is in middle of the spectrum; no D.C. component

B8ZS is used with pulse code modulation (PCM) on T1 lines (1.544 Mbps); B3ZS and PCM are used on T3 lines. It is Commonly used in North America. High Density Bipolar-3 Zeros (HDB3)

Modification to Bipolar-AMI to eliminate zero strings: Replace any 4 zero bits (0000) with: odd even 000+ -00if previous non-zero signal was + 000- +00+ if previous non-zero signal was Alternate (odd/even occurrence) between the two Each replacement causes one code violation Good clock recovery; most of energy is in middle of the spectrum; no D.C. component; not as robust as B8ZS HDB3 is used on E-series public carrier lines (E1 is 2.048Mbps), Commonly used in Europe and Japan

Figure 5 B8ZS and HDB3 line codes.

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