CONCEPT OF DISASTER

NATURAL PHENOMENA are those that occur or

manifest without human input.

WHEN DOES A NATURAL PHENOMENA BECOME A

HAZARD?
When there is a threat of damage, injury and,
even death. \
WHEN DOES A HAZARD BECOMES A DISASTER?
“RISK”
A disaster happens when the probable - In the context of a disaster refers to the
destructive agent, the hazard, cause damage, potential loss of life, injury, or damage to
injury and, even death. property and infrastructure that could occur due
to a hazardous event.
DISASTER - It's essentially the likelihood of negative
consequences.
It is the serious disturbance of the functioning
society, causing widespread human, material or
​ Studying the nature and character of a
environmental losses which exceed the ability of
hazardous natural phenomenon is essential in
the affected society to cope using its own
preventing it from turning it into disaster
resources.

​ It also helps people to know when to

Disaster happens when the probable destructive
apply evasive actions or to recognize and do
agent, the hazard, hits a vulnerable exposed
something about their vulnerabilities
populated area.
​
​
DISASTER RISK
- is defined as “the potential loss of life, injury,
or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a
specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as a function of hazard,
exposure, vulnerability and capacity”.

- In the technical sense, it is defined through

the combination of three terms: hazard,
exposure and vulnerability

❖​Disaster risk is expressed as a function of

hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.

❖​It seeks not only to express the chance of the

disaster happening but also to quantify the
impact.
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DISASTER DEPENDS ON: Vulnerability: This refers to the conditions that
increase the susceptibility of a community to
❖​Severity of the natural event the impacts of a hazard. Factors such as
❖​The quantity of exposure of the elements poverty, lack of ​education, poor infrastructure,
at risk which includes lives and properties and weak governance can contribute to ​
❖​Vulnerability level or quality of exposure
vulnerability.
❖​The probability that a community’s
structure or geographic area is to be Example:
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a
A coastal community living in poorly
particular hazard, on account of its nature,
constructed houses (high vulnerability) in an
construction and proximity to a hazardous
area prone to typhoons (high hazard) with a
area.
large population (high exposure) has a high risk
of disaster.

While the basic formula provides a foundation,

other factors can influence disaster risk,
including:
Capacity: This refers to the resources and
abilities of a community to cope with and
recover from a disaster. Strong community
organizations, early warning systems, and
emergency response plans can enhance
capacity.

Coping Capacity: This is the ability of people,

organizations, and systems to survive, adapt,
and grow in the face of hazards and disasters.

By understanding these components,

communities can better assess their risk,
prioritize actions to reduce vulnerabilities, and
build resilience to disasters.

What countries with Strong Disaster Coping

Capacity?

Hazard: This refers to the potential threat or Developed Nations

danger posed by a natural or human-induced ❖​ Japan: Known for its stringent building
codes, early warning systems, and a culture of
event. Examples include earthquakes, typhoons,
preparedness.
floods, fires, or chemical spills.

Exposure: This refers to the people, property, and ❖​ New Zealand: A history of natural
other assets that are located in areas that could disasters has led to robust emergency
be affected by a hazard. It's about what is at management systems and community
stake. resilience.
 ❖​ The Netherlands: With a significant ❖​ Disaster often results from the failure
portion of its land below sea level, the country to anticipate the timing and enormity of
has invested heavily in flood protection and natural hazards.
disaster management.

DEVELOPING NATIONS WITH NOTABLE

SUCCESS
❖​Philippines: Despite frequent typhoons and
earthquakes, the Philippines has developed
strong community-based disaster response
systems.
❖​Bangladesh: This country has made
substantial progress in disaster
management, particularly in addressing
flood risks.

Key factors contributing to a country's disaster

coping capacity include:

Early warning systems: Effective systems to RISK ASSESSMENT

alert populations about impending disasters.
❖​is the determination
Infrastructure: Robust and resilient of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk
infrastructure, such as buildings, ​ related to a well-defined situation and a
transportation, and communication networks. recognized threat (also called hazard).

Emergency response plans: Comprehensive To reduce disaster risk,

plans for disaster response, including
evacuation procedures, search and rescue, ●​ It is important to reduce the level of
and medical care. vulnerability and to keep exposure as far
away from hazards as possible by relocating
Community preparedness: Educated and populations and property.
prepared populations capable of self-​ help ●​ The reduction of vulnerability can be
and mutual aid. achieved through such measures as
Governance and leadership: Strong leadership mitigation and preparedness.
and effective governance in disaster
management. THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Economic resources: Sufficient financial
resources to invest in prevention, What is Disaster Management?
preparedness, and recovery.
Preparedness
❖​Activities prior to a disaster
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO LESSEN THE RISK OF ❖​Ex. Preparedness plan; emergency
DISASTER? exercises/training; warning systems

❖​ Being aware of the nature of hazards Response

and what these can do to people and other ❖​Activities during a disaster
elements at risk is the first step in every effort ❖​Ex. Public warning systems; emergency
to minimize the effects of disaster. operations; search and rescue
 Rehabilitation incinerated grasslands from volcanic
❖​That looks at more long term inputs eruptions.
reinstating lost livelihood, introducing new
economic opportunities and improving MAN-MADE DISASTERS
land and water management processes so ❖​These are also called technological
as to reduce people’s vulnerability and disasters, destructions from man-made
enhance capacities to handle future hazards such as bomb explosions,
calamities chemical spills, and even war.

Recovery EFFECTS OF DISASTER

❖​Activities following a disaster ❖​Depends on the severity of the exposure of
❖​Ex. temporary housing; claims processing life, property, and the environment to the
and grants; long-term medical care and hazard
counseling

Mitigation PRIMARY EFFECTS

❖​Direct situations arising from the disaster
❖​Activities that reduce the effects of
itself
disasters
❖​Example, when a strong typhoon hits a
❖​Ex. Building codes and zoning; vulnerability
village,
analyses; public education
Brings flood, destruction of houses, damage to
property, and loss of life
❖​Geographical zone can be mapped to
identify areas that are included among the
primary effects.

SECONDARY EFFECTS
❖​Situations resulting from the primary effects
❖​Example, when a strong typhoon hits a
village,
❖​Disruption of electrical and water services
because of damage to power and water lines

TERTIARY EFFECTS
❖​Those that are not experienced as a disaster
is taking place but can be felt some time
after the disaster has occurred.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS
❖​Knows no political boundary
❖​Requires restructured and new responding
organizations
❖​Creates new tasks and requires more people
as disasters responders
TYPES OF DISASTER ❖​Renders inutile routine emergency response
equipment and facilities
NATURAL DISASTER ❖​Worsens confusion in understanding roles of
❖​ These are devastating outcomes that
peoples and organizations
result from natural hazards. Examples are
❖​ Exposes lack of disaster planning, response
collapse of houses from landslides and
and coordination. Inexperienced disaster
 organizations often fail to see what their Social and Political Impact
proper roles are. Include:
❖​ Poor are the most vulnerable
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS whenever a disaster strikes
❖​ The poor are the most prone to
Medical effects disasters because of the
Include: structures they live in which are
❖​ Traumatic injuries unreinforced and poorly built
❖​ Emotional stress
❖​ Epidemic diseases
❖​ Indigenous disease

Damage to Critical Facilities

Include:
❖​ Communication installations
❖​ Electrical generating and transmission
facilities
❖​ hospitals
❖​ Water facilities

Disruption of Transportation Exposure and Vulnerability

Include: Various Elements That May Be exposed to
❖​ Broken bridges, roads, and streets Hazards
❖​ Restricted mobility of vehicles makes 1.​ Environmental
rescue and other emergency operation difficult 2.​ Social
3.​ Economic
Economic Impact
Include: ❖​ Elements at Risk and Exposure
❖​ Normal business operations and other ❖​ People, properties, economic activities,
economic activities are curtailed and private and public services.
❖​ Peoples must also leave their jobs and
devoted their time to disaster-related activities,
Exposure
such as search and rescue, or to caring for
survivors ❖​ presence of people
❖​ livelihood
Global Environmental Change ❖​ environmental services and resources,
Include: ❖​ infrastructure
❖​ Global climatic change brought about by
❖​ economic, social, or cultural assets
both human activity and disasters
More cyclonic storms
❖​
❖​ Increase in both flooding and drought
Exposure
❖​ could be adversely affected by physical
❖​ Desertification
events and which, thereby, are subject to
❖​ Wildfires
potential future harm, loss or damage
❖​ Mudslides
❖​ may be possible to be exposed but not
❖​ Reduced productivity in the oceans
vulnerable.
❖​ Weakened immune system of people and
animals Vulnerability
❖​ Is the state of susceptibility to harm
from exposure to stresses associated with
environmental and social change and from the
absence of capacity to adapt.
❖​ It is a condition or sets of conditions that Natural hazard risk is compounded in the
reduces people’s ability to prepare for, withstand Philippines by:
or respond to a hazard ❖​ Poor institutional and social capacity to
❖​ This may arise from various physical, manage, respond and recover from
social, economic and environmental factors natural hazard events
❖​ “High risk” in terms of the country’s
VULNERABLE SECTORS INCLUDE ability to manage and mitigate the
impacts of natural hazard and in part
❖​ Agriculture and Food
❖​ due to ‘entrenched corruption and high
❖​ Watersheds: Forestry, Biodiversity, water
resources levels of poverty’
❖​ Coastal and Marine Resources ❖​ Aside from being at risk to typhoons,
the Philippines is also at risk to
MOST VULNERABLE POPULATIONS volcanic, quakes and floods.
❖​ people with disabilities
❖​ children CAPACITY
❖​ seniors
❖​ medication-dependent individuals Are strengths and resources that present in
❖​ women individuals, households and the community
❖​ ethnic minorities, aboriginal or
and enable them to cope up with, withstand,
indigenous people
prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly
❖​ homeless
recover from a disaster.
❖​ incarcerated individuals
❖​ marginalized groups
Those positive conditions or abilities which
increase a community’s ability to deal with
hazards.

CAPACITY ASSESSMENT
Is the process to determine how people cope in
times of crisis to reduce the damaging effects
of hazards.

Through capacity assessment, the community’s

Philippine Vulnerability to Natural Disaster coping strategies and resources, which are
available, for disaster preparedness,
❖​ The Philippines lies in the Pacific mitigation and prevention are identified.
typhoon belt and we are visited by an
average of 20 typhoons every year TOOLS FOR CAPACITY ASSESSMENT
❖​ Rugged nature of our landscape makes
❖​ Hazard map
our communities very vulnerable to
❖​ Historical profile
landslides, mudflows and other
❖​ Seasonal calendar
disasters
❖​ Gendered resource mapping
❖​ Archipelagic country with many islands
❖​ Focus group discussion
❖​ Many areas are also at below sea level
❖​ Livelihood/coping analysis
❖​ With one of the longest in the world at
❖​ Institutional and social network
32, 400 km, we have many areas that
analysis
are vulnerable to storm surges
❖​ Community drama
❖​ Our country is still a primary
agricultural and fishing economy.
 -​ It should be remembered that extreme
CAUSES OF NATURAL DISASTER hazard events are not always associated with
disaster
❖​ Global warming
-​ It is actually the circumstance of the
❖​ Natural activities in the earth’s crust
❖​ Tectonic movement community that causes a hazard to bring in
❖​ Moon activity disaster.
❖​ Mining
❖​ Deforestation TYPES OF HAZARDS
❖​ Soil erosion
❖​ Seismic activity Natural Hazard
❖​ Air pressure
❖​ Ocean currents - Are those that are caused by physical and
❖​ Pollution
biological elements in the environment.
Impact of Natural Disaster
Man-Made Hazards
❖​ Environmental issues
❖​ Humanitarian crisis -Also called as technological hazards, caused
❖​ Damages to infrastructure by factors that are generally traced to human
❖​ Public health issues and diseases
errors, intent or negligence, or glitches in
❖​ Food scarcity
technology.
❖​ Water scarcity
❖​ Displaced population
❖​ Injuries HAZARD EVENT
❖​ Death
❖​ Emotional shocks ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS
❖​ Economic impact
- become hazards once they threaten to affect
SOLUTIONS TO NATURAL DISASTERS society and/or the environment adversely.

Emergency measures
❖​
❖​ Investments in risk reduction
PHYSICAL EVENT
❖​ Information sharing on newest research
- such as a volcanic eruption, that does not
findings
❖​ Reforestation affect human beings is a natural phenomenon
❖​ Stable buildings but not a natural hazard.
❖​ Education
❖​ Technology NATURAL PHENOMENON
❖​ Governance
❖​ Economic support - that occurs in a populated area is a
hazardous event.
HAZARDS
HAZARDOUS EVENT
-​ are events that pose a threat, danger, or
risk to any element exposed or a future source - that causes unacceptably large numbers of
of danger to them fatalities and/or overwhelming property
-​ They can strike anywhere and anytime. damage is a natural disaster.
-​ Hazards result in a disaster if a community In areas where there are no human interests,
is left both exposed and vulnerable to that natural phenomena do not constitute hazards
hazard. nor do they result in disasters.
PROFILING HAZARDS CAUSALITY OF EVENTS
-​ It is important in predicting disasters that -​ It refers to whether the exposed element
a certain hazard can bring receives the likely disaster directly or indirectly.
-​ Useful in planning for a disaster especially -​ Communities and nature are dynamic such
if the same impacts are likely to be brought by that interrelationship and mobility make
a hazard that frequents a certain place possible a chain of reaction of varying
-​ Hazards can be profiled in different ways: degrees.
-​ Impact of hazards vary from place to
MAGNITUDE OR STRENGTH OF THE EVENT place and season to season, it is important to
assess the impact of every hazard so that
- This can assessed by the measurements similar events in the future may be prevented.
obtained from scientific instruments.
RESILIENCE
FREQUENCY OF THE EVENT
- as the capacity of a community to resist and
- It tells its proneness to that hazard which is recover from adversity.
always associated with the area’s
geographical location on Earth or its DIFFERENT WAYS TO CLASSIFY HAZARDS
topographical condition. Government
agencies record frequencies of natural hazard NATURAL HAZARDS
occurrences to see any patterns to serve as
tools in preparing for a disaster - such as earthquakes or floods arise from
purely natural processes in the environment.
DURATION OF IMPACT
QUASI-NATURAL HAZARDS
- The assessment of the duration is either
short or long like typhoon Yolanda In - such as smog or desertification arise
earthquake, the length of shaking, trembling, through the interaction of natural processes
and even the after-shocks are recorded. and human activities.
Volcanic eruption that can last for days.
TECHNOLOGICAL (OR MAN-MADE) HAZARDS
CAUSALITY OF EVENTS
- such as the toxicity of pesticides to fauna,
It refers to whether the exposed element accidental release of chemicals or radiation
receives the likely disaster directly or indirectly. from a nuclear plant. These arise directly as a
Communities and nature are dynamic such result of human activities.
that interrelationship and mobility make
possible a chain of reaction of varying
degrees.

Impact of hazards vary from place to place

and season to season, it is important to assess
the impact of every hazard so that similar
events in the future may be prevented.
 A RAPID ONSET DISASTER
- refers to an event or hazard that occurs
suddenly, with little warning, taking the lives of
people, and destroying economic structures
and material resources. may be caused by
earthquakes, floods, storm winds, tornadoes,
or mud flows. The earthquake that struck
western Turkey in August 1999 is one such
example.
KEY HAZARD PARAMETERS
MAGNITUDE OF THE EVENT SLOW ONSET DISASTERS
- occur over time and slowly deteriorate a
-​ Measure of its strength and is an
society's and a population's capacity to
indication of how destructive it can be.
withstand the effects of the hazard or threat.
-​ Richter Magnitude Scale – measures the
Hazards causing these disaster conditions
amount of seismic energy released in an
typically include droughts, famines,
earthquake
environmental degradation, desertification,

VEI (VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX) deforestation and pest infestation. The El Niño
phenomenon is an example of one such
– measures the relative explosiveness of disaster.
eruptions based on visual observation
Intensity PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
-​ Measure the earthquake’s impacts on the
ground
RETURN PERIOD
-​ Mercalli Scale and Rossi-Forel Scale – MAJORITY OF HAZARDS HAVE RETURN
measures earthquake intensity PERIODS ON A HUMAN TIME-SCALE.
-​ A weaker earthquake on the Richter Scale
might have a higher intensity on the Mercalli -​ Examples are five-year flood, fifty-year
Scale flood and a hundred - year flood.
-​ This reflects a statistical measure of how
SPEED OF ONSET often a hazard event of a given magnitude
and intensity will occur.
-​ The most important aspects of hazards.
-​ The speed of the disaster's onset is another THE FREQUENCY
way to distinguish between disasters—and the
types of responses that may be required. -​ is measured in terms of a hazard’s
-​ The more predictable an event is, the recurrence interval.
lesser the chance of incurring casualties and -​ For example, a recurrence interval of 100
damages. years for a flood, suggests that in any year, a
flood of that magnitude has a 1% chance of
occurring.
SUCH EXTREME EVENTS HAVE VERY LOW HYPOCENTER – Commonly known as the focus
FREQUENCIES BUT VERY HIGH MAGNITUDES IN which is the the precise point below the Earth’s
TERMS OF DESTRUCTIVE CAPACITY. where the earthquake starts.

This means that an event considered being a

hundred year flood would cause severe
EPICENTER - the spot on Earth’s surface
directly above the hypocenter. It is the point
damage compared to a five-year flood.
where the greatest impact is generally felt.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT
- process of estimating, for defined areas, the
probabilities of the occurrence damaging
phenomenon of given magnitude within
specific period of time.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FORE SHOCKS - are smaller earthquakes that

happen in the same place before a larger
-​ is part of the process used to evaluate if
earthquake takes place.
any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may
have the potential to cause harm.
-​ The term often used to describe the full
MAIN SHOCK - the largest main earthquake
are always followed by AFTERSHOCKS that
process of risk assessment: Identify hazards
occur in the same place.
and risk factors that have the potential to
cause harm (hazard identification)
AFTERSHOCKS - can continue for weeks,
months and even years after the main shock
EARTHQUAKE
but usually decrease in frequency and

-​ one of the most devastating natural intensity

catastrophes that geologic forces can produce.

-​ are natural vibrations of the ground as a
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES?
result of two slabs of Earth’s crust sliding past
The surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic
each other
plates that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle,
floats on a super heated magma (in the
mantle) and constantly move, slide past and
bump into each other.

FAULTS
-​ are fractures or systems of fractures
generally found in the plate boundaries.
The surface where they slide is called a FAULT -​ are linear zones of weakness and are
PLACE source of energy to accumulate
 DIP-SLIP - have walls that move sideways and
FAULT ZONE the slip occurs along the strike (not up or down
the dip) the fault plane is usually vertical (no
-​ the term used by geologists to refer to the
hanging wall or footwall)
complex system of fractures or deformations
in the fault
-​ cluster of parallel faults.
-​ The term is also used for the zone of
crushed rock along a single fault.
-​ Prolonged motion along closely spaced
faults can blur the distinction, as the rock
WHY DOES THE EARTH SHAKE WHEN THERE IS
between the faults is converted to fault-bound
AN EARTHQUAKE?
lenses of rock and then progressively crushed.
-​ because tectonic plates meet, push each
other, or slide past one another it generates
PARTS OF A huge amounts of energy.
FAULT -​ when the force overcomes the friction of
the edges of the fault, the slabs may slip and
cause a RELEASE OF ENERGY in the FORM OF
VIBRATIONS
-​ When the energy reaches the surface, it
shake the ground and anything on it the
shaking we feel is what we call as
EARTHQUAKE
TYPES OF FAULT -​ The energy radiates outward in all
directions like ripples in a pond.
NORMAL - forms when the hanging wall
drops and form as a result of pulling the sides
Southern Philippines Quake Kills 161 October
of the adjacent blocks apart.
18, 2013. Most of the fatalities from the 7.2
magnitude quake occurred on the island of
Bohol, known for its “Chocolate Hills.”

PHIVOLCS LATEST EARTHQUAKE

INFORMATION
-​ PHIVOLCS Earthquake Bulletins of latest
REVERSE - forms when the hanging wall moves seismic events in the Philippines are listed
up and form as a result of compression –
below.
pushing the sides of adjacent blocks together.
-​ The event parameters (hypocenter, time
and magnitude) are determined using
incoming data from the Philippine Seismic
Network.
-​ Philippine Standard Time (PST) is eight estimate the distance from the earthquake to
hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time the station.
(UTC). SEISMIC WAVES - propagation properties on
-​ (PST = UTC + 8H) UTC is the time standard unconsolidated materials.
for which the world regulates clocks and time.
-​ Earthquakes in this list with their date and GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS - Groundwater
time in blue have reported and recorded levels in wells may oscillate up and down while
intensities. seismic waves pass.
-​ Intensity ratings are based on the
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale. TOPOGRAPHIC SETTING - Topographic site
effects on seismic waves are known to cause
GROUND SHAKING important gradients in ground acceleration in
individual mountain ridges.
-​ the most familiar effect of earthquakes.
-​ It is a result of the passage of seismic GROUND SHAKING OR VIBRATION
waves through the ground, and ranges from
quite gentle in small earthquakes to incredibly -​ is what we feel when energy built up by the
violent in large earthquakes. application of stress to the lithosphere is
released by faulting during an earthquake.
GROUND SHAKING DEPENDS ON SEVERAL -​ Can be caused by an earthquake or
VARIABLES volcanic eruptions or landslides.

o​ Earthquake magnitude
HOW ARE THEY GENERATED?
o​ Epicenter distance
-​ caused by sudden slippage along a fault
o​ Local geology and soils thickness
zone
o​ Seiesmic waves-propagation properties
-​ the elastic rebound theory – suggests that
on unconsolidated materials
elastic energy builds up in the deforming rocks
o​ Groundwater conditions
on either side of the fault
o​ Topographic setting

​ (1) until it overcomes the resistance posed

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE - is a measure of by any irregularity on the fault plane, when
the “size,” or amplitude, of the seismic waves
slippage does occur, energy is released and is
generated by an earthquake source and
transported by seismic waves that travel
recorded by seismographs.
through the earth which we feel as (2)
vibrations

Seismic Waves - causes the vibrations that is

felt during an earthquake
Three types:
-​ primary waves (P-waves)
-​ secondary waves (S-waves)
-​ surface waves - travel outwards from the
EPICENTER DISTANCE- Use the time difference epicenter.
between the arrival of the P and S waves to
-​ P and S waves are called body waves as IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for
these travelled in the rocks below the surface Seismology)
of the dearth.
- is a university research consortium
-​ Radiate out from the rupturing fault
dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior
-​ Upon the reaching the earth surface, these
through the collection and distribution of
are converted to Surface waves.
seismographic data. IRIS is listed in the

PRIMARY WAVES Registry of Research Data Repositories.

-​ P-waves
-​ the first waves to radiate out of the focus SEISMOGRAM - the recording a seismograph
-​ are the fastest of seismic waves traveling makes.

up to 7 km/s through Earth’s crust

-​ the first signals to arrive at seismic
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
facilities
EARTHQUAKE DEPTHS - earthquakes doesn’t
happen on the surface but kilometers
underground (starts at the hypocenter)

EARTHQUAKE DEPTHS are classified into three

categories:
-​ Shallow quakes
Secondary Waves - (S-waves) moves much -​ Intermediate quakes
slower than a P-wave, at a velocity of 3.5 km/s. -​ Deep quakes

SHALLOW QUAKES
-​ are the most devastating depths
-​ happen within the first 70 km of the crust
-​ around 90% of the world’s earthquakes
happen in shallow regions of the crust

SURFACE WAVES - the slowest of all seismic MAGNITUDE - is the amount of energy
waves traveling only 2.5 km/s and typically
released during an earthquake.
generated when the source of the earthquake
is close to the Earth's surface.
FREQUENCY - How often a vibration occurs.
The unit in measurement is Hertz (Hz) or
HOW ARE GROUND SHAKING IS MEASURED? cycles/second.
SEISMOGRAPHS
PERIOD- The time (in seconds) it takes for one
-​ instruments used to record earthquakes full cycle to occur.
-​ very sensitive instruments that detect and
record vibrations ACCELERATION- It is the rate of change of
-​ Horizontal and Vertical Seismographs velocity expressed as a ratio of the
acceleration of gravity.
RICHTER SCALE
-​ describe magnitude in terms of numerical
scale HOW EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS ARE
-​ developed by an American seismologist GENERATED?
named Charles Richter
-​ base the magnitude of the earthquake -​ Most natural earthquakes are caused by
from the size of the largest seismic waves sudden slippage along a fault zone.
generated by a factor of 10 -​ Slippage along a fault is hindered because
there are irregularities on the fault plane.
INTENSITY - the destructiveness of
earthquakes done through observation of HOW DO SEISMIC WAVES SHAKE THE
damage and descriptions of shaking by GROUND?
survivors.

EFFECTS OF GROUND SHAKING

-​ Ground shaking cannot harm you if you
are in an open field
-​ The importance of the stability of a
building’s contents is often overlooked in
preventing injuries and fatalities.
-​ It is the failure of a building due to interior
design, poor construction, or weak foundation
that cause people’s harm or death.

EARTHQUAKE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS

CONTROL INTENSITY OF VIBRATION Vibration Hazard Zoning
The intensity of shaking also depends on the
characteristics of the materials the ground is
made oF Ground shaking is governed by shear
wave velocity: the higher the velocity, the less
ground shaking will occur. Velocity is
determined.
-​ Strong material at high frequency (High
Velocity)
-​ Weaker material at low frequency (Low
Velocity)
-​ Soft and hard rock properties are used as
proxies for velocity to estimate ground
shaking.
-​ Grain size if often used for grouping
sediments units to units of different shaking.
Shear wave is directly proportional to grain
size.
-​ Greater velocity, lower amplitude
-​ The older the sediment, the less will be its
shaking response

Earthquake Safety Tips

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND RUPTURE
- It is another important effect of
earthquakes which occurs when the earthquake
movement along a fault actually breaks the
Earth's surface.

- Is the displacement on the ground due to

the movement of fault. The movement may have
vertical and horizontal component and may be as
small as less than 0.5 meters.

BLIND FAULTS
- pose a significant problem to hazard
analysts and society;

- they are in many cases discovered after

having caused earthquakes.

Faults are active if they moved under the current

stress field and caused an earthquake in the
recent geologic past

Recency of activity is an indication of a fault’s

tendency to give way to pressure under the current
stress regime.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUEFACTION- It is a phenomenon in which the
GROUND RUPTURE strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by
earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
- determine how long ground ruptures are

- how and by how much the earth’s surface

breaks along ground ruptures

- Types of faults movements (reverse,

normal, strike-slip)

- Depth and nature of sedimentary

materials overlying the bedrock fault may
determine the pattern of surface fault traces.

- Faulting causes movement of the ground

in many ways

- It may cause lateral shifting, uplift,

HOW DOES LIQUEFACTION OCCUR?
subsidence, extension or compression

- Width of deformation

EFFECTS OF GROUND RUPTURE

- Strike-slip fault

- Normal fault

MEASURES TO MINIMIZE GROUND RUPTURES TYPES OF LIQUEFACTION

 Mitigating Liquefaction Hazard
- Hazard Zone maps are prepared to
identify areas potentially subject to
liquefaction.

- Used by property owners to identify

vulnerable structures.

Effects of Liquefaction On Buildings And

Structures
Liquefaction causes some of the most striking
ground failures and damages to structures

Damage during Liquefaction results from the

settlement landslides, and the ejection of
water and sediment at the surface in the form
of sand blows or sand boils, fountain or even
seepage of water that leads to flooding.

Areas and Deposits Prone to Liquefaction Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence
Liquefaction – refers to the collapse of
potential landslide areas which occurs
during the transmission of seismic waves
can cause shaking and vibration of ground
surface when earthquake occurs.
●​ Landslides occurs when an object is released
from one’s grip, it yields to the pull of gravity
and must come down.
●​ Slope failures occurs when part of it changes
from stable to an unstable condition.
●​ Regardless of how a landslide is triggered,
gravity is always the primary force that enable
any landslide to occur, many know
devastating landslides had been triggered by
earthquakes.

Earthquake – induced landslide loose thin soil

covering on the slopes of steep mountains are
prone to mass movements especially when
shaken during an earthquake.

Why Landslide Occur?

1. Removal of support

2. Groundwater (pore water) pressure

3. Volcanic Eruptions

4. Intense rainfall

5. Snowmelt

6. Human interventions

7. Earthquakes

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES

What Local Government Units and

National Government Agencies and
Institutions Can Help?
●​ Developing and enforcing ordinances
●​ Creating emergency management
programs
●​ Partnership with the private sector
●​ Establishing hazard maps
●​ Teaching people what to do before,
during, and after a landslide
Prone Areas to Landslides during Earthquakes TSUNAMI RUN-UP AND INUNDATION
or Landslide Hazard Zoning
●​ Many parameters when maps are drawn
showing landslide susceptibility of areas
including the strength of the materials,
topographic characteristics, and triggering
mechanism
●​ (MGB) Mines and Geosciences Bureau –
rain-induced landslide
●​ PHIVOLCS – earthquake-induced
landslides
●​ Longer and steeper slopes

CAUSES OF TSUNAMI
1. Generated during an earthquake
along a body of water
TSUNAMIS- series of giant waves caused by
an earthquake or underwater volcano that 2. Earthquake triggered landslides
suddenly shifts the seafloor. occurring under the ocean of coastal areas

3. Any submarine or coastal activity

that can trigger tsunami by displacing
large amount of water

4. Meteorite falling in the ocean

TYPES OF TSUNAMIS
· Submarine landslide tsunamis
TSUNAMI PROPAGATION
· Landslide tsunamis

· Meteor tsunamis

· Plate tectonic tele-tsunamis

· Asteroid/comet impact tsunamis

Local Tsunami – Confined to coasts within a
hundred kilometers from the source. It is
usually generated by earthquakes and
landslides or pyroclastic flow. It can reach the
shoreline within 2-5 minutes.

Far field or distant Tsunami – Can travel from

1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the
nearby countries. These tsunamis mainly
coming from the countries bordering Pacific
Ocean like Chile, Alaska in USA and Japan.

TSUNAMI HAZARD PRONE AREAS

-​ The degree of tsunami hazard that a
coastal area faces depends on the exposure to
offshore earthquake generators

-​ The Philippines is surrounded by trenches

that had been the source of tsunamigenic
earthquakes
EARTHQUAKE DRILL - the conduct of
earthquake drill in school requires through
planning and designing of evacuation
procedure, as well as orienting the teachers,
students and other school staff on how to go
about with this.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Magma- refers to hot molten rock and is
stored in the Earth’s crust
Volcano- A vent in the Earth's surface through
which magma (molten rock) and gases are Lava Flows
expelled.
-​ Lava can be thin and runny or thick
Volcanic hazard- refers to the potential for a and sticky
volcanic eruption to cause harm to people, -​ Flow type depends on viscosity (due to
property, or the environment. composition)
-​ Composition depends on silica (SiO2,
Why study volcanic hazards?To understand Fe, and Mg
the risks and take appropriate measures for
safety and preparedness. Radioactive decay- It is the source of heat
that contributes to the heat inside the earth.
Volcanic Eruptions
Mantle convection- It is the movement of the
-​ Unpredictable, Dangerou
mantle that cause basaltic lava comes out of
-​ Build and destroy mountains
divergent plate margins or mid-oceanic
-​ Eruptions affect climate
ridges.
-​ Reduce average global temperature by
1 – 3 degrees C for a few years Lava Composition’
-​ Eruptions- Provide highly productive
soils to feed civilization but it can extinguish a -​ Lavas with low silica/high Fe and Mg

civilization in minutes. are called Mafic or Basaltic

-​ Lavas with moderate silica, Fe and Mg
Signs of an Impending Eruption are called Intermediate or andesitic
-​ Lavas with high silica/low Fe and Mg
-​ Increased seismic activity:
are called Silicic, Felsic, rhyolite
-​ Earthquakes near the volcano.
-​ Ground deformation: Changes in the Types of Lava Flows
shape of the volcano
-​ Changes in gas emissions: Increased
Basaltic Lava Flows
levels of sulfur dioxide and other gases. -​ Mafic lava – very hot, low silica, low
-​ Hydrothermal activity: Changes in hot viscosity
springs and geysers. -​ Basaltic flows are thin and fluid
-​ Rapid flow (up to 100 km/hr)
Volcanic Hazards
-​ Long distance flow (up to 100 km)
-​ Lava flows -​ It is the fastest flowing lava because of
-​ Volcanic Gases its relatively low viscosity
-​ Pyroclastic Flows
-​ Tephra Falls
Basaltic Lava Flow
-​ Lahar
-​ Debris Avalanche

Lava - a hot molten rock that reaches the

surface of the earth through a volcanic vent.
 Molten Basaltic Lava -​ 1931 postcard of Devils Tower, Wyoming,
a shallow intrusion that formed columnar
jointing as it cooled.
-​ Strongly jointed basaltic lava flow in an
old quarry, Whistler Corridor, Canada.

Andesitic Lava Flow

-​ Higher SiO2, content makes andesitic
Basaltic Lava Flow Styles lavas viscous
-​ Typically associated with strato volcanoes
Pahoehoe
and commonly form lava domes
-​ Composed of thin flows with smooth -​ They mound near vent, flow slowly
surface that sometimes feature ropy -​ Flows is comprised of smooth-sided
appearance fragments called block lava
-​ Forms when hot basalt skin cools

A’a’
-​ Basalt that solidifies with a jagged,
sharp, spiny, angular surface
-​
-​ The result when the lava hardens more Andesite flows on Lascar Volcano
quickly than it flows
-​ Forms when hot flowing basalt cool -​ Located in Chile The most active
and thicken stratovolcano in the central Andes
-​ Lava crumbles – “blocky fragments -​ Displaying a large blocky lava

Rhyolitic Lava Flow

-​ Have relatively higher viscosity
-​ Highest silica content
-​ Rarely slows
-​ Usually associated with violent eruptions
involving pyroclastic flows and with steep
landforms such as lava domes.

Columnar jointing
-​ Lava flows cool/contact with vertical
fracture that are hexagonal in shape
-​ Columnar jointing – indicates basaltic
lava flow
 Dallol, Ethiopia, The Hottest Green Crater on
Earth
Sheet Lava Flow
-​ Thicker than pahoehoe and have
surface textures ranging from ropy to striated
-​ Associated with violent eruptions

-​ East of Reykjavik lies a mountain

named Hengill.
-​ Hengillwas formed from a Palagomite
tuff and its highest point is around 800 metres
Pillow Lava Flow above sea level.
-​ Hengill is a central volcano and has a
-​ Pillow-shaped rocks formed by the
giant magma chamber beneath it.
sudden cooling of lava that is deposited
underwater
-​ Associated with eruptions of undersea
volcanoes

Eruptive Style of a Volcano

Effusive Style - flow
-​ Lava flows stream away from vents
Strongly jointed basaltic lava flow in an old
-​ Lava lakes ca form around the vent
quarry,
-​ Lava fountains
Whistler
Corridor. Explosive
Style - blow
Balls
Pyramid,
Lord Howe
Island Group, Sydney Australia. erosional
remnants of a -​ Produce pyroclastic debris and flows
shield volcano -​ Caused by gas pressure in viscous
and caldera magma
that formed -​ Create stratovolcano
about seven -​ Blanket landscape with tephra
million years
ago
 Effects of Lava Flows
-​ Lava buries or surrounds everything

The speed at which lava moves across the

ground depends on several factors, including:
-​ type of lava erupted and its viscosity;
Phreatomagmatic eruptions- These are the steepness of the ground over which it travels;
most dangerous type of eruption. They occur whether the lava flows as a broad sheet,
when magma interacts with water. Ex: Taal through a confined channel, or down a lava
Volcano. tube; and rate of lava production at the vent.

Lava flow hazard zoning: Factors affecting

volcanic landforms and lava flow extent
Aside from viscosity, morphology ( including
how wide it is) and how far a lava flow travels
depends also on the extrusion rate and slope
of the land.

Mitigation of Lava Flow

Eruptive Style Control
-​ Stay away from lava flow danger zone
-​ Viscosity – Controls the ease of lava -​ Diversion of lava flows
flow. -​ Use of engineered barriers and
-​ Gas Pressure – Greater pressure favors diversion channels
explosive style. -​ Spraying an advancing lava flow with
-​ Environment – Where the eruption water may stop it by increasing viscosity,
occurs is important. causing the flow to thicken
-​ Increasing the rate at which gas
Types of Lava escapes from the flow and seeding the flow
High Viscosity with foreign nuclei

-​ Stiff and flows slowly Volcanic Gases

-​ Ex: Blocky Lava and Pahoehoe
-​ Volcanic gases are gases given off by
Low Viscosity active volcanoes.
-​ These include gases trapped in cavities
-​ More fluid and flow more quickly in volcanic rocks,
-​ A’a’ and Pillow Lava -​ dissolved or dissociated gases in
magma and lava, or
-​ gases emanating from lava, from
volcanic craters or vents.
-​ Volcanic gases can also be emitted
through groundwater heated by volcanic
action
-​ Magma contain dissolved gases.
-​ Some of those dissolved gases include can be dangerous to breathe and cause
water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur damage to the lungs and eyes.
dioxide. -​ Fluorine gas (F2)-One of the nastiest,
-​ When viscosity is high, dissolved gases although less common gases released by
become trapped in the magma, and the volcanoes. This gas is yellowish brown,
volcano build up pressure. corrosive and extremely poisonous.
-​ When viscosity is low, dissolved gases -​ Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide- both
escape from the magma and the sulfur-based gases have a distinct acidic,
pressure is low. rotten-egg smell. SO2 can combine with
-​ Gases are confined to molten rock by water vapor in the air to form sulfuric acid
pressure; once pressure is reduced, the (H2SO4), a corrosive acid;
gases begin to escape. -​ Sulfuric acid (H2S)- It is also very acidic,
and extremely poisonous even in small
Dissolved Gases amounts
-​ When dissolved gases are high, pressure -​ Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)-It is highly
is high, and volcanic eruptions are corrosive and toxic, and causes terrible
explosive. internal burns and attack calcium in the
-​ When dissolved gases are low, pressure is skeletal systemEven after visible gas has
low, and volcanic eruptions are quiet. dissipated, fluorine can be absorbed into
plants, and may be able to poison people
and animals for long periods following an
eruption
Schematic diagram of volcanic gaseso
during volcanic eruption Volcanic Gas
-​ 1 – 10% of magma may be gas
-​ Water (H2O) – most abundant gas
-​ Carbon dioxide (CO2) – second most
abundant
-​ Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – rotten egg smell

Volcanic gases are probably the least showy

part of a volcanic eruption, but they can
be one of an eruption's most deadly
effects.
-​ Carbon dioxide is not poisonous, but it
displaces normal oxygen-bearing air,
and is odorless and colorless.
-​ It is heavier than air,
-​ Can kill vegetation, livestock and people
living nearby.
-​ When the gases form acids in large
enough quantities, they mix with water
vapor to form VOG, or volcanic fog, which
Identifying Volcanic Gas Danger spots and -​ Heavier fragments roll downward along
areas prone to gas accumulation the ground, while smaller fragments float
in a stream of hot gases.
-​ Low lying areas
-​ Violent eruption of Mount Sakurajima,
-​ Carbon dioxide and monoxide are
Japan, in 1924.
heavier than air and thus flow near the ground
and closed depressions like stream valleys Pyroclastic flows form in various ways.
-​ Areas subject to the greatest hazard
from poisonous gases will be downslope -​ column of lava, ash, and gases expelled
from a volcano during an eruption loses
GAS HAZARD MITIGATION Techniques its upward momentum and falls back to
the ground.
-​ gas dispersion and deposition
-​ when volcanic material expelled during an
downwind from the volcanic source (e.g.,
eruption immediately begins moving
Vulcano, Italy; Poa ́s, Costa Rica).
down the sides of the volcano.
-​ artificial degassing being carried out
-​ can also form when a lava dome or lava
at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, is it possible to
flow becomes too steep and collapses.
reduce or eliminate the gas hazard physically
-​ "Boiling over" from eruptive vent: during
-​ monitoring of the volcano
an explosive eruption, material is erupted
-​ one should remain to the windward
without forming a high plume and rapidly
side of the gas source and wear full- or
moves down slope.
half-face gas masks (respirators) with
appropriate absorbers/filters Pyroclastic flows often occur in two parts.
-​ a wet cloth held over the face can
partially reduce the amount of water-soluble -​ Along the ground, lava and pieces of rock
gases entering the lungs flow downhill.
-​ Education of the population at risk -​ Above this, a thick cloud of ash forms over
-​ Evacuation is necessary the fast-moving flow.

Pyroclastic Flow
-​ A pyroclastic flow is a dense,
fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces,
volcanic ash, and hot gases.
-​ It is extremely dangerous to any living
thing in its path.
-​ Considered the most dangerous of all
volcanic hazards
NueeArdente
-​ It refers to a hot glowing broken piece
of lava when it collapsed caused by gravity.
-​ NueeArdente deposits of block and ash
are also generated by dome collapse caused
by gas-driven explosions.

Three types of pyroclastic flow generation

Soufriere Type- Examples: Mt Mayon, Mt.

Pinatubo, and Mt. St. Helens

Pyroclastic flows may result in:

-​ Burn
-​ Impact and burial
Pelean Type- Examples:Mt.Pelee in the -​ Inhalation of hot gases
Carribbean which erupted in 1902 killing 28 -​ Lahar and flooding
000 people.
Pyroclastic Flow Hazard Zoning- Avoidance of
areas prone to pyroclastic hazard

Merapi
Type- Examples: Mt. Merapi's eruption in 2010,
Indonesia
Mitigating the Effects of Pyroclastic Flow
Types of Pyroclastic Material
-Monitoring&Evacuation
The world’s largest volcanic eruption to
happen in the past 100 years was the June 15,
1991, eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the
Philippines.
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo sent lahars Pele's hair- These long thin strands of
and pyroclastic flows down the mountain, volcanic glass
wiping out bridges and other infrastructure
downstream.

World Airways DC10 airplane sitting on its tail

because of the weight of wet volcanic ash from
Mount Pinatubo

Tephra Falls of a Volcano

Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles Pumice and Scoria- They are
Tephra- refers to volcanic rock and lava basically pieces of lava froth
materials that are ejected into the air by which have been thrown out of
explosions or carried upward by eruption a volcano and landed as very
column’s hot gases. porous volcanic rocks.

Ballistic Projectiles Pumice contains more silica

which makes its parent magma very
-​ A special kind of tephra which are viscous and resistant to release trapped
forced out of the vent following a projectile gases.
path at a steep angles like a cannon ball.
-​ Consists of bombs, blocks, and lapilli - The frothy appearance of pumice is
-​ Bombs are derived from fresh magma due to vigorous gas escape in lavas
with smooth edges rich in silica
-​ Blocks derived from chips of the walls
of the volcanic vent with rough edges
Scoria contains bigger
bubbles which are easily
Winnowing Process - Process of sorting visible to the naked eye.
fragments from the largest (bombs and Scoria is much heavier
blocks), near the volcano, to finest (ash), than light-weight pumice
farther away from the source. that easily floats on
water.The vesicular
Types of Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles appearance of scoria is due to poor silica
Pele's tears content in andesitic and basaltic lavas

-​ tephra fragments are products of rapid Tephra – pyroclastic

cooling of basaltic lava while still in the air
debris deposits
and formed a water droplet-shaped -​ Lapilli and
lapilli-size fragments bombs near the
-​ are jet black vent
in color and are often -​ Tuff – lithified
found on one end of ash with or
a strand of Pele's hair. without lapilli
-​ Air-fall tuff – accumulations of ash that What to do BEFORE:
fell like snow
-​ Protective Clothing and high-efficiency
-​ Welded tuff (ignimbrite) – tuff deposited
dust mask should be made available
while still hot
-​ Design roof orientation and pitch to
-​ Pyroclastic material fuses while cooling
discourage thick tephra build ups.
Dangers From Tephra Falls and Ballistic -​ Strengthen roofs and walls to
Projectiles withstand loading and projectile
impacts
-​ Airborne fine particles can harm the eyes
with conjunctivitis or corneal abrasions. What to do DURING:
-​ Asphyxiations and damage to the lungs
-​ Prolonged (months to years) exposure and -​ Clothing and dust mask

inhalation can cause silicosis (scarring of -​ Stay inside

lungs) -​ Close the doors

-​ Ashes can be heavy when wet. -​ Wear respirator or wet cloth over the

-​ Airborne ash can reduce visibility by nose and mouth

blocking sunlight -​ Proper distance while driving

-​ Some pyroclastic falls contains toxic gases, -​ Clear tephra

acids, salts and chemicals What to do AFTER:

How Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles Are -​ Remove or stabilize tephra on the
Dispersed or Hazard Zoning ground after a fall to prohibit
-​ Tephra fall is one of the least dangerous reworking
volcanic hazards but it can reach in -​ Handle the ash in open,
tremendous distance. well-ventilated areas and wet the dust
-​ However predicting where the fragments whenever possible
land, how big, how thick is a hard task. -​ Wear googles and corrective
-​ It all depends on the size of the eruption eyeglasses instead of contact lenses
itself and materials it carries -​ Personnel not essential to the
emergency should be kept inside
Mitigating the Effects
LAHARS- It is a violent type of mudflow or
-​ With tremendous impacts and heat that debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic
ballistic projectiles brings, the safest way is material, rocky debris and water.
to stay away from the crater
-​ Safe distance would be several kilometers -​ Tephra is readily moved by water as
away from the volcano debris flows called lahars
-​ For a bomb-proof shelter should prepare -​ These flows are destructive
for ballistic projectiles. -​ Move fast (up to 50 km/hr)
-​ Beyond the zones for precaution -​ Consistency of wet cement
-​ Covering windows facing the crater -​ Hazard to people living in valleys near
-​ Thick steel roofing for protection volcanoes
-​ Triggered by eruption or later by
heavy rain
-​
 Landscape changed by lahar pyroclastic-flow deposits formed the
potentially unstable natural dam.
-​ Ash from Pinatubo now forms the wall of
the gorge on Tarlac River.
-​ continues to pose a possible threat to
low-lying areas.

Types of lahar diversion structures

A. Engineered channel reach in small river
draining Sakurajima volcano in southern
Japan,

B. Training dike revetted with steel sheet

piles on the lower flank of Usu volcano,
Japan and designed to deflect lahars
away from buildings and other
infrastructure.

Examples of large-scale lahar containment

and exclusion structures
A. The Sediment Retention Structure (SRS)
Taming Lahar- Methods that had been
downstream of Mount St. Helens, USA, 11
employed to lessen the effects of lahar
Nov 2012); the volcano is visible on the
Example of slope stabilization horizon on the left side of the image.

-​ Timber retaining walls used to stabilize a B. Mud Mountain Dam with a large
steep slope in a volcanic area in Japan concrete overflow spillway on the White
River downstream of Mount Rainier (USA),
Lake-level stabilization to prevent failure of a (2011). It was built as a flood-control
natural debris dam and a subsequent
lahar structure but it also may function as a trap
for at least part of future lahars
At Mount St. Helens (USA) a tunnel was bored
through a mountain ridge to divert water C. Exclusion levees surrounding the Drift

from Spirit Lake into an adjacent drainage River oil terminal on an alluvial

basin. In this case debris-avalanche and plainapproximately 40 km downstream of

Redoubt Volcano, Alaska
 Recognizing volcanic debris avalanche
-​ A debris avalanche is the sudden
catastrophic collapse (landslide) from
an unstable side of a volcano.
-​ Debris avalanches can be wet, dry or
Examples of impermeable lahar flow- and
erosion-control structures. both, and if wet, an avalanche may
evolve and continue to flow further
A. Series of sheet-pile check dams with down slope as a lahar.
masonry aprons at Mount Usu, Japan.

B. Dam of rock-filled steel cribs at Mount

Ontake, Japan.

Volcanic Debris Avalanche- These are moving Ojos del Salado

masses of rock, soil and snow that occur when
the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses -​ is an active stratovolcano in the Andes
and slides downslope. on the Argentina–Chile border and the
highest active volcano in the world at
-​ Debris avalanche events form a 6,893 m (22,615 ft).
horseshoe-shaped scar or amphitheater, -​ The higher a volcano is, the farther is
-​ from which the collapse mass has the distance a debris avalanche
detached from the edifice to form a field of travels.
hummocks or small hills downslope of the
amphitheater Volcanic areas are very sensitive to erosion
-​ Volcanic areas are very sensitive to
-
erosion and dispersal of material which
changes the landscape rapidly.
-​ Erosion causes removal of support of a
volcano’s slopes, hence, increasing the
chances of collapse.

Preparedness Measures
-​ Evacuation plans: Develop and practice
evacuation routes.
-​ Emergency kits: Prepare a kit with
essential supplies.
-​ Stay informed: Follow official sources
for updates.
-​
-​
 -​ Protect yourself: Wear protective
gear during ashfall.

Mitigation Strategies
-​ Land use planning: Avoid building in
high-risk areas.
-​ Early warning systems: Implement
systems to detect and alert people.
-​ Monitoring: Continuously monitor
volcanic activity.
-​ Disaster response: Develop effective
response plans.

Benefits To Volcano Eruption

-​ Volcanoes create brand new islands
-​ Precious gems are beneficial to
volcanic eruptions

Benefits of Living Near A Volcanic Region

-​ ­Aesthetic Beauty eg. Mount Fuji, Japan
-​ Mining of minerals and diamonds
-​ Geothermal energy and hot springs
-​ Highly fertile soils – soft rocks and high
mineral content

Predicting Volcanic Eruptions

-​ Monitoring seismic disturbances
(tremors)
-​ Changes in Volcano Profile (shape)
-​ Chemical changes in groundwater
-​ Emissions of Gases
-​ Thermal Monitoring (Temperature)
Hydrometeorological Hazards The Eye wall
-​ Where the strong wind gets as close as
Typhoon it can is the eyewall.
-​ It is a severe weather disturbance -​ The eyewall consists of a ring of tall
characterized by strong winds and heavy rains thunderstorms that produce heavy
which revolve around a central low-pressure rains and usually the strongest winds.
area. -​ Changes in the structure of the eye and
eyewall can cause changes in the wind
Characteristics of a Typhoon speed, which is an indicator of the
a.​ Increased ocean swell
storm’s intensity.
b.​ Barometric pressure drop
-​ The eye can grow or shrink in size, and
c.​ Increased wind speed
double (concentric) eyewalls can form.
d.​ Heavier rainfall

Tropical Cyclones According to their Maximum Rainbands

Sustained-Wind Speed -​ Curved bands of clouds and
thunderstorms that trail away from the
1.​ Tropical Depression eye wall in a spiral fashion.
-​ Wind speed up to 60 kph -​ These bands are capable of producing
2.​ Tropical Storm heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well
-​ wind speed raging from 63-118 kph as tornadoes.
3.​ Typhoon -​ There are sometimes gaps in between
-​ wind speed greater than 118 kph Called spiral rain bands where no rain or wind
“hurricane” in northeast Pacific and northern is found.
4.​ Super typhoon
-​ wind speed exceeding 220 kph
Why do Tropical Cyclones Form?
-​ It forms as a result of the atmosphere's
natural tendency to maintain
The Eye
equilibrium
-​ The hurricane’s center is a relatively
-​ by redistributing heat through wind
calm, generally clear area of sinking air and
from the equatorial regions to the
light winds that usually do not exceed 15 mph
polar regions.
(24 km/h) and is typically 20-40 miles
(32-64 km) across.
-​ Usually develop when the maximum
Importance of Tropical Cyclones
1.​ Rainfall brought about by tropical
sustained wind speeds go above 74 mph (119
cyclones replenishes groundwater and
km/h)
surficial water.
-​ the calmest part of the storm.
2.​ It would be simply too hot for life to
thrive if not for the redistribution of
heat which tropical cyclones facilitate.
But why does an eye form?
3.​ Flora and fauna are heavily reliant on
-​ The cause of eye formation is still not
tropical cyclones for sources of water.
fully understood.
-​ It probably has to do with the
combination of “the conservation of angular
momentum” and centrifugal force.
Stages in the Formation of a Sea Region
Hurricane/Tropical Cyclone -​ Responsible for naming typhoons
1.​ 1. Warm sea temperature (above 26° C) -​ Effective Public Typhoon Warning
cause warm, rising, humid air System
2.​ (a) Cooler high altitude temperatures
cause formation of cumulo nimbus cloud. Storm Surge
(b) Rising warm air causes surrounding air to -​ a localized unusual increase of sea
move forward the central low pressure water level generated by a storm, over
area. and above the predicted astronomical
3.​ (a) Cumulo nimbus cloud form into long tides.
spiraling cloud bands.
(b) Coriolis effect causes incoming winds to Tsunami
swirl around the central area of low -​ a succession of water waves formed in
pressure. the sea or ocean when an immense
4.​ (a) High altitude winds carry away air volume of water is displaced due to
dispelled from top of cyclonic air system earthquake, volcanic eruption, mass
(b) Dries air from higher altitude is slowly wasting event, meteorite impacts,
drawn underwater explosions, or any other
(c) Hurricanes force winds circle in around the onshore or offshore disturbances
eye. Storm system is pushed along is track strong enough to displace a great
by winds. volume of water toward the land.

Effects of Tropical Cyclone Tidal Wave

a.​ Strong winds -​ formed due to imbalanced,
b.​ Storm surge gravitational influences of the celestial
c.​ Heavy rains bodies like the moon, the sun, and
other planets.
Measure for Mitigating the Destructive Effects
of Typhoon Factors that Influence the Build-up of Water
-​ Determining areas prone to Level During a Storm Surge
typhoon-related disasters 1.​ Storm intensity ( wind speed)
-​ Implementing legislation involving land 2.​ The Pressure effect
use planning, zoning and building 3.​ Size
standards 4.​ Storm forward speed
-​ Weather forecasting and Monitoring 5.​ Angles of approach to coast
a.​ PAGASA – responsible for forecasting and 6.​ The effects of the Earth's rotation
observing tropical cyclones that may enter 7.​ The rainfall effect
or affect the PAR (Phil. Area of 8.​ Geometry of coastal area (bathymetry,
Responsibility topography, coastline shape, local
b.​ RSMC – Regional Specialized features)
Meteorological Center 9.​ Timing
- one of the 6 worldwide Tropical Cyclone in
charge of issuing official warnings for the Size
entire Western Pacific Ocean and South China -​ A tropical cyclone with a larger
diameter will form a higher surge
Geometry of Coastal Area -​ Strong occasionally has a black or dark
a.​ Bathymetry green appearance
-​ It is the appearance of the ocean or -​ Lasts an average of 10 to 20 minutes
sea bottom resulting from the variation in but some storms may last much longer
depth in different portions 3.​ Dissipating Stage
b.
​ Topography -​ Downdrafts, downward flowing air,
-​ It is land configuration resulting from dominate the storm
variation in elevation -​ Rainfall decreases in intensity
c.
​ Coastline shape -​ Can still produce a burst of strong
d.​ Man-made and natural Local features winds
-​ Lightning remains a danger
Wetland Protection
-​ The role of protecting offshore barrier Hazards of Thunderstorms
islands, such preserving mangrove forests and 1.​ Lightning
-​ the abrupt, natural, visible high voltage
coral reefs during storm surge serves as the
electrical discharge when positive and
shock absorbers.
negative charges join within a cloud
Thunderstorm between clouds, or between a cloud
-​ a violent, transient type of weather and the ground.
disturbance associated with thousands of 2.​ Thunder
-​ Acoustic effect of sudden expansion of
meters tall cumulonimbus clouds
air caused by the heat released during
-​ They often occur in the equatorial
a lightning strike.
regions.
-​ These can occur at any time of the day,
3.​ Lightning Strike
-​ If the lightning hits the ground, it is
but happen mostly in the afternoon or evening
called lightning strike
during summer.
4.​ Cloud-to-ground Lightning
-​ It is a more accurate term than just
3 Requirements for the Formation of a “lightning” when referring to the most
Thunderstorm
dangerous type of lightning.
-​ Moisture
-​ Most of the time it involves negative
-​ An unstoppable, rapidly rising mass of
charge from the cloud coming into
warm air
contact with the positive charge on the
-​ A strong upward current of air to force
ground below.
moisture to higher, cold levels of atmosphere

1.​ Developing Stage Effects of Lightning to Human

1.​ Severe external and internal burns
-​ Towering cumulus cloud indicates rising
2.​ Exposure of flesh and bones
air
3.​ Damage to organs
-​ Usually little if any rain during this stage
4.​ Damage to the nervous system
-​ Lasts about 10 minutes
5.​ Electrocution
-​ Occasional lightning
2. Mature Stage
​
-​ Most likely time for hail, heavy rain, Effects of lightning strike to the environment
1.​ Acid rain
frequent lightning, strong winds, and
2.​ Trees and forest fires
tornadoes
Hail/Hailstorm coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of
-​ is the individual piece of layered, floodwater that penetrates the inland which is
rounded or irregularly- shaped ice which is controlled by the topography of the coastal
occasionally produced during a thunderstorm land exposed to flooding.
-​ hailstorm is an unusual weather -​ Flooding occur when seawater encroaches
phenomenon in which balls of ice, called hail, low-lying land that is usually still above sea
fall from the sky. level.

Tornadoes Astronomical High Tide

-​ a narrow, funnel or cylindrical shaped, -​ A short-term sea-level rise caused by
and intensely rotating columns of wind that the gravitational pull of the moon and
form during powerful thunderstorms and the sun on the earth’s water.
extend from base of a cumulonimbus cloud
down to the earth’s surface 1.​ Spring tide
-​ Happen when the sun, the earth, and
Waterspouts the moon are aligned during new
-​ an intense columnar vortex that occurs moon and cause water to bulge in the
over a body of water. direction of the alignment.
2.​ Neap tide
Downburst -​ Occur during quarter moons, do not
-​ Relatively small, localized sources of cause extreme tides because the
violently descending strong winds that travel gravitational pull of the moon and the
along straight-line paths during sun are perpendicular to each other
thunderstorms. and cancel to each other out.

Flood
-​ the abnormal rise of water level in River Floods
rivers, coastal areas, plains, and in highly -​ When the sea level of water flowing
urbanized areas through rivers increases and goes
beyond the average water level, or
Types of Floods worse, further encroaches levees.
1.​ Flashfloods Urban Floods
-​ a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: -​ Occurs in highly populated , developed
washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions. areas set on relatively low-lying areas
-​ it may be caused by heavy rain like valleys and plains.
associated with a severe thunderstorm,
hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from Catastrophic Flood
ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or -​ Flooding result from ground failure
snowfields. and/or major infrastructure failure.
-​ It is a rapid, short-lived, and violent
arrival of a large volume of water which can Destructive Effects of Flooding
be caused by intense localized rainfall on land 1.​ Primary Effects
that is saturated or unable to absorb. -​ Result from direct interaction of
2. Estuarine and Coastal Floods
​ humans and their property with flood
-​ It normally occurs when dry and low-lying land waters.
is submerged by seawater. The range of a -​ Loss of lives and property
2.​ Secondary Effects -​ Warm water spreads from the West Pacific
-​ Short-term, intermediate, but indirect and the Indian Ocean to the East Pacific.
consequences of flooding -​ It takes the rain with it, causing rainfall in
-​ Power loss, domestic and potable water normally dry areas and drought in normally
loss or shortage west areas.
3.​ Tertiary Effects
-​ Long-term indirect consequences of La Niña
flooding -​ This phenomenon involves prolonged
-​ Economic hardships due to unemployment unusual cooling of sea surface
temperatures in central and eastern pacific.
Hydrographs -​ a phenomenon that when the surface of the
-​ graphs of channel discharge versus time, ocean has cooler temperature than normal
in different places – are the outcome of in the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean;
flood forecasting. regions close to the equator off the west
coast of South America.
El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO)
-​ a natural climatic phenomenon Serious Effects of La Niña
characterized mainly by cyclic fluctuation -​ Drought
of warm and cold sea surface -​ Good Crops Productions
temperatures and atmospheric pressure in -​ Flood
the central and eastern equatorial pacific. -​ Tornado
-​ It is a recurring pattern involving changes -​ Increased Rainfall
in the temperature of waters in the central -​ Increased Commercial Fishing
and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
The Effects of La Niña
Southern Oscillation Index -​ Rain clouds form as a result of the uplift of
-​ El Niño–Southern Oscillation is an irregular warm, moist air.
periodic variation in winds and sea surface -​ Monsoons seasons will be more intense in a
temperatures over the tropical eastern La Niña year.
Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of -​ Western portions may be in drought and
much of the tropics and subtropics. drier conditions
-​ The warming phase of the sea
temperature is known as El Niño and the El Niño
cooling phase as La Niña. -​ colder ocean temperature in west pacific
-​ occurs every 3-7 years
El Niño -​ weak trade winds
-​ a prolonged unusual warming of the sea -​ fewer Atlantic hurricanes
surface temperature in the central and
eastern equatorial Pacific. La Niña
-​ warmer ocean temperature in east pacific
The First Signs of El Niño -​ frequency unknown
-​ A fall in air pressure over the Tahiti and -​ strong trade winds
the rest of central and eastern Pacific Ocean. -​ increase hurricane activities in
-​ The trade winds in the South Pacific Atlantic
weakened or headed east.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS -​ Volcanic eruptions that caused
large-scale climate change may also have been
Geological Hazards
involved,
-​ are naturally occurring or (man-made)
geologic conditions capable of causing
damage or loss of property and/or life.

Causes of Geological Hazards:

-​ Earthquakes
-​ Volcanic Eruption
-​ Rainfall-induced landslides
-​ Rapid sediment movement
-​ Subsidence
-​ Sinkhole Formation -​ together with more gradual changes to
-​ Impacts with space objects Earth's climate that happened over millions of
years.
What are the Geological Hazards in the
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction
Philippines?
event/ The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event,
The country's location also makes it vulnerable or the K-T event, “Kreidezeit.” is the name given
to other natural disasters including: to the die-off of the dinosaurs and other
species that took place some 65.5 million years
-​ frequent earthquakes, ago.
-​ volcanic eruptions
-​ landslides -​ Geological record shows a distinct layer
-​ soil erosion. of iridium–an element found in abundance only
in space–that corresponds to the precise time
Geological Hazards: BOLIDE IMPACT, GROUND the dinosaurs died.
SUBSIDENCE, COASTAL EROSION -​ This suggests that a comet, asteroid or

BOLIDE IMPACT meteor impact event may have caused the

extinction of the dinosaurs.
-​ Refers to impact events that have
physical consequences and have been found Mass extinction at 65 mya: Almost certainly ~
to regularly occur in planetary systems, though
10 km bolide impact
the most frequent which involve: asteroids, -​ Iridium-rich layer in 65 mya
comets or meteoroids. sedimentary layers found worldwide (iridium is
enhanced in meteorites)
Bolide
-​ Mass of iridium consistent with impact
-​ It is any extraterrestrial object bolide size ~10 km
apparently happen less frequently and seem -​ The chicxulub crater off Yucatan coast
to be the least likely to occur. Mexico measures 180-300 km across, making it
one of the largest craters formed in the inner
Why did the Dinosaurs die out? ☹
solar system during the last 4 bya.
-​ Evidence suggests an asteroid impact was
the main culprit.
The Chicxulub Impact: By numbers Ejecta - material that is forced or thrown out,
especially as a result of volcanic eruption,
1.​ The force of the Chicxulub Impact: 7
meteoritic impact, or stellar explosion.
million times stronger than the Tsar Bomba
denotation (The most powerful nuclear
explosion in history)
2.​ The weight of the material ejected from
the impact site: 200,000 kg, or 440,925
pounds. The heaviest blue whales weigh in at
42,000 pounds.
3.​ Spherules falling back to earth carried
radiant heat 1100 times hotter than that of
sun.
4.​ Roughly 75% of all species on Earth
disappeared in the mass extinction following
the impact, according to the marine fossil
record.
Impact crater - a depression excavated
5.​ The only land animals to survive the
formed when an object like an asteroid or
extinction event following the Chicxulub
meteorite crashes into the surface of a larger
impact weighed less than 1kg, or 2.2 pounds.
solid object like a planet or a moon.
Chelyabinsk meteorite in Russia Meteorite impact crater near Halls Creek,
-​ Date: February 15, 2013 Western Australia
-​ Cause: Meteor air burst
Hydrothermal systems operated in an
-​ Non-fatal injuries: 1,491 indirect injuries
enclosed impact crater at Sudbury, Ontario,
-​ Property damage: Over 7,200
Canada.
buildings damaged, collapsed factory roof,
shattered windows. BOLIDES:
-​ The Chelyabinsk meteorite contrail was 1.​ Comet – Icy body that releases gases
seen in the sky above the Russian city. The
as it orbits the sun.
meteor injured hundreds of people
2.​ Asteroid – Rocky body smaller than a
Chelyabinsk meteorite Tunguska Event planet that orbits the sun.

-​ Date: 30/06/1908
-​ Location: Tunguska River, Siberia,
Russia
-​ Cause: Probable air burst of small
asteroid or comet
-​ Outcome: Flattening 2,150 km2 (830 sq
mi) of forest, Devastation to local plants
and animals 3.​ Meteor - Streak of light seen when
-​ Death: 0 Confirmed, 3 possible meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere.
-​ The largest known bolide impact in 4.​ Meteoroid – Rocky or metallic fragment
modern times in 1908, which wreaked of an asteroid, comet, or planet.
havoc in a remote forest in Siberia.
5.​ Meteorite - Meteor fragment that reaches -​ Light and sound of the fall were observed
the ground. for two hundred miles around the point of
impact.
The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar Chemistry of the Sikhote-Alin
System located roughly between the orbits
of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is The Sikhote-Alin is classified in Group IIB,
occupied by numerous irregularly shaped with:
bodies called asteroids or minor planets.
-​ 5.9% Ni,
Bolide Events 1994-2013 -​ 0.42% Co,
-​ 0.46% P,
This diagram maps the data gathered from
-​ 0.28% S,
1994-2013 on small asteroids impacting
-​ 52 ppm Ga,
Earth’s atmosphere to create very bright
-​ 161 ppm Ge,
meteors, technically called “bolides” and
-​ 0.03 ppm Ir.
commonly referred to as “fireballs”.
-​ Of course, almost all of the remaining
Sizes of red dots (daytime impacts) and blue portion of the meteorite is iron.
dots (nighttime impacts)
The Holsinger Meteorite is the largest
discovered fragment of the 150-foot
(45-meter) meteor that created Meteor
Meteor Crater in Crater
Arizona-
1.2 km in diameter
and ~170 meters
deep crater was
formed by a 40 to 50-meter iron-nickel
asteroid roughly 50,000 years ago. Credit:
NASA Materials as evidence of past bolide impacts
The Sikhote-Alin Fall -​ Tektites
-​ impact breccia
-​ The Sikhote-Alin
-​ Shatter cones
meteorite fell during
-​ Spherules
daylight at 10:38 a.m.
-​ Shocked quartz
local time on February
-​ Coesite
12, 1947
-​ Iridium
-​ Witnesses reported a
-​ Circular magnetic and gravity anomalies
fireball that was
brighter than the sun. Tektites
-​ It came from out of the north -- about 15
-​ A buried crater in southern Laos might be
degrees east of north and descended at
the long-sought source of a strewn field of
an angle of 41 degrees.
glassy blobs, or tektites, produced by the
-​ It left a trail of smoke and dust that was
meteorite impact approximately 790,000
20 miles long and lingered for several
years ago, covering more than one-tenth
hours.
of Earth's surface, says study.
Brecciated Spherules
-​ (fragmented) rock formed from glass, -​ The oldest known
crystal and/or lithic fragments during an impact ejecta deposit
impact event. -​ a 3.47 billion years
-​ "Inner Ring" of the Ries old spherule unit
impact structure, Wennenberg, -​ located in the Miralga Creek area
Germany about 40 kilometres west of Marble Bar,
-​ Research on this crater -​ discovered by Don Lowe and Gary
means Nordlingen is even the Byerly.
type locality for suevite. -​ The newly discovered unit is thus the
-​ The town of Nordlingen in southern second oldest known to date.
Germany is one of Europe’s best kept secrets.
Not only did it celebrate its 1100th birthday in
Shocked Quartz
1998, it is also situated slap bang in the -​ quartz that has
middle of the Ries meteorite crater. been subjected to an event
-​ This was formed 14 million years ago, that cannot happen from
when an impactor 1.5km across slammed into normal Earthly causes and which has had its
the Earth with the force of 1.8 million Hiroshima very planar structure changed.
bombs, leaving a 24 kilometre wide crater in
The only two known causes of shocked quartz
its wake
are:
-​ In fact over 72,000 tons of diamonds
were produced due to the meteorite striking a 1.​ nuclear explosions such as the Alamo
graphite deposit, the immense temperatures field and
and pressures altering the in situ carbon. 2.​ the incredible impact forces of
meteorites or ancient asteroids.

Impact Breccia Coesite

-​ Impact coesite
-​ Location of impact breccia samples
forms locally, through a
collected in the field.
direct subsolidus transformation from quartz
as a result of shock reverberation at medium
disconti-nuities (pore spaces, grain.)

Iridium
-​ an element that is extremely rare on
Earth, but that could be present on any
Shatter Cones extraterrestrial object that crashed to the
-​ are distinctive cone or fan-shaped Earth.
features in rocks, with radiating fracture lines What are the potential effects of a large
that resemble a horsetail. They are found in Impact Event?
only two places on Earth, (a) in nuclear test
sites and (b) meteorite impact structures.
Drastic Changes in Climatic Conditions
-​ The dust from the impact along with soot
from the firestorms and smog (effect of
 fires) would block the sunlight from NHATS (Near-earth object Human space fight
reaching the planets surface. Accessible Targets Study) program started by
-​ This would continue for many months, NASA in 2010 to identify NEOs that could
making photosynthesis impossible and potentially be accessed by future human
causing the normal temperature to drop space flight missions.
by over 70 degrees F
The objective of tracking these NEOs is to be
-​ Because of the extra carbon dioxide,
able to have enough LEAD time for
created from the melting of limestone
preparation.
during the impact and from the fires, the
greenhouse effect would start taking over Preparations:
causing Earth’s surface to be at least 10
1.​ Initiating a space mission to intercept a
degrees above normal for a few hundred
NEO either by deflecting or destroying
thousand years.
it
Wildfires 2.​ Preparing supplies necessary for
survival or evacuating the entire area
-​ Large impact cratering events can produce
expected to be affected by the impact.
wildfires over vast portions of the Earth's
surface. GROUND SUBSIDENCE
-​ In the case of the Chicxulub impact event
that has been linked to dinosaur
Ground Subsidence
extinction, the wildfires affected vast -​ a process characterized by relative
portions of the world and sent plumes of lowering of the earth’s surface usually with
smoke into that atmosphere that darkened respect to the mean sea level caused by:
the planet. a.​ Dissolution and collapse of limestone
b.​ Excessive groundwater withdrawal
Acid Rain
c.​ Mining
-​ Such large scale burning of forests would d.​ Oil and gas extraction
create large quantities of nitrogen oxides e.​ Earthquakes
which reacts with water vapor to form acid f.​ Change of season
rain
-​ If the asteroid impacted rocks with high
Causes of Ground Subsidence:
concentrations of calcium sulfate (found -​ Carbonate Dissolution and Collapse:
evidence), sulfur dioxide was created which
is also a source of acid rain.

Tsunamis
-​ Regionally there might be earthquakes,
-​ Sinkhole
hurricanes and tsunamis due to the -​ Excessive groundwater removal
increase in kinetic energy. If the asteroid is -​ Extraction of Oil and Natural Gas -
large enough, these could be global in Hydrocarbon production is interpreted to
impact. cause movement along faults and wetland
How to Prepare for an impact? subsidence
-​
NASA – continuously identifying and tracking
all near-earth objects (NEOs)
-​ Underground Mining - Underground
hard rock mining refers to various
underground mining techniques used to
d.​ fluid withdrawal
-​ is the main cause of subsidence,
excavate hard minerals, usually those
information on the rate of fluid
containing metals such as ore containing:
withdrawal should be determined and
a.​ Isostatic rebound - the crust floats combined with studies of the material in
buoyantly in the asthenosphere, with a ratio of
the subsurface based on sampling with
mass below the "surface" in proportion to its
drill core methods.
own density and the density of the
asthenosphere. Coastal Erosion
-​ It is a natural process which shapes
shorelines by the weathering away of
coastal land or beaches, mainly by the
impact of waves along the shoreline.

Causes of Coastal Erosion:

-​ Removal of vegetation
-​ Change in Season: -​ Concentration of drainage water flow into
a.​ Climate change will magnify the risks. the sea causing erosion of that part of the
b.​ Rising average temperatures, combined coast.
with more erratic rainfall and higher levels Causes: Residential sewage, agriculture waste,
of radiation from the sun, have already industrial sewage, urban sewage, silt by
altered soil moisture conditions. soil erosion, others: reclamation, oil
spillage, acid rain, etc.
-​ Construction of structures including
Effects of Ground Subsidence coastal erosion control structures that

Predicting and Mitigating Subsidence interfere with the natural flow of coastal

Hazards: materials, causing erosion in adjacent

areas of the shore.
a.​ Drill holes -​ Building activities that damage natural
-​ geologists can make maps of areas protective measures.
known to be underlain by rocks like limestone, -​ Activities which destroy natural protective
gypsum, or salt, that are susceptible to features such as dunes and vegetation
dissolution by fluids. cover:
b.​ Ground penetrating radar a.​ Coastal Development and wetland
-​ can be used to locate open cavities reclamation.
beneath the surface. These areas can then be b.​ Dredging and dumping at sea.
avoided when it comes time for decisions c.​ Beaches, swimming, recreational boating.
about land use. d.​ Ecotourism
c.​ Currently laws are in place to prevent -​ Shipping and boating activities
active mining producing extra wave action.
-​ beneath urban areas, but these laws
did not always exist, and older mines could
still cause problems.
Effects of Coastal Erosion Gabions
a.​ Coastal erosion in Panay, central -​ Is a strong
Philippines, showing: a. damage to coconut wire cage with
plantations in Ibajay, Aklan, and to rural pebbles, stones
houses with only concrete structures (e.g., and rocks inside.
toilet fixtures) remaining in -​ Protect the
b.​ Tigbauan, Iloilo and coast line by stopping the waves hitting the
c.​ Leganes, Iloilo. cliffs.
-​ It reduces the power of the waves when
Coastal Protection Structures Water front it hits the small rocks inside the cage.
Structures Wave Protection
Revetments
-​ Slow down or prevent coastal erosion
-​ Increase access or mooring sites, is -​ These are sloping structures placed on

any permanent structure to which a vessel banks or cliffs in such a way as to absorb the

may be secured. Examples include quays, energy of incoming water.

wharfs, jetties, piers, anchor buoys, and

mooring buoys. A ship is secured to a
mooring to forestall free movement of the
ship on the water. (marinas, bridges,
causeways and boat ramps)
-​ Support coastal sub-division (power Breakwater
poles and storm water pipes) -​ Their design is influenced by the angle
of wave approach and other environmental
parameters.
-​ Breakwater construction can be either
parallel or perpendicular to the coast,
depending on the shoreline requirements.

Cubipod: a method for mound-breakwater

construction.
FIRE Fire plays a key role in shaping ecosystems by
serving as an agent of renewal and change.
· It was considered by the ancient Greeks
as a major element( like earth, water, fire and The negative effects of fire include decreased
air) water purity, increased soil erosion, an
increase in atmospheric pollutants and an
· combustion or burning, in which increased hazard to human life.
substances combine chemically with oxygen
from the air and typically give out bright light, Harmful effects of Fire
heat, and smoke.
v Fire can be deadly, destroying homes,
· It is not a form of matter but just a wildlife habitat and timber, and polluting the
manifestation. air with emissions harmful to human health.

· It is a part of very rapid, and usually v Fire also releases carbon dioxide—a key
persistent chemical reaction called oxidation. greenhouse gas—into the atmosphere.

Three main ways in which heat can be Fire Tetrahedron- Ingredients of fire
transferred:

Conduction - Involves direct contact of

substances, typically solids, for heat to be
transferred

Convection - Involves the flow of liquids and

gases in the transfer of heat
Fire - It is the energy that flows from object of
Radiation - Is a manner of heat transfer that high temperature to an object of low
involves only magnetic waves, like sunlight, or temperature.
in the case of fire – flame.
Fuel - It is any solid, liquid or gaseous
The Importance of Fire to Human Life substance that can be burned.
Benefits to the Environment: Oxygen - It is an element that supports
combustion when combined with the fuel.
· removes low-growing underbrush,

· cleans the forest floor of debris,

Chain Reaction - Combustion or burning – an
exothermic reaction becomes self sustained
· opens it up to sunlight, and because the heat given off during combustion
used again to heat the fuel and maintain the
· nourishes the soil. burning

· Fires occurring in nature can restore Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the
ecological balance and facilitate principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition
regeneration. sources separate.

Source of Light and Heat - Fire as a source of Stages of Fire

light and heat tends to be reserved to
fireplaces, tiki torches, campsites and
barbecue pits, cooking, pottery making.

Power for Homes and Industries - Coal and

other types of fossil fuels used for fire release
pollutants when burned
1. Incipient -
at this stage all four requirements which allow fire to climb up all the way to the
have been combine. canopies.

2. Fully developed -
during this stage all the Causes of Wildfire
combustible materials have been almost
consumed.
Natural Causes:
- Volcanic Eruptions
3. Decay - this is the longest stage, it is the
stage where the fuel and oxygen begins to - Spontaneous fires
diminish.
- Underground coal fires
Backdraft - It is an explosive fire that happens
due to sudden introduction of oxygen into an - Dry lightning storms
enclose structure.
- Rockfall sparks
Wildfire
Mad-Made Causes:
· Is any natural or anthropogenic- caused
uncontrolled fire in remote areas. - Cigarette Stubs

· It can spread out from the source of - Campfires/ Bonfires

ignition very quickly and changes direction
unexpectedly. - Equipment related fires

- Arson for land clearing

- Global Warming

ü Flash point
- A material suddenly bursts
into flames when a material has reached a
certain threshold temperature

ü Lightning strikes
- In the Philippines,
wildfires caused by lightning are unheard of.

ü Lava flows
ü Spontaneous combustion - Wildfire caused
by highly combustible fuels in forests, due to
extremely hot and dry weather.
a) Surface Fires - It is the most common
type of wildfire, involving the burning of fuel ü Dry spells and droughts
scattered on the surface like fallen leaves,
branches , stem and etc. ü Rock Falls

Ground Fires -
b) ​ It involves burning of buried
decomposed organic matter and extensive
tree root systems.
Human Activities responsible for wildfires:
Crown Fires -
c) ​ It burns tree canopies, on the
KAINGIN - It refers to slash-and-burn method
of clearing land and charcoal production.
higher part of trees, and suspended materials
like vines. PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING
Ladder Fuels - Any combustible material WILDFIRE: Fire fighters using plane and
Grazing.
found between the ground and the tree tops
Methods of Maintenance in the Forest: 3. ​ Haphazardly stored flammable
liquids and other easily combustible
Sanitation material.
v includes removal of dead/desiccated/sick
4. ​ Fireworks and Firecracker
trees from the forest, whether they are upright
or prone. 5. ​ ARSON - is the unlawful act of
intentionally burning a building.
v Trees that cannot be removed due to
problematic conditions are sawed into stumps
around 1m long, which are left scattered in
that section.

Thinning - Ideally, thinning should be done

every seven to ten years. This entails removing
the less developed trees and the withering
trees.

Pruning - This is in order to remove the lower

branches of the tree so that the treetop is Types of Fire:
separated from the ground.

Removing the Cuttings and the Tree Waste-

​ The cuttings and waste are transported
from the forest area to the side of the road,
where they get chopped up and then removed
from the forest for various uses or,
alternatively, scattered on the ground.

Firebreaks and Grazing - After sanitation,

thinning and pruning, the cuttings must be
dealt with, and in places where the forest is on
a steep slope or far from the road, the cuttings
are burned in a glade.

BUILDING FIRES - these are fire that are

situated in areas with building and other
infrastructure.

Causes of building fires:

1. ​ Unattended cooking equipment and other
household fire source

o overheated oil

o unattended candles

o Cigarette smoking

2. ​Electrical appliances and wiring problems

– improper house wiring
Parts of the Fire Extinguisher: Only fight a fire if:
- The fire is small and contained

- The fire is not above your waist

- You are safe from toxic smoke

- You have means of escape

- Your instincts tell you it’s OK

Some things to consider before attempting to

put out the fire
o The size of fire.

o Presence of toxic smoke.

o A means of Escape.
How to use a fire extinguisher
o Instinct.
P – Pull the pin in the handle.
A – Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
S – Squeeze the lever slowly. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)
Concept of DRR, Importance of DRR, and Key
S – Sweep from side to side. Principles
Fire Safety Escape Plan DRR - refers to systematic efforts to minimize
2.5 Minutes average time to escape a house vulnerabilities and disaster risks, to avoid
fire after the smoke alarm sounds. Maximize (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
that time by planning three steps ahead. preparedness) the effects of hazards.

1. Sound the alarm. Test your detectors Examples of DRR activities, which are done
monthly.
before a disaster strikes:
· Building code revision and
2. Light the path. Install smoke-alarm implementation
activated lights.
· Hazard and vulnerability analysis
3. Know your way out. Establish and
practice your family’s escape route. · Zoning and land use management

Rules for Fighting Fires · Public awareness and education

v Activate the building’s Fire alarm system or · Early warning systems including
dial 117(the national emergency Telephone forecasting and dissemination of warnings
Number for Philippines to notify the fire
department of the incident. Disaster Risk Reduction - is a process which is
done before a disaster strikes and consists of
v Assist anybody who is need of help to five steps:
escape the building without putting your own
life at risk. · risk identification,

v Attempt to put out fire · risk analysis,

· prioritization of risks, HAZARD
· treatment of risks, and - Hazards can be single, sequential or
combined in their origin and effects.
· monitoring and evaluation
- Each hazard is characterized by its
RISK IDENTIFICATION - stage identifies the location, intensity, probability and likely
hazards; potential threats are identified based frequency
partly in experience and records. This step is
necessary in prioritizing targets of mitigation - The hazards of concern to disaster risk
measures. reduction are hazards that arise from a variety
of geological, meteorological, hydrological,
RISK ANALYSIS - aims to establish the oceanic, biological, and technological sources,
magnitude and the likelihood of occurrence of sometimes acting in combination.
the event. This step is also necessary in
prioritizing target areas of mitigation VULNERABILITY - Defined as the
measures. characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it
RISK PRIORITIZATION - step analyzes and susceptible to the damaging effects of a
identifies priority subjects (hazards, areas, hazard.
and elements at risk) requiring treatment.
CAPACITY - Defined as the combination of all
RISK TREATMENT - identifies the cause of the the strengths, attributes and resources
risks, identifies and evaluates treatment available within a community, society or
strategies, and prepares and implements organization that can be used to achieve
treatment plans. agreed goals.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION - oversees THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

the implementation progress of the disaster
risk management process. This stage also DISASTER MANAGEMENT - Is the entire array
conducts periodic investigation of progress of activities aimed at reducing the severity of
and analysis impact and achievement. impact of the disaster-causing event which
are undertaken before, during, and after a
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION disaster.

- Disasters are often described as a result A. Preparedness - Activities prior to a

of the combination of several things: the disaster
exposure to a hazard;
Ex. Preparedness plan; emergency
- the conditions of vulnerability that are exercises/training; warning systems
present;
B. Response - Activities during a disaster
- and insufficient capacity or measures
to reduce or cope with the potential negative Ex. Public warning systems; emergency
consequences. operations; search and rescue

RISK - refers to the potential (not actual) C. Rehabilitation - That looks at more long
disaster losses, in lives, health status, term inputs reinstating lost livelihood,
livelihoods, assets and services, which could introducing new economic opportunities and
occur in a particular community or society over improving land and water management
some specified future time period. processes so as to reduce people’s
vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle
future calamities
D. Recovery - Activities following a disaster - (Non-) structural measures

Ex. temporary housing; claims processing and Preparedness

grants; long-term medical care and
counseling - Early warning

E. Mitigation - Activities that reduce the - Evacuation

effects of disasters
- Emergency planning
Ex. Building codes and zoning; vulnerability IMPORTANCE OF DRR
analyses; public education
It is the concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through analysis and
management of the causal factors of
disasters.

it leads to:

- reduced exposure to hazards

- lessening of vulnerability of people and

assets

- effective management of land and the

DURING EVENT (Emergency Response) - environment
Rescue, Evacuation, and relief
- improved preparedness for adverse
POST – EVENT – Recovery, Rehabilitation, and events
Reconstruction.
usually requires long-term planning across
Risk identification/ assessment: sectors and must be integrated into general
- Hazard analysis national and regional development strategies.
DRR strategies usually begin with plans for
- Vulnerability analysis assessing:

- Determination of risk (a) the hazards and risks that threaten the
target area
Risk Determination
(b) the extent of harm that would occur to
For the purpose of relative risk assessment, risk communities and infrastructure
equals:
(c) the vulnerable people's capacities to
- Likelihood of vulnerability occurrence cope with and recover from possible disasters.
TIMES value or impact
Community-Based Disaster Risk reduction and
- MINUS percentage risk already Management (CBDRRM)
controlled
- It is an approach which aims to create
- PLUS an element of uncertainty resilient communities which are able to reduce
their vulnerabilities and exposure, and at the
Mitigation same time enhance their capacities before,
during and after a disaster.
- Land use planning
- Capacity refers to the ability
- Land management
· to reduce the probability of failure -​ DRRM Act Implementing Rules and
through risk reduction measures( Regulations (IRR) – approved on September
27, 2010
· planning, mitigation measures, and
preparedness actions) -​ “An Act Strengthening the Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
· to reduce the consequences of failure System, Providing for the National Disaster
(fewer lives lost, fewer injuries Risk Reduction and Management Framework
and Institutionalizing the National Disaster
· and lesser damages during the disaster)
Risk Reduction and Management Plan,
Appropriating Funds Therefore and for Other
· to reduce recovery time and patterns of
Purposes”
vulnerability during reconstruction.
Basis of RA 10121
- Empowers the people by recognizing
and emphasizing the value of communities
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
and local organizations
Priorities for Action:
Various Stakeholders and Actors in the
CBDRRM Process
- Every individual

- Family

- Organization

- Businesses

- Public service entity The World Conference on Disaster Reduction

held from 18 to 22 January 2005 in Kobe,
- National Government Agencies (NGA)
Hyogo, Japan, and adopted the present
- National Government Organizations Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the
(NGO) Resilience of Nations and Communities to
Disasters (here after referred to as the
- Private Entities “Framework for Action”).

- UN agencies It is a global blueprint for disaster risk

reduction efforts with a ten-year plan,
Who provide various forms of support adopted in January 2005 by 168
(technical, material, financial) to Governments at the World Conference on
community-based DRRM efforts in reducing Disaster Reduction.
their vulnerabilities and enhancing their
capacities.

Republic Act No. 10121

-​ “The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Act of 2010”

-​ (Approved on May 27, 2010; Effective on

June 24, 2010)
POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER Framework Convention on Climate Change on
REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY December 12, 2015 in Paris, France.

A.​ The Global Policy Frameworks ​ The Parties agreed to limit global
temperature rise to below 2°C and to strive for
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
1.5°C.
2015 – 2030
​ The Paris Agreement represents an
​ The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
important step in Page 11 of 76 international
Reduction 2015 – 2030 was adopted by UN
efforts to combat climate change and
member states, including the Philippines, in
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of
March 2015.
climate change, including extreme weather
​ The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the events and slow onset events.
following outcome over the next 15 years: “The
D.​ ASEAN Agreement on Disaster
substantial reduction of disaster risk and
Management and Emergency Response
losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in
the economic, physical, social, cultural and ​ The ASEAN Agreement on Disaster
environmental assets of persons, businesses, Management and Emergency Response
communities and countries.” (AADMER) was ratified by all ten ASEAN
Member States and entered into force on
B.​ The United National Agenda 2030 for
December 24, 2009.
Sustainable Development Goals
​ The AADMER fortifies the regional
​ The Sendai Framework complements the
policy backbone on disaster management by
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
giving priority to disaster risk reduction, thus
​ The SDGs embodies a universal call to enabling a more proactive regional framework
action to end poverty, protect the planet and for cooperation, coordination, technical
ensure that all people enjoy peace and assistance, and resource mobilization in all
prosperity. aspects of disaster management.

​ It contains 17 goals which takes off from E.​ The 26th session of the Conference of
the Millennium Development Goals and the Parties (COP 26)
include new areas such as climate change,
​ was originally scheduled to take place
economic inequality, innovation, sustainable
from 9-19 November 2020, in Glasgow, UK.
consumption, peace and justice, among other
priorities. ​ The ultimate objective of the
Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas
​ As such, disaster risk reduction is at the
concentrations
forefront of SDGs.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
​ DRR is incorporated in 10 out of the 17
Management Act of 2010, Republic Act (RA)
SDGs which firmly establishes DRR as a core
10121
development strategy in achieving sustainable
development. National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (NDRRM) Framework
C.​ The Paris Agreement within the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate -​ The NDRRM Framework provide a
Change comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral,
inter-agency and community-based approach
To address climate change, countries adopted the
to DRRM which shall serve as the primary
Paris Agreement at the 21st session of the
guide to DRRM efforts of the country.
Conference of Parties to the United Nations
National Disaster Risk Reduction and processes so as to reduce people’s
vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle
Management Plan 2011-2028 future calamities.

-​ The NDRRM Plan 2011-2028 sets down the •​ Recovery – Activities following a
expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, disaster.
indicators, lead agencies, implementing
partners and timelines under each of the four Ex: Temporary housing; claims processing and
(4) mutually reinforcing thematic areas of (a) grants; long term medical care and counseling.
disaster prevention and mitigation, (b)
disaster preparedness, (c) disaster response, •​ Mitigation – Activities that reduce the
and (d) disaster rehabilitation and recovery. effects of disasters.

Salient Features of RA 10121 Ex: Building codes and zoning; vulnerability

analyses; public education.
-​ Coherence with the international
framework Key Players Under RA 10121

-​ Strengthened institutional mechanism for -​ National Government

DRRM
-​ Local Government
-​ Integrated, coordinated, multi-sectoral,
-​ Civil Society
inter-agency, and community-based
approach to disaster risk reduction
-​ Community
-​ Empowerment of local government units
(LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs)
as key partners in disaster risk reduction Implementing Rules and Regulations Of
NDRRMC
-​ Integration of the DRRM into the
educational system The National Council shall be headed by the
Secretary of the Department of National
-​ Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Defense (DND) as Chairperson
Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels
THE OFFICE OF THE CIVIL DEFENSE (OCD)
-​ Providing for provisions on the declaration
of a state of calamity, remedial measures, -​ The lead agency in the continuous
prohibited acts and penalties therefore. development of strategic and systematic
approaches as well as measures to reduce the
What is Disaster Management?
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and
manage the consequences of disasters.
•​ Preparedness – activities prior to a
disaster. Ex: Preparedness plans, emergency
-​ OCD’s main responsibility is ensuring
exercise/training; warning systems
the implementation and monitoring of the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
•​ Response – Activities during a disaster.
Management Plan (NDRRMP).
Ex: Public warning systems, emergency
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
operations, search and rescue.
Management Council (NDRRMC)
•​ Rehabilitation – That looks at more
NDRRMC is empowered to do the following
long-term inputs of reinstating lost livelihoods,
functions:
introducing new economic opportunities and
improving land and water management
-​ Develop the NDRRM framework
-​ Development of NDRRM plan -​ (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster
Preparedness,
-​ Advise the president on the status of
DRRM in the country -​ Establish and strengthen capacities of
communities to anticipate, cope, and recover
-​ Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation from the negative impacts of emergency
occurrences and disasters
-​ Establish a national early warning and
alert system Secretary of the Department of Science and
Technology:
-​ Develop appropriate risk transfer
mechanisms -​ (DOST) as Vice- Chairperson for
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
-​ Monitor the development and enforcement
of the act -​ Avoid hazards and mitigate their
potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities
-​ Manage and mobilize resources
and exposure, and enhancing capacities of
communities
-​ Monitor and provide guidelines on LDRRF
Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare
-​ Develop assessment tool in coordination
and Development:
w/ the climate change commission
-​ (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for
-​ Develop vertical and horizontal
Disaster Response
coordination mechanisms
-​ Provide life preservation and meet the
-​ Formulate a national agenda
basic subsistence needs of affected
-​ Research and technology development on population based on acceptable standards
DRRM during or immediately after a disaster.

-​ Formulate and implement a framework for Disaster Response:

CCA and DRRM
-​ Rapid damage assessment and needs
-​ Constitute a technical management group analysis (RDANA)

-​ Task OCD to conduct periodic assessment -​ Setting up of emergency operation

and performance monitoring of the member center
agencies
-​ Search and rescue
-​ Coordinate the implementation of the
Director-General of the National Economic
country’s obligation w/ disaster management
and Development Authority
treaties
-​ (NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for
Composition: The National Council shall be
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
headed by the Secretary of the Department of
National Defense (DND), the agency
-​ Restore and improve facilities,
mandated to guard against external and
livelihood, and reduce disaster risk in
internal threats to national peace and security
accordance with the “building back better”
in times of peace, war, and disasters as
principle.
Chairperson.
The Role of LGU (Local Government Unit)
Secretary of the Department of the Interior
during disaster:
and Local Government:
-​ Bridges between national government and communities so they can help ensure
the residents which they represent. community participation and manage or
co-implement activities if the existing
-​ Responsible for the efficient delivery of policies allow it
basic services and facilities to enable them to
be self-reliant communities -​ CSOs refers to a wide variety of
communities and groups such as
-​ Provide the support to sustain non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
community-based DRRM initiatives. labor unions, indigenous groups,
charitable organizations
-​ Serve as the frontliners when a disaster
strikes. -​ It is good practice to identify
respected civil society leaders who
The Councils and offices created and/or
represent key sectors and who are
tasked to put into operation the various
immersed in the communities to
responsibilities of the government based on
participate in rehabilitation and recovery
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
consultation meetings with government
Management Act
and other stakeholders.
DRRMCs NETWORK
-​ CSOs may also be tapped to help
government in monitoring the
-​ National Disaster Risk Reduction and
implementation of projects. They can do
Management Council
independent third party evaluation based
-​ 17 Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and on existing rehabilitation and recovery
Management Council monitoring framework.

-​ 79 Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and -​ This can help promote

Management Council transparency and accountability.

-​ 122 City Disaster Risk Reduction and Media’s Role in times of Disaster
Management Councils
-​ The Philippine Information Agency
-​ 1,512 Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction (PIA) is among the gov’t agencies tasked
and Management Councils to provide accurate and timely advice to
national or local organizations and to the
-​ 42,026 Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction public regarding disasters.
and Management Committees
-​ Accomplished through the use of
television, radio, cable and through
wireless and landline means of
Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippine communication.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act
of 2010 Prohibited Acts under RA 10121

-​ Defines CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) a.​ Dereliction of duties which leads to
as "non-state actors whose aims are neither to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage
generate profits nor to seek governing power. of facilities and misuse of fund.
CSOs unite people to advance shared goals
and interests. b.​ Preventing the entry and
distribution of relief goods in
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) disaster-stricken areas, including
appropriate technology, tools, equipment,
-​ Civil society organizations often accessories, disaster teams/experts.
have well-cultivated links to the affected
c.​ Buying, for consumption or resale, from j.​ Substituting or replacing relief goods,
disaster relief agencies any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with the
equipment or other and commodities which same items or inferior/cheaper quality.
are intended for distribution to disaster
affected communities. k.​ Illegal solicitations by persons or
organizations representing others as defined
d.​ Buying, for consumption or resale, from in the standards and guidelines set by the
recipient disaster affected persons any relief NDRRMC;
goods, equipment or other aid commodities
received by them; l.​ Deliberate use of false at inflated data
in support of the request for funding, relief
e.​ Selling of relief goods, equipment or other goods equipment or other aid commodities for
aid commodities which are intended for emergency assistance or livelihood projects;
distribution to disaster victims. and

f.​ Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or m.​ Tampering with or stealing hazard
other aid commodities intended for or monitoring and disaster preparedness
consigned to a specific group of victims or EQUIPMENT AND PARAPHELNALIA
relief agency.
Most Disaster Prone Countries:
g.​ Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods,
equipment or other aid commodities to 1.​ Vanuatu
persons other than the rightful recipient or
2.​ Tonga
consignee;
3.​ Solomon Islands
h.​ Accepting. Possessing, using or disposing
relief goods, equipment or other aid
4.​ Philippines
commodities not intended for nor consigned to
him/her; 5 Reasons Philippines is Disaster Prone:

i.​ Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, 1.​ Lies along the Typhoon Belt
equipment or other aid commodities by:
2.​ Lies along the Ring of Fire
1.​ Either covering, replacing or defacing the
labels of the containers to make it appear that 3.​ Coastal Homes
the goods, equipment or other aid
commodities came from another agency or 4.​ Deforestation
persons;
5.​ Poverty and Underdevelopment
2.​ Repacking the goods, equipment or other
aid commodities into containers with different
markings to make it appear that the goods
came from another person’s or was released
upon the instance of a particular agency or
persons.

3.​ Making false verbal claim that the goods,

equipment or other and commodity its
untampered original containers actually came
from another agency or persons or was upon
the instance of a particular agency or persons;