Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

Questions
1. Three distinct numbers are selected from 100 natural numbers. The probability that all the three
numbers are divisible by 2 and 3 is
4 4 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 35 55 1155
2. If out of 20 consecutive whole numbers two are chosen at random, then the probability that their
sum is odd, is
5 10 9
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
19 19 19
3. If four persons are chosen at random from a group of 3 men, 2 women and 4 children. Then the
probability that exactly two of them are children, is
10 8 5 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 63 21 21
4. A committee has to be made of 5 members from 6 men and 4 women. The probability that at least
one woman is present in committee, is
1 41 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
42 42 63 7
5. The letters of the word ‘ASSASSIN’ are written down at random in a row. The probability that no
two S occur together is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
35 15 14
6. Word ‘UNIVERSITY’ is arranged randomly. Then the probability that both ‘I’ does not come
together, is k/5, then the value of k is _______.

7. Six boys and six girls sit in a row randomly. The probability that the six girls sit together
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
77 132 231
8. Four boys and three girls stand in a queue for an interview, probability that they will be in alternate
position is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 34 17 17

9. Two dice are tossed together. The odds in favour of the sum of the numbers on them as 2 are
(a) 1 : 35 (b) 1 : 36 (c) 35 : 1 (d) 36 : 1

10. A card is chosen randomly from a pack of playing cards. Find the probability that it is a black king
or queen of heart or jack.
11. If A and B are events such that P( A  B ) = 3 / 4, P( A  B ) = 1/ 4, P( A) = 2 / 3 , then P( A  B ) is
(a) 5/8 (b) 3/8 (c) 5/12 (d) 1/4
3 1 1
12. If P( B) = , P( A  B  C ) = and P( A  B  C ) = , then P( B  C ) is _____.
4 3 3
13. The probability of happening an event A is 0.5 and that of B is 0.3. If A and B are mutually
exclusive events, then the probability of happening neither A nor B is _____.
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

14. The probabilities of occurrence of two events are respectively 0.21 and 0.49. The probability that
both occurs simultaneously is 0.16. Then the probability that none of the two occurs is ____.
15. Let A and B are two independent events. The probability that both A and B occur together is 1/6 and
the probability that neither of them occurs is 1/3. The probability of occurrence of A is
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 0 or 1 (b) or (c) or (d) or
2 3 2 4 3 4
16. In a certain population 10% of the people are rich, 5% are famous and 3% are rich and famous. The
probability that a person picked at random from the population is either famous or rich but not both,
is equal to _______.
17. Three coins are tossed. If one of them shows tail, then the probability that all three coins show tail, is
1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 8 7 6
18. A coin is tossed three times in succession. If E is the event that there are at least two heads and F is
E
the event in which first throw is a head, then P   =
F
1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 2 4
19. One ticket is selected at random from 100 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, ...... 98, 99. If X and Y
denote the sum and the product of the digits on the tickets, then P ( X = 9 / Y = 0) equals
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
19 19 19
 A  1 − P( A  B)
20. If A and B are two events such that P(A)  0 and P(B)  1, then show that P   =
B P( B )

1 1 1 B
21. If A and B are two events such that P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A  B) = , then P   =
3 4 5  A
37 37 23
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
40 45 40
 A
22. If the events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P   =
B
P ( A  B) P ( A  B)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
P ( A) P ( B)
23. If two events A and B are such that P ( Ac ) = 0.3, P( B) = 0.4 and P( A  B c ) = 0.5, then
 B 
P c 
is equal to _____.
(A  B )

24. Three ships A, B and C sail from England to India. If the ratio of their arriving safely are 2 : 5, 3 : 7
and 6 : 11 respectively then the probability of all the ships for arriving safely is
3 6 18 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 17 595 7

25. In a class of 125 students 70 passed in Mathematics, 55 in Statistics and 30 in both. The probability
that a student selected at random from the class has passed in only one subject is
13 3 17 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

26. Two cards are drawn one by one from a pack of cards. The probability that first card is an ace and
second is either J or Q or K or an Ace is (before drawing second card first card is not placed again
in the pack)
(a) 1/26 (b) 5/52 (c) 5/221 (d) 4/13

27. The probability that a married man watches a certain T.V. show is 0.4 and the probability that a
married woman watches the show is 0.5. The probability that a man watches the show, given that
his wife does, is 0.7. Find
(i) the probability that both watch the show
(ii) the probability that a wife watches the show given that her husband does.
(iii) the probability that atleast one person of a married couple will watch the show.

28. 3 cards are drawn one by one without replacement from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that
first two are Jacks & third is an Ace.
1 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5505 4505 5525 4525
29. There are 10 cards, 5 of them have ‘I’ & other five have ‘T’ printed on them. 3 cards are drawn one
by one without replacement then find probability of:
(i) Getting 2I’s & 1T
(ii) Getting first two cards having ‘I’ & third card having ‘T’

30. 5 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards, one by one without replacement. Find the probability of:
(i) Getting 3 Aces and 2 non-aces
(ii) Getting Aces on first 3 draws & non-aces on next two draw

31. 2 cards are drawn one by one from pack of 52 cards without replacement. What is the probability
both are ace
1 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
252 221 252 221
32. A bag contains 5 white and 8 red balls. Two draws of 3 balls each, are made without replacement.
What is the probability that the first draw gives 3 white balls, and second draw gives 3 red balls?
7 5 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
438 429 429 438
1 2 3
33. The probability of A, B, C solving a problem are , , respectively. If all the three try to solve the
3 7 8
problem simultaneously, the probability that exactly one of them will solve it, is
25 25 20 30
(a) (b) (c) (d)
168 56 168 168
34. Seven chits are numbered 1 to 7. Three are drawn one by one with replacement. The probability that
the number on any selected chit is greater than or equal to 5, is
4 4 3
2 2 3
(a) 1 −   (b) 4   (c)   (d) None of these
7 7 7

35. A problem of mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving the problem are 1/3,
1/4 and 1/5 respectively. The probability that the question will be solved is
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/4 (c) 4/5 (d) 3/5
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

36. Three students appear at an examination of mathematics. The probability of their success are
1 1 1
, & respectively. Find the probability of success of at least two.
3 4 5
1 3 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 7 5
37. India plays with Africa, 3 games of cricket. Probability that India wins, loses or match results in tie
are 0.4, 0.1, 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that India wins atleast 2 games.
38. An archer passes the test if he hits bullseye 2 times. If he hits 3 arrows, what is the probability that
he passes the test, where probability of an archer hitting the bullseye in any trial is 0.3 ?
39. One bag contains four white balls and three black balls, and a second bag contains three white balls
and five black balls. One ball is drawn from the first bag and placed unseen in the second bag.
What is the probability that a ball now drawn from second bag is black ?
35 38 38 33
(a) (b) (c) (d)
60 65 63 63
40. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled, and the number
obtained by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the result is a tail, a card from a well-
shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, …., 12 is picked and the number on the card is
noted. Find the probability that noted number is either 7 or 8.
197 198 192 193
(a) (b) (c) (d)
792 793 793 792
41. A bag X contains 2 white and 3 black balls and another bag Y contains 4 white and 2 black balls.
One bag is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. Then the probability for the ball chosen
be white is
2 7 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 15 15
42. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the total
bolts. Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random
from the product. Then the probability that the bolt drawn is defective is ______.

43. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is
drawn at random from a randomly chosen bag and is found to be red. The probability that it was
drawn from B is
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 25
14 16 18 52

44. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON; on the postmark only the two
consecutive letters ON are legible. The probability that it came from LONDON is
5 12 17 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 30 5

45. There are 3 bags which are known to contain 2 white and 3 black balls; 4 white and 1 black balls
and 3 white and 7 black balls respectively. A ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and
found to be a black ball. Then the probability that it was drawn from the bag containing the most
black balls is
7 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
15 19 4
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

46. In an entrance test there are multiple choice questions. There are four possible answers to each
question of which one is correct. The probability that a student knows the answer to a question is
90%. If he gets the correct answer to a question, then the probability that he was guessing, is
37 1 36 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
40 37 37 9
47. Bag 'A' contains 2 white & 3 red balls, Bag 'B' contains 4 white & 5 black balls. A bag is selected
randomly, and a ball is drawn from it. Drawn ball is observed to be white. If the probability that
38k
bag 'B' was selected is ‘k’, then the value of is _________.
5
48. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards, two cards are drawn and are
found to be spades. Find the probability that missing card is also a spade.
(a) 12 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 15
50 17 50 50

49. A company manufactures T.V.s at two different plants A and B. Plant 'A' produces 80 % and B
produces 20 % of the total production. 85 out of 100 T.V.s produced at plant A meet the quality
standards while 65 out of 100 T.V.s produced at plant B meet the quality standard. A T.V. produced
by the company is selected at random and is not found to meeting the quality standard. Find the
probability that selected T.V. was manufactured by the plant B.
(a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 11
19 17 19 14

50. The probability that an archer hits the target when it is windy is equal to 2/5, when it is not windy
his probability of hitting the target is 7/10. On any shot the probability of gust of wind is 3 . If the
10
probability that there is no gust of wind on the occasion when he missed the target, is equal to m/n,
then the value of m + n is ______.

51. If the value of C for which P ( X = k ) = Ck 2 can serve as the probability function of a random
1
variable X that takes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 is , then the value of ‘p’ is ____.
p
52. A sample of 4 items is drawn at a random without replacement from a lot of 10 items. Containing 3
defective. If X denotes the number of defective items in the sample then P(0  x  3) is equal to
3 4 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 2 6

53. A random variable X has the probability distribution

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P(X) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05

For the events E = { X is prime number} and F = { X  4} , the probability of P( E  F ) is ____.

54. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find E(X) & V(X), where X is number of tails appeared.
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

55. Let ‘n’ denote number of hours you study during a randomly selected school day. The probability
that X can take value ‘n’, has following form, where K is some unknown constant.

(a) Find value of ‘k’

(b) What is probability you study at least 2 hours.
(c) What is expected number of study hours

56. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least 6 heads is
(a) 57 (b) 229 (c) 7 (d) 37
64 256 64 256

57. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is rolled four times. Out of four face values
obtained the probability that the minimum face value is not less than 2 and the maximum face value
is not greater than 5, is
(a) 16 (b) 1 (c) 80 (d) 65
81 81 81 81

58. A die is thrown 7 times. What is the chance that an odd number turns up
(i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least 4 times.
59. A person can kill a bird with probability 3/4. He tries 5 times. What is the probability that he may
not kill the bird is m/n, then n – m is equal to _____.
60. The probability of a bomb hitting a bridge is 1 and two direct hits are needed to destroy it. The
2
least number of bombs required so that the probability of the bridge beeing destroyed is greater then
0.9, is ______.
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b)
5. (c) 6. 4 7. (b) 8. (a)
7
9. (a) 10. 11. (c) 12. 1/12
52

13. 0.2 14. 0.46 15. (b) 16. 0.09

17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 21. (a)
22. (a) 23. ¼ 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c)
27. (i) 0.35 (ii) 7/8 (iii) 0.55 28. (c) 29. (i) 5/12 (ii) 5/36
94 47
30. (i) (ii) 31. (d) 32. (c)
54145 270725
33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (a)
37. 0.352 38. 0.216 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. 0.0345 43. (d) 44. (b)
45. (a) 46. (b) 47. 4 48. (c)
49. (a) 50. 20 51. 30 52. (b)
53. 0.77 54. E(X) = 1, V(X) = ½

55. (a) 0.15 (b) 0.75 (c) 2.25 56. (d) 57. (a)

58. (i) 35/128 (ii) 1/2 59. 1023 60. 8

Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

SOLUTION
1.
The numbers should be divisible by 6.
As there are 16 numbers in first 100 natural numbers, divisible by 6
Thus, the number of favorable ways is 16 C3 .
16
C3 16 15 14 4
Required probability = = = .
100
C3 100  99  98 1155
2.
20
The total number of ways in which 2 integers can be chosen from the given 20 integers C2 .
The sum of the selected numbers is odd if exactly one of them is given and one is odd.
 Favourable number of outcomes = 10C1  10C1
C1  10C1 10
10
 Required probability = 20
= .
C2 19
3.
Total number of ways = 9C4 ,
2 children are chosen in 4C2 ways and other 2 persons are chosen in 5C2 ways.
C2  5C2 10
4
Hence required probability = 9 = .
C4 21

4.
Total number of ways = 4C1  6C4 + 4C2  6C3 + 4C3  6C2 + 4C4  6C1 + 6C5
= 60 + 120 + 60 + 6 + 6 = 252
No. of ways in which at least one woman is present in the committee is given by
4
C1  6C4 + 4C2  6C3 + 4C3  6C2 + 4C4  6C1 = 246
246 41
Hence required probability = = .
252 42
5.
8!
Total ways of arrangements = .
2!.4!
•••••
Now ‘S’ can have places at dot’s and in places of ‘  ’ we have to put 2A’s, one I and one N.
 4! 
Therefore, favorable ways = 5C4   .
 2! 
5.4!2!4! 1
Hence, required probability = = .
2!8! 14

6.
10!
Total number of ways =
2!
Favourable number of ways for ' I ' come together is 9!
9! 2! 2 1
Thus, probability that ' I ' come together = = = .
10! 10 5
1 4
Hence required probability = 1 − = .
5 5
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

7.
6 boys and 6 girls can be arranged in a row in 12 ! ways.
If all the 6 girls are together, then the number of arrangements are 7!  6! .
7!  6! 6  5 4  3 2 1
Hence required probability = = = .
12 ! 12 1110  9  8 132
8.
Four boys can be arranged in 4! ways and three girls can be arranged in 3! ways.
 The favorable cases = 4!  3!
4! 3! 6 1
Hence the required probability = = = .
7! 7  6  5 35
9.
If two dice are tossed, total number of events = 6  6 = 36.
Favourable event is (1, 1).
Number of favourable events = 1
1 1
 odds in favour = = .
36 − 1 35

10.
Let A, B, C are the events of choosing a black king, a queen of heart and a jack respectively.
2 1 4
 P( A) = , P( B) = , P(C ) =
52 52 52
These are mutually exclusive events,
2 1 4 7
 P( A  B  C ) = + + = .
52 52 52 52
11.
3 1 2 1
P( A  B) = , P( A  B) = , P( A) =  P( A) = .
4 4 3 3
P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A  B)
1 1 3
 = + P( B) −
4 3 4
2
 P( B) =
3
2 1 8−3 5
 P( A  B) = P( B) − P( A  B) = − = = .
3 4 12 12
12.

From Venn diagram, we can see that

3 1 1 1
P( B  C ) = P( B) − P( A  B  C ) − P( A  B  C ) = − − =
4 3 3 12
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

13.
P( A  B ) = P( A  B ) = 1 − P( A  B )

Since A and B are mutually exclusive,

so P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B)

Hence, required probability = 1 − (0.5 + 0.3) = 0.2

14.
P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A  B)
= 0.21 + 0.49 − 0.16
 P( A  B) = 0.54
Probability of none of two occurs = 1 − P( A  B) = 1 − 0.54 = 0.46.

15.
1 1
P( A  B) = and P( Ac  B c ) =
6 3
1
Now P( A  B)c = P( Ac  B c ) =
3
1 2
 1 − P( A  B) =  P( A  B) =
3 3
But P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A  B)
5
 P( A) + P( B) = …..(i)
6
A and B are independent events
 P( A  B) = P( A) P( B)
1
 P( A) P( B) =
6
25 4 1
[ P( A) − P( B) ]2 = [ P( A) + P( B)]2 − 4 P( A) P( B) = − =
36 6 36
1
 P( A) − P( B) =  ......(ii)
6
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
1 1
P( A) = or .
2 3

16.

10 5
Here, P( R) = = 0.1 , P( F ) = = 0.05
100 100
3
P( F  R) = = 0.03
100
 Required probability = P( R) + P( F ) − 2 P( F  R)
= 0.1 + 0.05 – 2(0.03) = 0.09.
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

17.
Let E be the event in which all three coins shows tail and F be the event in which a coin shows tail.
 F = {HHT , HTH , THH , HTT , THT , TTH , TTT } and E = {TTT } .

P( E  F ) 1
Required probability = P( E / F ) = = .
P( E ) 7
18.
S = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , HTT , THT , TTH , TTT
n ( E ) = 4, n ( F ) = 4 and n ( E  F ) = 3
 E  P( E  F ) 3 / 8 3
 P  = = = .
F P( F ) 4/8 4

19.
Event (Y = 0) is {00, 01, 09, 10, 20, ..........90}
Also ( X = 9)  (Y = 0) = 09, 90, we have
19 2
P(Y = 0) = and P  ( X = 9)  (Y = 0)  =
100 100
P ( X = 9)  (Y = 0) 2
Hence required probability = P ( X = 9) / (Y = 0) = =
P(Y = 0) 19

20.

 A  P( A  B ) P( A  B) 1 − P( A  B)
P  = = =
B P( B ) P( B ) P( B )

21.
23
1−
 B  1 − P( A  B) 60 = 37  3 = 37 .
P  = =
 A P ( A) 1 60 2 40
1−
3
22.
 A  P( A  B)
P  =
B P( B)
Since A and B are mutually exclusive.
So, P( A  B) = 0 .
 A 0
Hence P   = = 0.
 B  P( B)
23.
 B  P( B  ( A  B c ))
P c 
=
(A  B ) P( A  B c )
P( A  B)
=
P( A) + P( B c ) − P( A  B c )
P( A) − P( A  B c ) 0.7 − 0.5 1
= = = .
P( A) + P( B ) − P( A  B )
c c
0.8 4
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

24.
We have ratio of the ships A, B and C for arriving safely are 2 : 5, 3 : 7 and 6 : 11 respectively.
2 2
The probability of ship A for arriving safely = =
2+5 7
3 3 6 6
Similarly, for B = = and for C = =
3 + 7 10 6 + 11 17
2 3 6 18
 Probability of all the ships for arriving safely =   = .
7 10 17 595
25.
Consider the following events :
A = A student is passed in Mathematics,
B = A student is passed in Statistics.
70 55 30
Then P( A) = , P( B) = , P( A  B) = .
125 125 125
Required probability is
70 55 60 65 13
P ( A  B ) + P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − 2 P( A  B) = + − = = .
125 125 125 125 25

26.
4 1  E  15 5
P( E1 ) = = ,P 2  = =
52 13  E1  51 17
E  1 5 5
P( E1  E2 ) = P ( E1 ).P  2  = . =
 E1  13 17 221
27.
Let ‘H’ be the event that married man watches the show
and ‘W’ be the event that married woman watch the show,
H
 P ( H ) = 0.4, P (W ) = 0.5, P   = 0.7
W 
H
(i) P ( H  W ) = P (W ) . P   = 0.5  0.7 = 0.35
W 
 W  P ( H  W ) 0.35 7
(ii) P   = = =
H P(H ) 0.4 8
(iii) P ( H  W ) = P ( H ) + P (W ) − P ( H  W ) = 0.4 + 0.5 – 0.35 = 0.55

28.
Let A be the event, first card is Jack
B be the event, second card is Jack
C be the event, third card is Ace
4 3 4 2
⸫ Required probability = P ( A  B  C ) =   =
52 51 50 5525
29.
Given, 5 ‘I’ cards & 5 ‘T’ cards
5
C2  5C1 5
(i) Probability of getting 2 I’s card and 1 ‘T’ card = 10
=
C3 12
(ii) Getting first two cards having ‘I’ & third card having T
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

⸫ Required probability = P ( I1  I 2  I 3 )
 I   I3  5 4 5 5
= P ( I1 ) .P  2  .P  =   =
I
 1  1 I  I 2  10 9 8 36
30.
4
C3  48C2 47  2 94
(i) Probability of getting 3 Aces and 2 non-aces = = =
52
C5 13  17  5  49 54145

(ii) Let A1 be the event of getting 1st ace card , A2 be the event of getting 2nd ace card
A3 be the event of 3rd ace card
N4 be the event of 4th non-ace card
N5 be the event of 5th non-ace card
⸫ We require P ( A1  A2  A3  N 4  N5 )
 A   A3   N4   N5 
= P ( A1 ) .P  2  .P   .P   .P  
 A1   A1  A2   A1  A2  A3   A1  A2  A3  N 4 
4 3 2 48 47 47
=     =
52 51 50 49 48 270725
31.
4 3 1
Required probability = P ( A1  A2 ) =  =
52 51 221
32.
Let A = the event of drawing 3 white balls in the first draw
and B = the event of drawing 3 red balls in the second draw
Then A  B = the event of drawing 3 white balls in the draw and 3 red ball in the second draw
5
C3 5
Now P (A) = 13
=
C3 143

When 3 white balls are drawn in the first draw, number of balls left = 10 and number of red balls left = 8
8
B C 7
 P   = 10 3 =
 A C3 15
Now required probability,
B 5 7 7
P (A  B) = P (A) P   =  =
 A  143 15 429

33.
1 2 3
Here p1 = , p2 = and p3 =
3 7 8
2 5 5
 q1 = , q2 = and q3 =
3 7 8
Required probability = p1q2 q3 + q1 p2 q3 + q1q2 p3
1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3 25
=   +   +   =
3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 56
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

34.
3
P(5or 6or7) in one draw =
7
3
3
 Probability that in each of 3 draws, the chits bear 5 or 6 or 7 =   .
7
35.
1 2 1 3 1 4
The probabilities of students not solving the problem are 1 − = ,1 − = and 1 − = .
3 3 4 4 5 5
2 3 4 2
Therefore, the probability that the problem is not solved by any one of them =   = .
3 4 5 5
2 3
Hence, the probability that problem is solved = 1 − = .
5 5
36.

1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Required Probability = . 1 −  + 1 −  . . + 1 −  . + . .
3 4 5  3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
4 2 3 1 1
= + + + = .
60 60 60 60 6
37.
A = India wins a match
B = India loses a match
C = India tie a match
⸫ Probability India wins atleast 2 games
= 3C2  P ( A ) .( P ( B ) ) + 3C2 ( P ( A ) ) ( P ( C ) ) + 3C3 ( P ( A ) )
2 1 2 1 3

= 3 ( 0.4 )  ( 0.1 + 0.5 ) + ( 0.4 )

2 3

= 0.288 + 0.064 = 0.352

38.
Let event
A = Archer hits the bulls eye
B = Archer don’t hit a bulls eye
⸫ Probability that archer passes the test
= 3C2 ( P ( A ) ) P ( B ) + 3C3 ( P ( A ) )
2 3

= 3 ( 0.3) ( 0.7 ) + ( 0.3)

2 3

= 0.189 + 0.027 = 0.216

39.

Let A1 be the event that a white ball is transferred from bag – I to bag – II and A2 be the event
that a black ball is transferred from bag – I to bag –II.
4 3
P (A1) = , P(A2) =
7 7
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability
5
Let 'A' be the probability the finally a black ball is drawn from the second bag P(A/A1) = ,
9
6
P(A/A2) = .
9
Now from total probability theorem we get,
4 5 3 6 38
P(A) = P(A1) . P(A/A1) + P(A2) . P(A/A2) = . + . =
7 9 7 9 63

40.
Let A1 and A2 be the event that tossing of coin results in head (tail).
And A be the event that noted number is 7 or 8.
1 2 11
P(A1) = P(A2) = ; P(A/A2) = ; P(A/A1) =
2 11 36
(As 7 can result in, (1, 6), (2,5), (3,4), (6,1), (5,2), (4, 3) i.e. 6 ways
and 8 can result in (2, 6), (3,5), (4,4), (6,2), (5,3) i.e. 5 ways)
Now P(A) = P(A1)P(A/A1) + P(A2)P(A/A2)
1  11 2  193
=  + =
2  36 11  792
41.
Let A be the event of selecting bag X,
B be the event of selecting bag Y
and E be the event of drawing a white ball, then
P( A) = 1 / 2, P( B) = 1 / 2 ,
P( E / B) = 4 / 6 = 2 / 3
P( E / B) = 4 / 6 = 2 / 3
P( E ) = P( A) P( E / A) + P( B) P( E / B)
1 2 1 2 8 .
=  +  =
2 5 2 3 15
42.
Let E1 , E2 , E3 and A be the events defined as follows:
E1 = the bolts is manufactured by machine A;
E2 = the bolts is manufactured by machine B;
E3 = the bolts is manufactured by machine C,
and A = the bolt is defective.
25 1 35 40
Then P( E1 ) = = , P( E2 ) = , P( E3 ) = .
100 4 100 100
4 2
P ( A / E1 ) = 5/100, P( A / E2 ) = and P( A / E3 ) = .
100 100
Using the law of total probability, we have
P( A) = P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( A / E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( A / E3 )

25 5 35 4 40 2
=  +  +  = 0.0345
100 100 100 100 100 100
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

43.
Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from bag A,
E2 the event that it is drawn from bag B
E the event that the ball is red.
We have to find P( E2 / E ) .
Since both the bags are equally likely to be selected,
1
P( E1 ) = P( E2 ) = .
2
Also P( E / E1 ) = 3 / 5 and P ( E / E2 ) = 5 / 9 .
1 5

P ( E2 ) P ( E / E 2 ) 2 9 25
Hence, P ( E2 / E ) = = = .
P( E1 ) P( E / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( E / E2 ) 1 3 1 5 52
 + 
2 5 2 9
44.
We define the following events :
A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from the word LONDON.
A2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word CLIFTON.
E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’.
2
Then P( A1  E ) = ; as there are 5 pairs of consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.
5
1
P( A2  E ) = ; as there are 6 pairs of consecutive letters of which one is ON.
6
2
A  P ( A1  E ) 12
 The required probability is P  1  = = 5 = .
 E  P ( A1  E ) + P ( A2  E ) 2 + 1 17
5 6
45.
Consider the following events :
A → Ball drawn is black; E1 → Bag I is chosen;
E2 → Bag II is chosen and E3 → Bag III is chosen.
1
Then P( E1 ) = ( E2 ) = P( E3 ) = ,
3
 A 3  A 1  A 7
P  = , P  = , P  =
 E1  5  E2  5  E3  10
E  P ( E3 ) P ( A / E3 ) 7
Required probability, P  3  = = .
 A  P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 ) + P ( E3 ) P ( A / E3 ) 15

46.
A1 : He knows the answer.
A2 : He does not know the answer.
E : He gets the correct answer.
9 9 1 E E 1
Then P( A1 ) = , P( A2 ) = 1 − = , P   = 1, P   =
10 10 10  A1   A2  4
A  P( A2 ) P( E / A2 ) 1
 Required probability = P  2  = = .
 E  P( A1 ) P( E / A1 ) + P( A2 ) P( E / A2 ) 37
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

47.

Let A1 be the event that bag 'A' is selected and A2 be the event that bag B is selected.
P(A1) = P(A2) =1/2
Let 'A' be the event that a white ball is drawn from the selected bag.
4
 P(A/A1) = 2/5, P(A/A2) =
9
1 2 1 4 1  2 4  38
P(A) = P(A1). P(A/A1) + P(A2). P(A/A2) = . + . =  + =
2 5 2 9 2  5 9  90
P ( A2 ).P ( A / A2 ) (1 / 2).(4 / 9) ( 90 )( 4 ) 10
Finally, k = P(A2/A) = = = =
P ( A) (38 / 90) (18)( 38 ) 19
38k 38 10
Thus, =  =4
5 5 19

48.
Let A1 be the event that missing card is spade and A2 be event that missing card is non-spade.
1 3
 P(A1) = , P(A2) =
4 4
Let 'A' be event that 2 spade cards are drawn from the remaining cards,

 A 12
C2  A 13
C2
P  = 51
and P   = 51
 A1  C2  A2  C2

12
 A  A 1 C2 3 13 C2 1
 P(A) = P(A1)  P   + P( A2 )  P   = + 51 = 51  12 C2 + 3 13 C2 
 A1   A2  4 51
C2 4 C2 4  C2

 A 1 12 C2
P( A1 ) P  
 A1   A1  = 4 51 C2 11
Now P   = =
 A P( A) 1 50
 12 C2 + 3 13 C2 
4  C2
51

49.
Let B1 and B2 be the event that plant A and B, respectively produce a T.V. that does not meet the
quality standard.

P(B1) = 1 - 85 = 15 = 3
100 100 20

P(B2) = 1 - 65 = 35 = 7
100 100 20
Let A1 and A2 be the event that selected T.V. is produced by plant A and B, respectively
 P(A1) = 0.8, P(A2) = 0.2
Let 'A' be the event that selected T.V. does meet the quality standards.
3
 P(A/A1) = P(B1) =
20
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability
7
and P(A/A2) = P(B2) =
20
3
⸫ P(A) = P(A1). P(A/A1) + P(A2). P(A/A2) = 0.8  + (0.2) 7 = 3.8
20 20 20
P ( A2 ).P ( A / A2 ) (0.2) (7 / 20) 14 7
 P(A/A2) = = = = .
P ( A) (3.8 / 20) 38 19

50.
E1 : There is a gust of wind.
E 2 : There is no gust of wind.
A : archer misses the target.
P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) .P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) .P ( A / E2 )
3 3 7 3 39
= . + . =
10 5 10 10 100
P ( E2 ) .P ( A / E2 )
Now, required probability = P ( E2 / A ) =
P ( A)
7 3
.
= 10 10 = 7
39 13
100
51.
4

 P( X = k ) = 1
k =0
4
  Ck 2 = 1
k =0

 C (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 ) = 1
1
C =
30
52.
Since the items are choosen without replacement.
3
Cx + 7C4− x
 P( X = x) = 10
C4
Putting x = 1, 2 we have
3
C1 7 C3 3C2 7C2
P(0  x  3) = +
210 210
3  35 + 3  21 105 + 63 168 4
= = = = .
210 210 210 5
53.
E = {x is a prime number}
P( E ) = P(2) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7) = 0.62,
F = {x  4} , P( F ) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.50
and P( E  F ) = P(2) + P(3) = 0.35
 P( E  F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E  F ) = 0.62+0.50 – 0.35 = 0.77
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

54.

55.

(a)

(b)

(c)
2.25

56.
6 2 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 37
The required probability = 8C6   .   + 8C7   .   + 8C8   = .
2 2  2  2  2 256
57.
P (minimum face value is not less than 2 and maximum face value is not greater than 5)
= P(2 or 3 or 4 or 5) = 4 = 2 .
6 3
4 0
 2   1  16
Hence required probability = 4C4     = .
 3  3 81

58.
Probability of success = 3 = 1
6 2
 p = 1, q= 1
2 2
4 3
 1  1 35
(i) For exactly 4 successes required probability = 7C4.   .  =
2 2 128
Unacademy Nexus Crash Course Probability

(ii) For atleast 4 successes required probability

4 3 5 2 6 1 7

= C4     + 7 C5   .   + 7 C6   .   + 7 C7  
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2  2  2  2

= 35 + 21 + 7 + 1 = 64 = 1
128 128 128 128 128 2

59.
Probability to kill a bird p = 3 , p + q = 1
4
 q = 1 − p = 1 − 3 = 1 and n = 5 .
4 4
Probability that he may not kill the bird,
0 5− 0
3 1 1
P( X = 0) = C0     
5
= .
4 4 1024

60.
Let n be the least number of bombs required and X the number of bombs that hit the bridge. Then
1
X follows a binomial distribution with parameter n and p = .
2
Now P( X  2)  0.9
 1 − P( X  2)  0.9
 P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)  0.1
n n −1
1 1 1
 nC0   + nC1      0.1
2 2 2
 10(n + 1)  2 n

This gives n  8.