Grade 12

WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?

TARGET,
at the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

.Define the concept of democracy

.Identify the elements of democracy

EXPLORE.
Think-Pair-Share. To understand democracy better, student will be asked to gauge decision-making in
group using different forms of political organization such as dictatorship, oligarchy and democracy.

Student are asked to group themselves into three. The class will be asked to brainstorm words or
phrases they associate with the words democracy. What comes to mind when you hear the word
democracy? Record your ideas on blank sheet of paper and share your brainstormed lists with each
other in pairs.

After sharing, the class will be asked the following questions. Your teacher will call pairs at random:

a. What is one example of democracy?

b. What is one example of something that is not democratic?

EXAMINE

Read the article written by Marvin A. Tort. The students will be guided by the following question:

a. What are the 4 Key elements of democracy as elaborate by Larry Jay Diamond? In your opinion, do

these elements apply in the Philippine setting? Why or Why not?

b. What are other definition of democracy in the article?
c. According to the author, Why is democracy a “delusion” in the Philippines? Do you agree or disagree?

BUILD
Editorial cartoons deliver a punch. they take jabs at powerful politicians,
reveal official hypocrisies and incompetence, and can even help change the course of history. But
political cartoons are not just the stuff in the past. Cartoonists are commenting on the world’s current
events all the they challenge our perception and attitudes.

. Create an editorial cartoon about the state of democracy today in the Philippines.
Focus one or few aspects of the key elements of democracy and comment on the state of this element
in our country today.
A. True or False. Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is False.
B. Essay. Reflection on the question below and write your response in no more than 3-5 paragraphs.

TARGET:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
. understand the principles of democracy
. Identify the Benefirts of Democracy participation

EXPLORE
New Reporting Exercise. Imagine you are a political or government expert being interviewed on TV.
Students will be called at random for their “expert opinion “ on the current state of and challenges to
the following components of Philippine democracy: Elections, of Human Rights, maintenance of the Rule
of Law, Fee and Independent Media. The answer must not be more then 5 minutes long.

EXAMINE
PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY
During lecture conducted at Stanford University, Larry Diamond (2004) described democracy as
comprising of four major principles:

a. free and fair election:

b. active participation of citizens in politics and public life:
c. protection of the human rights of all citizens;
d. abides by the rule of law in which the law and procedures apply equally to all citizens.

LESSON 12
A. write which benefit of democracy participation applies to the statements below:

B. Essay. Although a democracy offers higher levels of freedom to have average person, it is not free
from disadvantages. It is not a perfect system of government. Therefore, to have a well-rounded view of
democracy – and to know how to ably solve its challenges – one must know what the downsides are to
democracy.

Choose one (1) from t

he following commonly cited disadvantages of femocracy below and expound on them in an essay that
not exceed five paragraphs.

a. democracies invite mob mentality.

b. anyone can vote. It does not require that voters be educated or be taxpayers. Therefore, democracy
can encourage corruption
c. democracy favors the needs of the majority
d. Democracies can encourage unfair business practices.
LESSON 13
WHAT ARE PARTICIPATORY AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACIES?

TARGET:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. define and differentiate participatory in democracy democracies

. explain the importance of participation in democracy
. understand their relevance to our current political and social landscape

EXPLORE
citizens must fully participate in society and the civic process in order to fully enjoy the privileges and
benefits of democracy. Making your voice and participate in the democratic process.

Your teacher will hand out voting cards to the whole class. These cards are marked with Yes’, No,” or
“Abstain. Your teacher will then be calling out a series of policy position about issues faced by our
society today (e,g. The state should legalize same-sex marriage, pass a divorce bill, implement universal
healthcare, lower income taxes income taxes, etc.) all students must hold up a voting card in reply to the
policy position. Some of you will be called on to explain why you have held up your voting cards for
certain issues.
A brief discussion will follow. What insights did you learn about the democratic process through this
exercise?

BUILD
After learning about participatory and representative democracy, you must have formed your opinions
on the benefits and challenges of both types of democracy. For this activity, the class will be divided into
two (2) One section will write a 1-page persuasive essay about representative democracy, while the
other will write about participatory democracy, the letter must adequately and succinctly discuss the
benefits of either type of democracy.

A. Identification. Identify whether the given situation is a representative or participatory democracy.

B. Venn Diagram. Venn Diagrams are often used to show relationships. For this exercise, there are three
(3) possible Venn Diagrams you can do.

LESSON 14
WHAT ARE INSTITUTIONS?
TARGET
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. Identify political and social institutions in contemporary society

. Determine the functions of institution in society
. Critically assess the characteristics that constitute social institutions
EXPLORE
Word Association. Based on what you have learned about democracy and its elements and
complexities, cite three words or concept that you can associate with the terms below.

1. Gender
2. Economy
3. Race
4. Culture
5. Politics and representation

EXAMINE
WHAT ARE INSTITUTION
there are four basic forms of institution namely:
* FAMILY
*SCHOOL
*RELIGION
*GOVERNMENT

BUILD
Reflection paper. Identify one (1) institution you feel has been a strong influence to you as a person.
Reflect on how this particular institution has shaped your sense of self, and write a 500-words essay that
discusses the positive and negative aspects of this institution with respect to your own experience.
Given the chance, would you like to change anything in this institution, and if so, how would you
propose to change it?

Identify the following:

1. Social ideas or formation that define and govern the behavior of these individual
2. This category of social institution can be found even in the primitive societies.
3. It is the most basic unit in society.
4. This institution prepares individuals for their occupational roles to maintain a functional society
5. Institution in this category provide other complex needs like education and legislation.
6.It guides the relationship and dynamics between the husband and the wife.

LESSON 15
WHAT ARE UNDERMOCRATIC RACTICES AND HOW DO WE AVOID THEM?
TARGET:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. understand undemocratic practice and its effect on democratic space

. identify viable alternatives to undemocratic practices
EXPLORE
Class Activity. Consider what you have learned in the last few lessons about democracy and remember
what was discussed in defining “democracy” Conversely, what then is “ undemocratic”? Each member of
the class one cohesive statement defining the term “undemocratic practices”, in relation to democracy
and democratic space.

BUILD
Application. Refer to the article from the previous pages of new York times and identify two issues
discussed the new modes of democracy today. In your own words, how do you propose to resolve these
challenges, and what can an ordinary student contribute in the discussions. Write a two-page essay that
outlines your proposal and how it addresses these contemporary issues and challenge.

A. Identification. Read the following statement and identify whether the following are democratic or
undemocratic practices.
1. Hong Kong constitutes a special administrative area in china, and has been able to keep its
democratic system despite being under communist rule. China is able to bypass this through the ratified
constitution of Hong Kong that requires candidates in election to be vetted by the Chinese government.
2. Every three years, Filipinos elect their legislative representatives in government. These
representative have enjoyed the utilization of funds referred to as “pork barrel”, under the prerogative
of the politicians themselves.
3. In a democratic society, workers have the right to gather together into groups and speak out to
protect their rights, and to work toward passing laws that improve working condition. Rallies that
campaign for better working condition and labor law are being suppressed by the government by
incarcerating activists and participants of labor rallies.

B. Essay. Following your research activity for this lesson’s Integrate activity, compose a one-page essay
that summarizes the specific issues discussed in your chosen panel and how it relates to your own
experiences as a young student. Observe proper citation and write concisely.

LESSON 16
WHAT IS INFORAMATION AND COMMUNATION TECHNOLOGY
TARGET:
At the end of this lesson, you will e able to:

. Define ICT and trace its history and development

. Identify ICT’s role in various aspect of human life
. Discuss the benefits of effective ICT use

EXPLOPRE
Think-Pair-Share. At the most basic level, ICT encompasses all technologist that allow individuals and
businesses to interact in the digital world. Internet connectivity, online transaction, and cloud
computing are just few examples.
Make a survey of the things you use everyday which utilize ICT. These can range your personal computer
or laptop, to your phone to your accessories like digital watches. Reflect on your belongings or activities
through the following question: (Are they just going to list the things down with answers to the question
ore they supposed to write an essay?)

1. Why do use them?

2. What specific needs are addressed by these things?
3. How often do you replace or upgrade them?
4. What compels you to replace ore upgrade the?

EXAMINE
The term technology refers to the practical application of a set of knowledge and skills generated by
scientific studies to achieve a solution that allow human beings to solve a specific problem.
*Pre-mechanical Age
*Mechanical Age
*Electronical Age
*Electronic Age

Contemporary Technologies in Everyday Life

*Household
*Education
*Communication
*medicine
*media
*economy

Benefits of Effective ICT Use

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is widely used across various industries. The rise of
artificial intelligence, big data analytics and augmented reality contribute to the rapid growth of
industries. All over the world, ICT is now used to increase productivity, cut costs and improve human life.
ICT advancements fuel the global economy, international trade, communication and services across all
sector.

BUILD
Research. Necessity is the mother of invention. Technology was invented to address human needs or
enhance human capabilities. However, it is also true that constant innovation of technology means that
what we have today may not be the technology we have tomorrow, developed to fill new needs and
address various problem, with the ultimate goal of making our lives better.

Knowing the above, try to think of a social issue or gap that has yet to be addressed or could be further
improved by technology. The issue can range from a daily inconvenience to broader issues that span the
globe. Research that concretely shows how technologies have or can address these issues. You may also
propose a hypothetical program or computer and/or phone application that to solve this “gap”.

LESSON 16
A. Enumeration. Below are some industries that were not discussed in the lesson.
list at least three (3) ways that ICT has benefited these specific industries.

1. Food Industry and Restaurants

a.___________
b.___________
c.___________
2. Transportation and Travel
a.__________
b.__________
c.__________
3. Military and Security
a.__________
B.__________
c.___________
4. Farming and Security
a.___________
b.___________
c.___________
5. Construction and Public Infrastructure
a.__________
b.__________
c.__________

B. Concept Map. Choose an industry that has been mentioned in the lesson, e.g. Education of media.
Created a concept map that illustrates the evolution and / or traces the history of the industry from the
pre-mechanical age to the present day. Your concept map must clearly demonstrate how ICT has shaped
the industry for the better and why ICT is vital to its continued existence.

LESSON 17
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF ICT?

Target:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. Understand ICT has and its issues and risks

. Identify security and privacy issues involved in the use of ICT

EXPLORE
Class Reflection. Group the class into five or six. Each group will track their use of ICT, particularly the
websites or applications they frequently use and the amount of time they spend on the internet and
social media, Ask the following question: Are you a part of any social media network? How many are you
a part of, and information among your class and discuss the following question:

1. What is the average number of social media accounts per student within your class? computer this by
adding the total number of social media account, and dividing this number by the number of students.
2. Which ones are the most popular? How so?
3. Which of the social media networks would you say are the most influential for the class? How are they
influential to your everyday life?

After the activity, prepare a table that organizes these pieces of information and present them in class.

EXAMINE
In the last lessons, we discussed the importance and benefits of ICT as a tool of modern society. The
development of new innovations to manage our daily lives, building social relationships, sharing
information, entertainment, and so on have brought us to an era where ICT has become so intertwined
with our lives that it’s hard to imagine life without it. However, there are some issues about ICT that
need to be raised and addressed.

BUILD
Skit Presentation. Divide the class into Group of four to five members. Each group will write their own
script for short skit presentation discussed in the articles above. Submit the skit script for inclusion in
your portfolio by the end of this module.

Identify. Which of the 5A’s criteria to technological access (Availability, Affordability, abilities,
Awareness, and Agency) are being tackled in the description below? You can identify more than one.

______a. Aling Yoly is a vegetable vendor who has a basic mobile phone that fulfills her communication
needs. Through this phone, she is able to text and call her supplier as well as her daughter, who studies
nursing in the provincial capital. She has heard of Facebook and the internet from her friends from the
market, but most of her earning go to her daughter’s education.
_______b. Dante uses his smartphone to communicate with friends using a variety of social media apps.
He takes video stories of himself doing different During the campaign period for the presidential
election, he dismisses his followers’ calls for him to participate in the discussion, saying that he
followers’ politics in social media.
_______c. Leo is junior student who has been receiving a full scholarship in private high school that
recently implement a rule that all students are required to purchase and use an expensive tablet for
class so that teachers can simply send them digital copies of their books and readings, and so most
activities tablet, but because they cannot afford even a second hand model, the family has to let go of
his scholarship and enroll him in public school in his senior year instead.

Reflect. In the second New York Times article, one of the sub-headlines read: “Privacy is Dead.” The
author elaborates on this by discussing a variety of issues related to private information being
distributed without the consent of users and the ways people mighty hypothetically react to these
breaches. Write a short reflection this issue by discussing what it means to feel secure about your own
private information when using these social media apps and websites.
LESSON 18
HOW CAN ICT EMPOWER PEOPLE AND FACILITATE CHANGE?
Target:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. Identify the ways in which individual and group are empowered though ICT.
. Understand the importance of ICT in connecting and changing the world
. present personal reflection on how ICT has affected your own personal and social life (This objective
should just be relegated to the previous topic. The focus of this lesson should be on ICT and its
relationship to empowerment and social change)

EXPLORE
Research: The social media is increasingly becoming a platform to raise awareness on social issues and
for social change. Group the class into five or six. Each group will research a social or political movement
that have a strong online presence such as the #MeToo or Hypebeast movement. Identify the type of
advocacies in these online movements, their history, and the specific impact they have had using their
platform. In this activity, each groups should write an analysis using the information gathered and
discuss these using these guide questions:

1. How do they use technology and social media as a platform for social change?
2. What are the possible benefits of using social media to raise awareness?
3. What are its potential limitation or negative effects?

EXAMINE
After identifying the benefits and challenges of ICT today, we now dive deeper into the role of
technology in politics and society. In this Lesson, we will explore ICT’s important and transformation
societal effects though select case studies. We will see how these technologies have affected in
multidimensional and innovative ways how we mobilize people and create change.

BUILD
Digital Poster Making. Online campaigns have proven to be effective in shifting the perspective of
many users of social media. In this activity, identify a personal advocacy (e.g. climate change
awareness, human rights, etc.) and make a digital poster using a slogan that can help bring light into
issues that need urgent attention among the public.

Vocabulary Words. Define the terms below based on what you have learned in this lesson. (Please add
4 more entries and include the simple definitions already allowing the students to just choose from the
terms. These concepts are hard to understand and answer, it would be hard to check.)
1. Big data
__________
2. Discourse
___________
3. Social media
___________
4. Social network
____________
5. Agency
____________
6. Civic participation

LESSON 19
WHAT ARE CONNECTION, RELATIONSHIP, AND NETWORKS IN THE 21st CENTURY?

Target:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

. Identify and compare connection, relationship, and networks in relation to society (This doesn’t make
sense, in the first place, there would be no society without connection, relationship and networks)
. Create social map that illustrates and defines your connection, relationship, and networks ( What is a
social map and how does it look like> This was not discussed in this lessons)

EXPLORE
Creative Output. Think about a group of peers that you belong to this can be a school club, an
organization, or even as simple as your own group of friends in school. Note how you became a member
of this group, and what binds you together. In a sheet of paper, creatively illustrate through a drawing,
poster, or written works the importance of this particular group in your personal life.

EXAMINE
Consider the article below from The Mercury News, a major US newspaper from the San Francisco Bay
Area in California. This short feature discusses the author’s perspective on the shift on the connections
formed through our communities in the 21st century.