Std:12th Year :2020-21

Subject : Computer Science –II

Chapter : Introduction to Microcontrollers
Introduction to Microcontrollers
 Microcontrollers
Introduction
• A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system,
consisting of microprocessor, limited amount of ROM or
EPROM, RAM, and I/O ports, timer, a clock, serial ports
built on a single integrated circuit.
• Microcontrollers were developed to meet the need for
microprocessors to be put in low cost products .
• Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip
substantially reduces the cost of building simple products
which use the microprocessor's power to implement their
functions .
• A microcontroller is more complex than a microprocessor
because it consists of many I/O components.
Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor
 Advantages of Microcontroller over Microprocessor

• Cost of microcontroller is less than microprocessor

based system
• Microcontroller has more I/O components than
microprocessor based system.
• Unlike microprocessors, Microcontrollers can be used
in wide variety of intelligent products like personal
computers keyboards or can be used in devices with
artificial intelligence.
• Many low cost products like toys, washing machines,
microwave ovens, electric drills etc are based on
microcontrollers & not on microprocessor based
system
 Applications of Microcontroller
• Many low cost products such as electronic toys, microwave
ovens, VCRs are based on microcontrollers.
• A home security system, a tape recorder and intelligent
multimeter can also be build by using microcontrollers.
• The personal computer keyboards are implemented with a
microcontroller. It replaces scanning, debounce, matrix
decoding and serial transmission circuits.
• They are used as machine tools, chemical processors,
medical instrumentation and sophisticated guidance
control.
• Some application require simple timing and bit set/reset
functions; other requires high speed data processing
capability.
 Features of 8051 Microcontroller
• An 8 bit ALU
• 40-pin DIP package
• 16-bit address and 8-bit data bus
• 4K x 8 ROM(or EPROM)
• 128 x 8 RAM
• Dual 16 bit timer event counter
• 32 I/O lines (Four 8-bit I/O ports)
• Addresses 64 k bytes of program memory
• Addresses 64 k bytes of data memory
• Powerful 111-instruction , instruction set
• Full featured serial port
• Up to 12-MHz clock
• Two external interrupts
 Microcontroller 8051 family
8048, 8049, 8050
• 8048 was Intel’s 1st microcontroller.
• All 8048, 8049, 8050 have same architecture except memory size.
• The memory size doubles in each case.8048 supports 1Kbytes of internal memory
(ROM). 8049 supports 2Kbytes of internal ROM & 8050 supports 4Kbytes of
internal ROM.
• 8048 has 64 bytes internal RAM, including 32 bytes of register memory. 8049 &
8050 have a total of 128 & 256 bytes of RAM respectively.
• 27 I/O lines. 8-bit timer event counter.
• Low cost & hence very popular.
8052
• 8052 is a simple expansion of 8051.
• 8Kbytes of onboard ROM & 256 Kbytes onboard RAM.
• Allows programmer to write larger programs that can use more data.
• Cost of 8052 is more than 8051.
• Has one extra 16-bit counter-timer which gives more flexibility.
 Microcontroller 8051 family
8031, 8032
• 8031 is alternative version of 8051 & 8032 is alternative
version of 8052.
• They do not have onboard ROM. They may use external ROM
for program memory.
• Excellent devices for prototyping & low volume products.
8052 AH-BASIC
• 8052 AH-BASIC is another form of 8052. Programmer can use
BASIC for writing instructions rather than using assembly
language.
Difference between 8051 and 8052 Microcontrollers
Memory Mapping of 8051 Microcontrollers
 Memory Mapping of 8051 Microcontrollers
Program Memory
• In 8051 Microcontroller, the code or instructions to be executed are stored
in the Program Memory, which is also called as the ROM of the
Microcontroller. The original 8051 Microcontroller by Intel has 4KB of
internal ROM.
• In case of 4KB of Internal ROM, the address space is 0000H to 0FFFH. If the
address space i.e. the program addresses exceed this value, then the CPU
will automatically fetch the code from the external Program Memory.
• For this, the External Access Pin (EA Pin) must be pulled HIGH i.e. when
the EA Pin is high, the CPU first fetches instructions from the Internal
Program Memory in the address range of 0000H to 0FFFFH and if the
memory addresses exceed the limit, then the instructions are fetched
from the external ROM in the address range of 1000H to FFFFH.
• There is another way to fetch the instructions: ignore the Internal ROM
and fetch all the instructions only from the External Program Memory
(External ROM). For this scenario, the EA Pin must be connected to GND.
In this case, the memory addresses of the external ROM will be from
0000H to FFFFH.
 Memory Mapping of 8051 Microcontrollers

Data Memory
• The Data Memory or RAM of the 8051
Microcontroller stores temporary data and
intermediate results that are generated and used
during the normal operation of the
microcontroller. Original Intel’s 8051
Microcontroller had 128B of internal RAM. Some
part of this is often referred as registers.
• The 8051 has 22 SFRs(Special Function registers)
which are not the part of 128 bytes of RAM. They
occupy memory space from 80H to F8H.
 Memory Mapping of 8051 Microcontrollers

Interfacing External Memory with 8051 Microcontroller

• We have seen that a typical 8051 Microcontroller has 4KB of ROM
and 128B of RAM
• The designer of an 8051 Microcontroller based system is not limited
to the internal RAM and ROM present in the 8051 Microcontroller.
There is a provision of connecting both external RAM and ROM i.e.
Data Memory and Program.
• The reason for interfacing external Program Memory or ROM is that
complex programs written in high – level languages often tend to
be larger and occupy more memory.
• Another important reason is that chips like 8031 or 8032, which
doesn’t have any internal ROM, have to be interfaced with external
ROM.
• A maximum of 64KB of Program Memory (ROM) and Data Memory
(RAM) each can be interface with the 8051 Microcontroller.
 Memory Mapping of 8048, 8049, 8050
Microcontrollers
Program Memory Data memory
Architectural Block Diagram of 8051
Microcontroller
 Pin diagram of 8051 Microcontroller
Pin Diagram 
 Board Questions
Q. 1 What is Microcontroller? State any four
advantages of the same over microprocessor based
system.
Q.2 Give the applications of Microcontroller.
Q.3 Give any eight features of 8051 microcontroller.
Q.4 Compare between 8051 and 8052 microcontrollers.
Q.5 List all microcontrollers of 8051 family and state
one feature of each.
Q.6 Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051
microcontroller with the help of neat diagram.