Functions Mks (1)
Functions Mks (1)
Function
Concept cover:
2. Definition of Function.(domain,range)
4. Periodic function.
6. Composite function
7. Inverse of a function.
8. Functional equation.
9. Graph
Intervals:
Open Interval: (a, b) = {x: a< x< b}
Closed Interval: [a, b] = {x: a x b}
Open–closed Interval: (a, b] = {x: a < x b}
Closed –open Interval: [a, b) = {x: a x < b}
(a, ) ={ x: x > a}
[a, ) = { x: x a}
(–, b) = {x: x< b)
(–, b] = { x: x b}
Let x R , x=[x]+ {x} ,then [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x (or G.I.F)
and {x} denotes the fractional part of x and is given by {x} = x – [x]. Note that 0 {x} < 1.
e.g. x = 2.69 2 < x < 3 [x] = 2, x = – 3.63 – 4 < x < – 3 [x] = –4
It is obvious that if x is integer, then [x] = x.
(i)
(ii) denotes the fractional part of
(iii)
(iv) i.e ,
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x) for all
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
Solution:
Let x = [x] + y, where . Let p be an integer such that p – 1
(This is always possible because given a real number, we can always find two consecutive integers between which
the number lies.)
Now .
But
FRACTIONAL PART:
Fractional Part of any real number is defined as the difference between the number ‘x’ and it’s integral
value ‘[x]’ and is symbolically denoted as {x}.
Thus, {x} = x – [x], e.g. if x = 5.68, then [x] = 5 and {x} = 0.68.
If x is an integer Þ x = [x] Þ {x} = 0 Þ {[x]} = 0
If , then [x]=0 {x}=x
, then [x]=1 {x}=x–1
, then [x]=2 {x}=x–2
IMPORTANT POINTS:
0 £ {x} < 1
[{x}] = 0, {[x]} = 0
x – 1 < [x] £ x, 0 £ {x} < 1
{x} + {–x} =
.
Solution: We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5= 2[x] – 6 + 5
[x] = –2 y = 3(–2) + 1 = – 5.
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = –2 – 5 = –7.
HW: Let denote the larger integer not exceeding the real number . If and satisfy the
equations and simultaneously, determine .
Problem : If denotes the integral part of for real , then find the value of
0+0+………………..+1+1+1+…………+1=50
ANS :75
[x + 2] + [x – 8] > 0
[x ] +2+ [x] – 8> 0
2[x ] > 6
[x ] > 3
[x]=19,20 {x}=……………
Now use x=[x]+{x}
Number of real solutions of the equation [8x3] + [4x2] + [2x] = {x} – 1 where [.] & {.} denotes G.I.F & fractional
part respectively is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Solution:
is an integer
3 2
8x + 4x + 2x + 1 = 0 i.e. x = –1/2
Problem : Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively.
Solve 2x+ 3{x} = 4[x] -2.
[x]=1,2 ,3
x = 5x –1 x = , which is a solution.
Problem : Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively.
Solve 4{x} = x + [x].
Solution: 4 {x} = x + [x]
4 {x} = [x] + {x} + [x]
{x} = [x]
If
So, and
If
Then
and
Problem : If
Solution:
Problem :Let .If the equation has real roots. Find the number
of element of . [.] is G.I.F
Solution: Here,
Thus the equation, can be satisfied only if is integer.
As, ( where R.H.S. is integer)
tanx = t (int)
Or
Integer
The sum of all possible values of n where such that the equation
has a solution, is equal to:
[Note: [x] denotes largest integer less than or equal to x.]
Problem The sum of all possible values of n where such that the equation
has a solution, is equal to:
[Note: [x] denotes largest integer less than or equal to x.]
Problem : If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integer part of x respectively then find the value of
[x] + .
[x] + = [x] +
= [x] + = [x] + = x.
Problem : If , where [x] is the greatest integer function, then which one is
correct
(A) (B) f(p) =1
Solution:
f(x) = cos 9x + cos 10x
= 0 + (-1) = -1
Number of solution of is (where [.], {.} are greatest integer and least integer functions respectively)
Home work
. Solve the system of equation in x, y and z satisfying the following equations.
x + [y] + [z] = 3.1
{x} + y + [z] = 4.3
[x] + {y} + z = 5.4
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function and { . } denotes fractional part.)
. If x, y, z R satisfies the system of equations (where {.} and
[.] denotes the fractional and integral parts respectively), then match the following:
COLUMN – I COLUMN – II
A P 7.7
B Q 1.1
C R 1
D S 3
Solution of the inequation (where {.} denotes fractional part function) is:
(a) (b) denote set of integers)
(c) (d)
Functions
Definition of Function:
Let X and Y be any two non–empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns
to each element of set X, one and only one element of set Y”. Let the correspondence be ‘f’ then
mathematically we write
f: X Y where y = f(x), x X and y Y. We say that ‘y’ is the image of ‘x’ under ‘f’ (or x is the preimage
of y).
f: X Y
f3 :
f4 :
Example 1.
Example 2.
Example 3.
The Cartesian product (also known as the cross product) of two sets A and B, denoted by AB
(in the same order) is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that xA and yB. What we mean
by ordered pair is that the pair(a, b) is not the same the pair as (b, a) unless a = b. It implies that
AB BA in general. Also if A contains m elements and B contains n elements then AB
contains mn elements.
RELATIONS
Let A and B be two non-empty sets then every subset of A B defines a relation from A to B and every
relation from A to B is subset of A Bb , here n(A)=m and n(B)=n
i.e
RAB
total no of relation is
A polynomial function without radicals or variables in the denominator. For this type of
function, the domain is all real numbers.
A function with a fraction with a variable in the denominator. To find the domain of this type
of function, set the bottom equal to zero and exclude the x value you find when you solve the
equation.
A function with a variable inside a radical sign. To find the domain of this type of function, just
set the terms inside the radical sign to >0 and solve to find the values that would work for x.
A function using the natural log (ln). Just set the terms in the parentheses to >0 and solve.
A graph. Check out the graph to see which values work for x.
Let f and g be two given functions and their domain are Df and Dg respectively, then the
sum, difference, product and quotient functions are defined as:
(a)(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), x Df Dg
(b)(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x), x Df Dg
(c)(f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x), x Df Dg
Solution: x2 – 4 ¹ 0 Þ x ¹ ± 2
Hence domain is R – {–2, 2}
Key concept: Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root, sixth root etc) should not
be negative.
Case 1: x 0
For domain
…….(2)
Case 2: x<0
For domain
Rejecting the values of x because they don’t satisfy the inequality
x < 0.
We get ……(3)
Taking union of (2) and (3)
Domain =
f(x) =
Þ f (x) is defined when |[|x| −1]| −5 > 0
then [|x| −1] > 5 or [|x| −1] < −5 Þ |x| −1 ³ 6 or |x| −1 < −5
Þ |x| ³ 7 or |x| < −4 (impossible)
Þ x Î (−¥, −7] È [7, ¥)
Þ
Þ 22x + 22(x-2) – 22(x-1) ³ 52
Þ 22x ³ 64 Þ x ³ 3.
And x=0,1
Problem : Find the domain of .
Solution: and
and
(A) (B)
(C) (D) none of these
Sol. Case I:
then
…(1)
So
Case II:
then
So,
Domain of
Solution:
Domain of
Solution:
Solution: (i) Here ‘y’ would assume real values if x – 4 > 0 and 1,
x2 – 11x + 24 > 0
x > 4 and 5, (x – 3)(x – 8) > 0
x > 4 and 5, x < 3 or x > 8 x > 8
Domain (y) = (8, )
(ii) Here ‘y’ would assume real values if 0
cos(sinx) 1 cos(sinx) = 1 as –1 cos 1
sinx = 0 x = n, n I.
Hence the domain consists of the multiples of i.e.
Domain (y) = {n: nI}
(iii) Clearly for y to be defined when
log10log10log10 …. ((n−1) times) log10x > 0
log10log10log10 …. ((n−2) times) log10x > 1
log10log10log10 …. ((n−3) times) log10x > 10
log10log10log10 …. ( (n−4) times) log10x > 1010
log10x > x>
Required domain x .
Solution:
x=4,5
Problem : Find the domain of definition of the following functions:
(i) f(x) = sin-1(x2 – 4x + 4)
(ii) f(x) = cos–1[2x2 – 3]
([.] denotes the greatest integer function).
…………(2)
Taking intersection of (1) and (2)
…(a)
From (ii), we have
Integer
On solving (1) and (2), we get which satisfies (3) and (4)
Find the domain of definition of , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x.
Domain of ex is R
is defined, when
Þ x Î [0, 4]
is defined when x –[x] > 0.
Thus domain of is R –I .
\ Domain of given function is = (0, 4) – {1, 2, 3}.
Find domain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(I) Write down y=f(x) and then solve the equation for x, giving something of the form x=g(y).
Find the domain of g(y), and this will be the range of f(x).
(II) The range of a function is the spread of possible y-values (minimum y-value to maximum y-value) if
function is continuous
(III) If you can't seem to solve for x, then try graphing the function to find the range.
(IV) Range of y= log (f(x)), find range of f(x), f(x)>a
log(f(x))>log(a) if base >1,
log(f(x))<log(a) if 0<base <1,
(v) Let f(x)= a cosx + b sinx+c, then the maximum value = +c and minimum value = c ,
and max,min value will give range.
i.e x=2,3
range {728,1474}.
function defined
When 7 – x ≥ 0 => x ≤ 7
When x – 3 ≥ 0 => x ≥ 3
And 7 – x ≥ x – 3 => x ≤ 5
This implies, 3 ≤ x ≤ 5
=>x = 3, 4, 5
Key concept: If f(x) is in the form of , where p(x) and Q(x) are polynomial function of
Solution: Let
Solution:
Range
f(x) = Þ Range C
Here f(x) = .
Answer is: R – { – 2, 1}
As x tends to 0 , y tends to -2
Question : Find range of
where .
Answer is Range
Answer is Range .
(OR) Alternately,
Now .
Problem : Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:
(i) f(x) = , (ii) ,
Solution: (i) Here f(x) = and f(x) is defined for all x R other than numbers, where
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 x = –3, –1.
Hence the domain of f(x) = R – {–3, –1}.
Let =y
x2(1 – y) + x(1 – 4y) + 1 – 3y = 0.
Since x is real, (1 – 4y)2 – 4(1 – y)(1-3y) 0
4y2 + 8y – 3 0
y , which is the required range
Range of is
Sol.
Now,
or
Hence,
Find range of
Solution:
Range of
Solution:
is
Solution:
For any value of x, is a non-negative integer and sin-1x is defined only for
two non-negative integers 0 and 1
the range of f = .
If , where [.] denotes greatest integer function. Then
Solution: Here,
Thus, domain real number.
Thus, from
We have,
Here, So,
Hence, range .
4 – x2 0 -2 x 2
1–x0 x1
so domain of f(x) is (-2, 1)
Range of is (0, )
Range of is (-, )
Range of f(x)
for
Hence, range
Þ f(sin2x) = 2 cos2x
Þ f(sin2x) = 1+sin2x Þ f(y) = 1+y
Clearly , -1 £ y £ 1 as –1 £ sin2x £ 1 Þ 0 £ 1+y £ 2
\ domain = [-1, 1], Range = [0, 2].
The image of the interval under the mapping specified by the function is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Domain (D) and Range (R) of is respectively; where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Here,
So,
If f: X®Y is a real valued function such that for all x Î D Þ – xÎD (where D = domain of f) and if f(– x)
= f(x) for every x Î D then f is said to be an even function and if f(– x) = – f(x) then f is said to be odd
function.
f(k)=-f(-k)………………….
IMPORTANT POINTS:
Properties of Even and Odd Function :
(a) The product of two even functions is even function.
Proof:
Let f(x)=h(x).g(x), h(x) and g(x) are even function
f(-x)=h(-x).g(-x)=h(x).g(x)=f(x)
(b) The sum and difference of two even functions is even function.
(c) The sum and difference of two odd functions is odd function.
(d) The product of two odd functions is even function.
(e) The product of an even and an odd function is odd function.
(f) The sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd function.
(g) It is not essential that every function is even or odd. It is possible to have some functions which are neither even
nor odd function
To express a given function f(x) as the sum of an even and odd function, we write
, where is an even function and
is an odd function.
If x = 0 domain of f, then for odd function f(x), f(0) = 0 i.e. if for a function, f(0) ¹ 0, then that
function can not be odd.
The derivative of an even function is always an odd function
f(x)=f(-x)
f’(x)= f’(-x).-1=-f’(-x)
The derivative of an odd function is always an even function
Problem : Let , where a, b and c are constants. If f (–7) = 7, then f(7) equals
(A) –17 (B) –7 (C) 14 (D) 21
now for a=1 an even function. Other cases it is not an even functions
(A) even function (B) odd function (C) odd if f(x) > 0 (D) neither even nor add
Ans = B
Put x y as –x
(i). f(x) =
(ii).
(iii).
(iv). f (x) = sinx – cosx
f(– x) = =
(iii) f(– x) =
= = = – f(x).
Problem : Which of the given functions is (are) even, odd; and which of them is (are) neither even, nor odd ?
(i) f(x) = x2sinx (ii) f(x) = 7 – 2x6 + sin2x
(iii) f(x) = log (iv) f(x) =
= = = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
Problem: Let f : [-10,10] R, where f(x) = sin x + [x2/a] be an odd function. Then set of values of
parameter ‘a’ is/are: ([.] is G.I.F)
(A) (-10, 10) - {0} (B) (0, 10)
(C) [100,) (D) (100, )
Solution:
f(x)=sinx+k
f(-x)=-sinx+k
f(x)=-f(-x)
k=0
Let where
integer function)
(A) Less than 11 (B) 11
(C) Greater than 11 (D) 12
Problem: Find whether the given function is even or odd function, where
Solution:
Hence; and
When
If
So f(x) is odd
Put x=0
Problem:
Problem: has 8 distinct real roots and , then find the sum of the real roots
Problem: Let f(x) = . Show that F(x) is even when n is even and is odd when n
is odd.
Solution: Let h(x) = f(x) + f(–x) and k(x) = g(x) – g(–x).
Then h(–x) = f(–x) + f(x) = h(x) and k(–x) = g(–x) – g(x) = –k(x)
h(x) is even while k (x) is odd.
Thus f(x) =
and f(-x) = .
Hence, f(x) is an even function when n is even, and an odd function when n is odd.
Column I gives the functions and Column 2 gives the nature of function.
COLUMN – I COLUMN –II
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
is odd.
If is an even function defined on then the sum of the squares of all numbers satisfying the
equation is
Ans. (A)
(i) …(ii)
1. If and then
(A) – 6 (B) – 16 (C) – 26 (D) – 32
Ans. (A)
Problem: Let the function f(x) = x2 + x + sinx – cosx be defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the odd and even
extensions of f(x) in the interval [−1, 1].
Solution: Odd extension:
To make f(x) an odd function in the interval [−1, 1], we define f(x) as follows:
=
=
Even extension:
To make f(x) an even function in the interval [−1, 1], we define f(x) as follows:
(C) (R) 3
A function f : defined as,
PERIODIC FUNCTION
A function f: X®Y is said to be a periodic function provided there exists a positive real number T such
that f(x + T) = f(x), for all x Î X. The least of all such positive numbers T is called the principal period or
fundamental period or simply period of f.
To check the periodicity of a function put f(T+x)=f(x) and solve this equation to find the positive
values of t independent of x. If positive values of T independent of x are obtained, then f(x) is a
periodic function and the least positive value of T is the period of the function f(x). If no positive
value of T independent of x is obtained then f(x) is non-periodic function.
Let f(x)=sinx
f(x+t)=sin(x+t)
sinx=sin(x+t)
if n is odd , NP( t is depends on x)
if n is even , m>0,
{x+1}={x}={x+2}={x+3}
If f(x) is periodic with period p, then f(ax + b) where a, b Î R (a ¹ 0) is also period with period
p/|a|.
f(x+p)=f(x)
If f(x) is periodic with period p, then a f(x) + b where a, b Î R (a ¹ 0) is also periodic with period
p.
If f(x) is periodic with period p, then f (ax + b) where a, b R (a ¹ 0) is also period with period
p/|a|
Let f(x) has period p = m/n (m, n N and co-prime) and g(x) has period q = r/s (r, sÎN and co-prime) and let t be the LCM of p and q i.e.
, then t shall be the period of f + g provided there does not exist a positive number) k (< t) for which f(k + x) + g(k +
x) = f(x)+ g(x), else k will be the period. The same rule is c applicable for any other algebraic combination of f(x) and g(x).
Let f(x) is periodic with fundamental period p and g(x) is periodic with fundamental period q.
Let r be the L.C.M. of p and q, if it exists.
Note: LCM between rational and irrational numbers does not exist.
sinnx, cosnx, cosecnx and Secnx have period 2p if n is odd and p if n is even.
Example
both are same check for T/2, here period not possible.
x and 1/x
Sinx+{x} Sinx-{x}
Problem: Find the period of following functions:
(i) , lcm of
(ii) ANS : 2
Problem: Find the period of the functionf(x) = ex − [x] + |cosx| + |cos2x| + … + |cosnx|.
Now
As we know
Problem: If f(x) is a periodic function with period 5 then find the period of the function
As we know that if f(x) is periodic with period p, then f (ax) where a, R (a ¹ 0) is also period with
period p/|a|
So period =
If the period of the function where [n] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to n is
2 , then
(A) (B) (C) (D)
period of f(x) is 2 ,
Problem: Find period of f(n) :
………………….(1)
…………..(2)
add,
f(n)=f(n+8)
Add
Add
x replace by x+2
x replace by x+2
f(x+8)=f(x)
(HW)
Solution:
Put x=x+2
f(x+3)+f(x+5)=2
If , find .
(1)
(1)
(2) and (3)
(4)
(4) and (5)
Applying
each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the co – domain.
MANY – ONE FUNCTION: A function f: X ®Y is said to be many one if there are at least two
elements in the domain whose images are the same.
If f(x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 for every x1,x2 in the domain, then ‘f’ is one – one else many – one.
If the function is entirely increasing or decreasing in the domain, then ‘f’ is one – one else many –
one.
GRAPHICAL METHOD: If we draw a line parallel to the x – axis intersect the graph of y = f(x) at
one and only one point, then f(x) is one – one and if the line parallel to the x – axis cuts the graph at
more than one different points then f(x) is a many – one function.
Any continuous function f(x) which has at least one local maxima or local minima is many – one.
All polynomials of even degree defined on R have at least one local maximum or minima and
hence are many one on the domain R. Polynomials of odd degree can be one – one or many – one.
INTO FUNCTION: A function f: X®Y is said to be an into function if there exists at least one element
in the co – domain Y which is not an image of any element in the domain X. Example: The map f: R ®R
given by f(x) = x2 is an into map
Let be defined by
Coeff. of
at a = –1 f(x) = 4 into
at a = 1 , f(x) = 6x + 6, range is R
a = –2 f(x) = 3 , into
at a = 2, any quadratic always into
If the function is not injective for values of x in the interval then b lies in
(A) (B) (C) (–2, 0) (D)
ONE – ONE ONTO MAP OR BIJECTIVE FUNCTION: A function f: X ®Y is said to be one – one
onto or bijective function if and only if
(i) distinct elements of X have distinct images in Y
(ii) each element of Y has at least one pre – image in X.
Example: The map f: X ®Y given by f(x) = 2x is a one – one onto map.
if q = 3 is (OR)
if q = 4 is
(OR)
So for any q, it is
no of onto function = total -
1 can match with 1,2,3,5 any one reaming 4 elements can arrange 4! ways
Probability that
Problem: Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7 elements. If is the
number of one-one functions from X to Y and is the number of onto functions from Y to X, then the
value of is
ANS:119
Problem: Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F ={1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16
(C) 12 (D) 8
(A)
Total number of function from E ® F is 24 = 16 in which only two are into
Hence number of onto function = 16 –2 = 14
Solution
Here m = 3 & n = 4 (n > m)
(i) Total number of mappings = nm = 43 = 64
(ii) Total number of one-one mappings = nPm = 4P3 =
(iii) Total number of many-one mappings = nm - nPm = 64 – 24 = 40
(iv) Total number of onto mappings = 0 (Here n > m)
(v) Total number of into mappings = nm = 43 = 64 (Here n > m)
Let The number of onto functions from A to A such that for all is
(A) 175 (B) 240 (C) 245 (D) 265
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
Making graph =
Total = 1 + 6 + 3 = 10
Key concept : If f(x) is a rational function then f(x1) = f(x2) will always be satisfied when x1 = x2 in
the domain.
Hence we can write where is some
function in x1 and x2. Now if = 0 gives some solution which is different
from x1 = x2 and which lies in the domain, then f is many – one else one – one.
Solution:
One solution of this is obviously x1 = x2. Also we have got a relation in x1 and x2 and
for each value of x1 in the domain we get a corresponding value of x2 which may or
may not be same as x1.
If x1 = 1 we get , and both lies in the domain of f.
Hence we have two different values x1 and x2 for which f(x) has the same value.
Hence is many one.
Problem: Let f: R [2, ) defined by f(x) = is an onto function, then find the
value of b.
Key concept: Given function is an onto function. Hence range should be to codomain.
Problem: Let f : R R defined by f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100. Then find the values of a for which f is a one-one
function.
The set of values of ‘a’ for which the function given by is one-one is
(A) [–2, 4] (B) (1, 3) (C) (1, 4) (D) (1, 5)
Ans = C
=
=
Now 3 0 and =
f(x) > 0 for x
f is a strictly increasing function.
f is one-one function.
Again = + .
Let be defined by
The number of one-one function from A {1, 2, 3, 4} → B{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} such that are
(A) 840 (B) 675 (C) 465 (D) 255
Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) one-one
, then f(x) is
Solution: A – Q, R; B – R, S; C – P, Q; D – P, S;
(C)
(D)
is
(B) Let f : defined by , (Q) into
then f(x) is
(C) Let defined by where (R) many one
then f(x)
(T) periodic
2. Match the following
S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) Domain of f(x) is
where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.
Columns I gives functions and Column II gives the nature of the functions.
S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) one-one onto
where { } and [ ] denote fractional part function and greatest integer respectively.
Where
And
Thus, domain
And range
Or and
Problem: If is f is
Sol.
Given
in (n + 1)
in (n + 1)
f(2) = 2 – 3 = –1 in (n – 3)
f(4) = 4 – 3 = 1 in (n – 3)
in in (n – 3)
f is one-one
If n is odd then (2n – 1) is odd
=n+2
If n is even then 2n is even
f = onto function
f is one-one and onto function
When D > 0, equation (1) has two roots for one value of y .
Hence, function is many one.
y=
(8y + a) x2 + 6 (1 - y) x - (8 + ay) = 0
Since x is real, D ³ 0
36 (1 - y)2 + 4 (8y + a) (8 + ay) ³ 0
For y to Real,
9 + 8a > 0 and (46 + a2)2 - 4 (9 + 8a)2 £ 0
for a = 3,
we have f (x) =
Let f (x) = 0, then 3x2 + 6x - 8 = 0
Þx= .
Thus when f (x) = 0, we have two values of x
Þ f (x) is not one-to-one for a = 3.
f:A B, g: B C
Properties:
(a) Function gof will exist only when range of f is
the subset of domain of g.
(b) gof(x) is simply the g-image of f(x), where
f(x) is f-image of elements x X.
(c) fog does not exist here because range of g is
not a subset of domain of f.
(d) If f and g are two functions then for
composite of two functions fog gof.
(e) Composite functions obey the property of
associativity i.e. fo(goh) = (fog)oh.
Problem: Let ¦(x) and g(x) be surjective functions where ¦: {a, b, c, d} ® {1, 2, 3 ,4} and
g: {3 ,4, 5 ,6 } ® {w, x ,y ,z} respectively. The number of elements in the range set of g (¦(x)) are
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Example1:
Problem: Let f: R R be a function defined by f(x) = x + 4 and g [0, ) R be a function
2
Ans. (C)
Problem: If f(x) = sin2x + sin2 + cosx cos and g = 1 then gof(x) is ____________
Solution: f(x)=5/4
go f(x)= g =1
Sol. g(x) = x2 + x – 2
(gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2 + f(x) – 2
Problem: If f (x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], [.] is G.I.F then value of fog + gof is -
Required value = 1 + 0 = 1.
Solution
If f:R→R and g:R→R be two mappings such that f(x)=sin x and g(x) = x2, then
(a) show that
(b) find the values of and
If then find
Solution. Given
Problem: Two functions are defined as under:
f(x) = , g(x) =
Solution: (fog)(x)=f(g(x)) =
Let us consider, g(x) 1:
(i) x2 1, –1 x < 2 –1 x 1,
–1 x < 2 –1 x 1
(ii) x + 2 1, 2 x 3 x –1, 2 x 3 x =
Let us consider, 1 < g(x) 2,
Thus f(g(x)) =
(gof)(x) = g (f(x))=
Let us consider –1 f(x) < 2
(i) –1 x + 1 < 2, x 1 –2 x < 1, x 1 –2 x < 1
(ii) –1 2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x 2
–1 x < ½, 1 < x 2 x =
Let us consider 2 f(x) 3:
(iii) 2 x + 1 3, x 1 1 x 2, x 1
x =1
(iv) 2 2x +1 3, 1 < x 2
1 2x 2, 1 < x 2
1/2 x 1, 1 < x 2 x =
Thus g(f(x)) =
We can also write g(f(x)) = (x + 1)2, –2 x 1.
(fog)x = f[g(x)] =
= =
= =
h(x) = g(f(x))
=
From graph of f(x), we get
h(x) =
Þ Domain of h(x) is [-2, 2]
and Range of h(x) is {-2, -1} È [ sin3, 1] .
Problem: , g(x) =
Find f(g(x)).
\ f(g(x)) =
.
Solution:
Solutions:
\ 0 £ x £ 2 Þ 1 £ f (x) £ 3
and 2 < x £ 3 Þ 0 £ f (x) < 1
Hence, the required function
g (x) = f [f (x)] = 2 + x, 0 £ x £ 1 or 1 £ f (x) £ 2
= 2 - x, 1 < x £ 2 or 2 < f (x) £ 3
= 4 - x, 2 < x £ 3 or 0 £ f (x) < 1
Problem: If
Number of negative integral solution of g(f(x)) + 2 = 0 are
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2
Solution.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Option C
Solution.
Problem: Let and . Then for all find .
Solution: Here,
[as ]
i.e., is greater than 1.
So, . Since, for all .
Thus, , for all .
Solution:
INVERSE FUNCTION
If f: X®Y be a function defined by y = f(x) such that f is both one – one and onto, then there exists a
unique function g: Y®X such that for each y Î Y, g(y) = x if and only if y = f(x). The function g so
defined is called the inverse of f and denoted by f – 1.
f(g(x))=g(f(x)=x
f(x)=log x,
f(g(x)=x=g(f(x))
Note that fof –1(x) = f -1of(x) = x always and roots of the equation f(x) = f –1(x) would always lie on
the line y = x. ( sometime y=-x )we need to check graph
f and f –1 are symmetric about the line y = x.
Properties :
(a) Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.
(b) Inverse of a bijection is unique.
(c) (f –1)–1 = f
(d)If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (gof)–1 = f –1og–1
(e)If f : AB is a bijection then f –1: BA is an inverse function of f .
f –1of = A and fof –1 = B.
Here A, is an identity function on set A, and B, is an identity function on set B.
(A) (B) –
(C) 1 (D) –1
Solution: [D]
put x = 3
Problem : The function ¦: [1, ¥) ® [1, ¥) is defined by ¦(x)=2x(x – 1), find ¦ – 1(x).
f: D to R, ¦ – 1 R to D
Key concept : First check the function for one – one and onto. And if function is one – one and
onto then find inverse using the identity
TO FIND ¦ – 1(x):
Let f – 1 be the inverse function of f, then by rule of identity
=x
TO FIND ¦ – 1(x):
defined as
Ans: 02
Problem : If then
Soln.
For inverse
Problem : Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one
of the following statements is true and the remaining two are false
f(x) = 1, f(y) ¹ 1, f(z) ¹ 2
Determine f-1(1).
f(z) = 2 is a contradiction
f(y) ¹ 1 Þ f(x) ¹ 1,
f(z) = 2
Þ f(y) = 1 is a contradiction
f(z) ¹ 2 Þ f(x) ¹ 1,
f(y) = 1
Þ f(x) = 2,
f(y) = 1
and f(z) = 3
(A) (B)
Þ Þ Þ
If and g is the inverse function of f, the number of solution(s) of the equation f(x) = g(x) is(are)
Problem : Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x ³ - 1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the
graph of f(x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
(A) - - 1, x ³ 0 (B) ,x>-1
Problem : Let f : [1/2,¥) ® [3/4,¥), where f(x) = x2 – x + 1. Find the inverse of f(x). Hence or
otherwise solve the equation, x2 – x + 1 = .
Solution: f(x) = x2 – x + 1 = (x – 1/2)2 + ¾
It is clear that the given function is one-one and onto in the given domain and codomain. Thus
it’s inverse can be obtained. Clearly:
Þ f(f -1(x)) = (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + 1 Þ x = (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + 1
Þ (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + (1-x) = 0
Þ f -1(x) = = .
As range of f -1(x) is [1/2,¥), we have to consider only the positive sign.
Þ f -1(x) = 1/2 + .
Now the given equation is basically, f(x) = f -1(x).
We know that f(x) and f -1(x) meet on the line y = x. Hence solution of the given equation will
also be solution of f(x) = x
Þ x2 – x + 1 = x Þ x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 Þ (x – 1)2 = 0 Þ x = 1.
= f –1(3) = =1
FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
(ii) is constant.
(iii) or is constant
(iv)
Problem: Find the natural number a for which where the function f satisfies
f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all natural numbers x, y and f(1) = 2.
as f(1)=7
Problem: is function satisfying f(x + y) = f(x)f(y) for all such that f(1) = 3 and then
find n
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) None of these
and f(1)=3
Here f(x)=kx
Use f(1)=2 then
Sol.
Let
Hence S = 997.5
Problem: Let then find
solutions: f(x)+f(1-x)=1
so
then find
Soln.
then find
Soln.
Ans. 1011
–
3. If then is equal to
Ans: A,A,C
let
. Then find .
. Then find .
use
Put
If then
(C)
We have,
We have,
Now,
Similarly, we have
2. Let f be a real valued function satisfying for all and then for any
Replacing by we get
...(ii)
for all
f(x, y) + f(y, x) = = 0.
Solution:Let x + =t x2 + = t2 − 2
f(t) = t2 − 2 ; or f(x) = x2 − 2 is the required function.
…..(2)
from (1) and (2)
(A) (B) x2 –2
Solution: ….(1)
…..(2)
Problem: The function f satisfies the functional equation for all real
then is :
………………………(1)
……………………(2)
put x = y = 1
or
y=1
Soln.
put
...(1)
f(3) = 1 find fn
use (1)
f(x) degree n
b=0
c=0
d=0
Problem: If then is equal to:
Problem: If then find f(x).
Problem: If Find
Soln:
(1)
(1)
If for then
We have,
Now,
(A)
We have,
[Replacing x by 1/x]
...(ii)
Graphical Transformations
1. When y= transforms to y= (where is + ve)
i.e.,
shift the given graph of upward through ‘a’ units
again,
shift the given graph of downward through ‘a’ units.
2. Y= transforms to y=
is positive. Shift the graph of through ‘a’ unit towards right
transforms to
i.e., is positive. Shift the graph of through ‘a’ units towards left.
3. transforms to
Stretch the graph of times along y-axis.
Shrink the graph of times along y-axis.
4. transforms to i.e.,
Shrink (or contract) the graph of times along axis.
again
6. transforms to
i.e.,
To draw take image of in the axias as plane mirror.
OR
“Turn the graph of by about axis.”
7. transforms to
i.e., f
to draw take image of about axis to obtain and then take image of
about axis to obtain
9. transforms to
i.e.,
If we know then to plot we should follow two steps:
(i) Leave the graph lying right side of the axis as it is.
(ii) Take the image of in the right of axis as the plane mirror and the graph of lying
leftward of the axis (if it exists) is omitted.
10. transforms to
i.e.,
Here, plot the curve in two steps;
(i) (ii)
OR
(i)
(ii) f i.e., (viii) and (ix) transformations.
11. transforms to
Clearly if graph of would not exist.
if would be given as
Hence, the graph of exists only in the regions where is non-negative and will be
reflected about x-axis only when “Region where is neglected”.
12. transforms to
i.e., is plotted in two steps.
(i)
(ii)
13. transforms to
i.e.,
The steps followed are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
18. transforms to
As we have earlier discussed transformation (xiv), and we know [y] implies
only those values of for which integer.
20. transforms to
Here, plot the horizontal lines for all integral values of and for the point of intersection on
plot draw vertical lines and translate the graph for boundary and
21. transforms to
Here, we have to follow two steps;
(i) Draw the graph for
(ii)
22. transforms to
Here; retain the graph of only when lies between and neglect the
graph for other values.
23. transforms to
As we have earlier discussed transformation (xx), which shows
belongs to Thus, the graph of and are same.
24. transforms to
As discussed in chapter 1. is the mirror image of about
Transformations on Graphs:
1. Drawing the graph of y = f(x) +b, bR, from the known graph of y = f(x):
2. Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a R from the known graph of y = f(x):
A function f(x) such that f(x)=0 has 8 distinct real roots and f(x)=f(6-x) for all x , then sum of real
roots of f(x)=0 is…………..
Find the area bounded by f(x)={x} and g(x)={-x} where x lying between interval [0, 5].
Example
Sketch the curve
Solution.
Here, we know the curve for shown as;
Graph for Graph for
Example
Sketch the curve
Solution.
As discussed in above example
is image of on x-axis whenever is positive.
Graph of
As to retain the curve when and shift other sections of graph between y = 0 to y = 1
Graph for y = {sin x}
OR
2. Sketch the curve y = [x2 – 1]. (where denotes greatest integer function).
When
Note: It is clear that the roots of f(x) – f–1(x) = 0 would lie on the line y = x.
SKETCHING h(x) = MAXIMUM {f(x), g(x)} AND h(x) = MINIMUM {f(x),g(x)}
Sketch f(x) when its graph is above the graph of g(x) and sketch g(x) when its graph is ?? the graph of f(x).
Sketch f(x) when its graph is lower and otherwise sketch g(x).
Sketch the curve
and
from the graph in the interval and then darken those dotted
y=xsinx , or y=e^-x.sinx
y=f(x).g(x)
a f(x ) b. then a.g(x) g(x).f(x ) b.g(x) , g(x)>0 and if f(x)=0 or g(x)=0 will give y=0
Solution
y=xsinx
-1 sinx 1.
-x x. sinx x.
when
Example
Draw the graph of the function
at
Using eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), the curve could be plotted as;
y=e^-x(sinx)
-e^-x<y<e^-x
Y=f(x)+g(x)
-1 sinx 1.
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
To sketch
4<x<5 [y]=0
Example.
Sketch the curves of the following:
(i) (ii)
(iii) Where represent greatest integer function
Solution.
(i) As we know that;
for all
Also, for any we have
(ii) As we know;
… and so on.
Thus, the graph for is obtained by the graph of by translating it is [x] units in upward
or downward direction according as or
Thus, the curve for
Sketch the curve where denotes the greatest integral function when
No. of solution
No. of solution
Solution:
Draw graph
4 solutions
graph
Graph of
Solution:
Example
If be the total number of solutions of
is divisible by:
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
Solution: (A, B, D)
Graph of :
Graph of :
Finally,
SECTION I
PART A
Single Answer Questions
1. The domain of the function is
(A) (B)
2. The range of is
10. If f is a function such that f(0) =2, f(1) = 3 and f(x+2) = 2f(x) –f(x+1) for every real x, then f(5) is
(A)7 (B)13 (C)1 (D)5
14. If f(x) satisfies the relation f(x + y) = f(x) +f(y) for all x, y R and f(1) = 5, then
(A)f(x) is an odd function (B)f(x) is an even function
(C) (D)
(A)
18. If f : R+R+ is a polynomial function satisfying the function equation then f(17) is equal to
(A)17 (B) – 51 (C)34 (D) – 34
19. Let f: RR be a function defined by f(x+1) = Then which of the following statement(s) is/are
true.
(A)f(2008)= f(2004) (B) f(2006) = f(2010)
(C)f(2006) = f(2002) (D) f(2006) = f(2018)
21. Which of the following is not a function ( [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer and fractional part functions
respectively)?
22. If f : R N{0}, where f (area of triangle joining points P(5,0), Q(8,4) and R(x,y) such that the angle PRQ is a
right) = number of triangle. Then, which of the following is true?
(A)f(5)=4 (B)f(7)=0 (C)f(6.25) = 2 (D) f(x) is into
23. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n such the f(0) = 0, , then the value of f(n+1) is
then
(A) is independent of x
(B) is a linear polynomial in x
(C) the line y = has slope O
(D)the line 4y = touches the unit circle with centre at the origin.
PART C
Integer Type
N1: Number of integer value of x satisfying is __________
greatest integer function is given by the interval where n I then absolute value of sum of
all possible values of n is __________
N4:
Number of integers in the domain of function is
N5:
Let f: R+ R be a function which satisfies for x,y > 0. Then sum of
N6:
f :NN always satisfies f(m) f(n) = f(m) + 3f(n), m, nN, (mn), then is equal to
_____
N7: Let a and b real numbers and let If then the value
of is equal to _______________
N8:
Let R and f(0) = 0, then the value of f(1)+f(2) is
SECTION II
PART A
Comprehension I
Let and
1. is not defined if
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Comprehension II
Consider two function and where [.] denotes
PART B
Matrix Match
M1:
Column – I Column – II
A is an odd P Odd function
integer
B Q Even function
M2:
Column – I Column – II
A P One-one
and then
f(x) is
B f:RR and f(x) = epx sinq x where Q Into
p, qR+, then f(x) is
PART C
Integer Type
If f:R[0,) is a function such that f(x-1)+f(x+1) = and T is the period of f(x), then the value of
N1:
T/2 is ____________
N Let f(x,y) be a periodic function satisfying the condition f(x,y) = f(2x+2y,2y-2x), x,y R and let g(x) be
6: a function defined as g(x) = f(2x,0). If T is the period of g(x), then the value of T/4 is ___.
The number of integral values of n for which 3 is the period of the function cos(nx) sin [(5x)/n] is
N7: _________.
N Let D = {1,2,3,4} and F = {1,2}. If N is the number of onto functions from E to F, then the value of N/2
10: is ____________.
SECTION III
PART A
One or more than one correct option questions
3. Which of the following function /functions have the graph symmetrical about the origin?
(A)f(x) given by
(B)f(x) given by
(C)f(x) given by f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y) x,y R
(D) none of these
4. If the function f satisfies the relation f(x+y)+f(x-y) = 2f(x)f(y) x,yR and f(0) 0, then
(A) f is even function (B) f is odd function (C) f(0)= 1 (D) f(0) = 2
Comprehension I
Let f:RR is a function satisfying f(2-x)=f(2+x) and f(20-x) = f(x), xR. For this function f, answer the
following .
6. If f(0) = 5, then the minimum possible number of values of x satisfying f(x) = 5, for x [0,170], is
(A)21 (B)12 (C)11 (D) 22
7. The graph of y = f(x) is
(A)symmetrical about x = 16 (B)symmetrical
about x= 5
(C) symmetrical about x = 8 (D)symmetrical
about x = 20
PART B
Matrix Match
M1: {.} denotes the fractional part function and [.] denotes the greatest integer
function:
Column – I Column – II
A P 1/3
B Q 1/4
C R 1/2
D where a,b R+ S 1
T 5
PART C
Integer Type
N1: The least value of a such that (x2 – x) /(1-ax) attains all real value is __________.
N7: The number of solutions of the equation 2[x] = x +{x}, where [.] and {.} denote the greatest integer
function and fractional part, respectively, is ________.
N8: The number of solutions of the equation (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function ) is _______.
ANSWER KEY
SECTION – I
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C
6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B
11.B, D 12.A, D 13.B, C 14.A, C 15.A, B, C
16.B, D 17.A, B, C, D 18.B, C 19.A, B, C, D 20.A, B, C
21.A, B, D 22.A, B, C, D 23.B, C 24.A, C, D 25.A, B, C
N1:2 N2:7 N3:5 N4:2 N5:4
N6:4 N7:3 N8:0 N9:4 N10:4
SECTION – II
SECTION – III