FUNCTION CLASS 12TH STD

Function
Concept cover:

1. Greatest Integer and Fractional Part of x

2. Definition of Function.(domain,range)

3. Even and Odd function.

4. Periodic function.

5. One-one ,onto, into function.

6. Composite function

7. Inverse of a function.

8. Functional equation.

9. Graph

Intervals:
Open Interval: (a, b) = {x: a< x< b}
Closed Interval: [a, b] = {x: a  x  b}
Open–closed Interval: (a, b] = {x: a < x  b}
Closed –open Interval: [a, b) = {x: a  x < b}
 (a, ) ={ x: x > a}
 [a, ) = { x: x  a}
 (–, b) = {x: x< b)
 (–, b] = { x: x  b}

 Absolute Value Function:

 Let x  R. Then the magnitude of x is called its absolute value and is in general, denoted
by |x|. Thus |x| can be defined as,
 Note that x = 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of
x.
Greatest Integer and Fractional Part

Let x  R , x=[x]+ {x} ,then [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x (or G.I.F)
and {x} denotes the fractional part of x and is given by {x} = x – [x]. Note that 0  {x} < 1.
e.g. x = 2.69  2 < x < 3  [x] = 2, x = – 3.63  – 4 < x < – 3  [x] = –4
It is obvious that if x is integer, then [x] = x.

Properties if Greatest Integer Function

(i)
(ii) denotes the fractional part of
(iii)
(iv) i.e ,

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x) for all

(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)

( where denote greatest integer function and be any positive integer)

 (xiv)

Solution:
Let x = [x] + y, where . Let p be an integer such that p – 1
(This is always possible because given a real number, we can always find two consecutive integers between which
the number lies.)
Now .

Also lies between .

So long as < 1, i.e., k < n – (p – 1).

is less than 1, and consequently ,

But

= [x] + …… + [x] (n – p + 1 times) + ([x] + 1) + ([x] + 1) + (p – 1) times

= n[x] + (p – 1). …(1)
Also, ,
since , …(2)
Form (1) and (2), we find that

FRACTIONAL PART:
Fractional Part of any real number is defined as the difference between the number ‘x’ and it’s integral
value ‘[x]’ and is symbolically denoted as {x}.
Thus, {x} = x – [x], e.g. if x = 5.68, then [x] = 5 and {x} = 0.68.
If x is an integer Þ x = [x] Þ {x} = 0 Þ {[x]} = 0
If , then [x]=0 {x}=x
, then [x]=1 {x}=x–1
, then [x]=2 {x}=x–2

Ex: {-1.7}= -1.7-[-1.7]= -1.7+2=0.3

 Domain ® R; Range ® [0,1);
Period ® 1; Nature ® neither even nor odd

IMPORTANT POINTS:
 0 £ {x} < 1
 [{x}] = 0, {[x]} = 0
 x – 1 < [x] £ x, 0 £ {x} < 1

{x} + {–x} =

i.e {x} = x – [x], {-x} = -x – [-x], {x} + {–x}= – [x] – [-x]=

Problem : If y = 3[x] + 1= 2[x – 3] + 5, then find the value of [x + y]

.
Solution: We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5= 2[x] – 6 + 5

 [x] = –2  y = 3(–2) + 1 = – 5.
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = –2 – 5 = –7.

HW: Let denote the larger integer not exceeding the real number . If and satisfy the
equations and simultaneously, determine .

Problem : If denotes the integral part of for real , then find the value of
 0+0+………………..+1+1+1+…………+1=50

Problem : Find the value of

ANS :75

Problem : Solve the inequality [x]2 – 3[x] + 2  0. [.] is G.I.F

Solution: [x]2 – 3[x] + 2  0

 ([x] –1) ([x] – 2)  0  1  [x]  2
 1  x < 3  x  [1, 3).
Problem : For x, the solution of [x + 2] + [x – 8] > 0 is :
(A) [3, ) (B)[4, ] (C) [4, ) (D)(3, )

[x + 2] + [x – 8] > 0
 [x ] +2+ [x] – 8> 0
 2[x ] > 6
 [x ] > 3

Problem : For x, the solution of x – 3 = {x} is :

(A) [2, 4] (B)[3, 5] (C) [3, 4) (D) [3, 4]

Solution: given x – 3 = [x]

 x – {x} = 3
 [x] = 3
 x  [3, 4)
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem : Solve the equation 271= 13[x] + 25{x} for x.

Solution: 271= 13[x] + 25{x}

271–13[x] =25{x}

[x]=19,20 {x}=……………
Now use x=[x]+{x}

Number of real solutions of the equation [8x3] + [4x2] + [2x] = {x} – 1 where [.] & {.} denotes G.I.F & fractional
part respectively is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

Solution:
 is an integer
3 2
8x + 4x + 2x + 1 = 0 i.e. x = –1/2

Problem : Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively.
Solve 2x+ 3{x} = 4[x] -2.

Solution: 2x+ 3{x} = 4[x] -2.

we know that x=[x]+{x}

5{x} = 2[x] -2.

[x]=1,2 ,3

Problem : Solve the equation |2x –1| = 3[x] + 2{x} for x.

Solution: we know that x=[x]+{x}

Case I: For x < , |2x –1| = 1 – 2x  1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}

 1 – 2x = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x}  {x} = 5x – 1.
Now 0  {x} < 1  0  5x –1 < 1
  [x] = 0  x = {x}

 x = 5x –1  x = , which is a solution.

Case II: For x  , |2x –1| = 2x – 1

 2x –1 = 3[x] + 2{x}  2x –1 = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x}.
{x} = x + 1
Now 0  {x} < 1 0  x + 1 < 1 –1  x < 0
which is not possible since x  .

Hence x = is the only solution

Problem : Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively.
Solve 4{x} = x + [x].
Solution: 4 {x} = x + [x]
4 {x} = [x] + {x} + [x]
{x} = [x]

Þ0£ [x] < 1

Þ [x] = 0 or 1 Þ {x}=0 or 2/3

Further 4 (x - [x]) = x + [x]

Þx= [x]
when [x] = 0 Þ x = 0
and when [x] = 1 Þ x = .

Problem : Find the value of , where is

the greatest integer .
Solution:

Add and use i.e

Problem : The number of solutions of , where is the greatest integer .

Solution: Let integer, fractional part (i.e., )

Which is only possible if,

If

So, and
If
Then
and

Thus number of solutions are i.e., 4 Solutions

Problem : If

Solution:
Problem :Let .If the equation has real roots. Find the number
of element of . [.] is G.I.F

Solution: Here,
Thus the equation, can be satisfied only if is integer.
As, ( where R.H.S. is integer)
tanx = t (int)

Or

Integer

i.e. Natural number

i.e.
or (as )
 can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
can assume 9 values and so can take 9 values
number of elements in .

The sum of all possible values of n where such that the equation
has a solution, is equal to:
[Note: [x] denotes largest integer less than or equal to x.]

Problem The sum of all possible values of n where such that the equation
has a solution, is equal to:
[Note: [x] denotes largest integer less than or equal to x.]

Problem : If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integer part of x respectively then find the value of

[x] + .

Solution: Since {x + r} = {x} [ since r  I ]

 [x] + = [x] +
 = [x] + = [x] + = x.

If then value of is:

(A) 5050 (B) 4950 (C) 17 (D) 73

[Note: [k] and {k} denote greatest integer and fractional part functions of k respectively.]

Problem : If , where [x] is the greatest integer function, then which one is
correct
(A) (B) f(p) =1

(C) f(-p) = 2 (D)

Solution:
f(x) = cos 9x + cos 10x

= 0 + (-1) = -1

Number of solution of is (where [.], {.} are greatest integer and least integer functions respectively)
 Home work
. Solve the system of equation in x, y and z satisfying the following equations.
x + [y] + [z] = 3.1
{x} + y + [z] = 4.3
[x] + {y} + z = 5.4
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function and { . } denotes fractional part.)
. If x, y, z  R satisfies the system of equations (where {.} and
[.] denotes the fractional and integral parts respectively), then match the following:
COLUMN – I COLUMN – II
A P 7.7
B Q 1.1
C R 1
D S 3

Solution of the inequation (where {.} denotes fractional part function) is:
(a) (b) denote set of integers)
(c) (d)

Functions

Definition of Function: Domain, Co-domain and Range:

Definition of Function:
Let X and Y be any two non–empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns
to each element of set X, one and only one element of set Y”. Let the correspondence be ‘f’ then
mathematically we write
f: X  Y where y = f(x), x  X and y Y. We say that ‘y’ is the image of ‘x’ under ‘f’ (or x is the preimage
of y).
f: X  Y

Two things you should always be kept in mind:

(i) A mapping f: X  Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has its image in set Y. It is
possible that a few elements in the set Y are present which are not the images of any element in
set X.
(ii) Every element in set X should have one and only one image. That means it should not have more
than one image for a specific element in set X. Functions can’t be multi–valued (A mapping that is
multi–valued is called a relation from X to Y)

Examples for a function and not a function:

f1:
 f2 :

f3 :

f4 :

In the above given mappings f1 and f2 are functions

because each element of X is associated with a unique
element of Y.
Whereas f3 and f4 are not functions because in f3, element
c in X is associated with two elements of Y, and in f4,
element b in X is not associated with any element of Y,
which do not follow the definition of function.

Domain, Codomain and Range of a function:

f: X  Y, such that y = f(x) is a function then

 Set ‘X’ is called the domain of the function ‘f’.
 Set ‘Y’ is called the co–domain of the function ‘f’.
 Set of all images of different elements of set X is called the range of the function ‘f’.
It is obvious that range could be a subset of co–domain as we may have few elements in co–domain
which are not the images of any element of the set X (of course these elements of co–domain will not
be included in the range).
NOTE: Domain of function ‘f’ is normally represented as Domain (f) or Df. Range is represented as
Range (f) or Rf.
 Domain = {a,b,c,d} = A
Co-domain = {p,q,r,s} = B
Range = {p,q,r}

Example 1.

Let X = {1, –1, 2, 3, –3}, Y = {1, 4, 9, 10,11}. The Rule

¦ given by y = x2 is a function from X to Y. Domain ¦ =
X = {1, –1, 2, 3, –3} Range ¦ = {1, 4, 9}

Example 2.

Let X = {1, –1, 2, 3}, Y = {2, –2, 4, 6}. The rule ¦

given by y = 2x is a function from X to Y. Domain = ¦
= X = {1, –1, 2, 3}, Range = {2, –2, 4, 6}

Example 3.

Let A = {1, 4, 9}, B = {-3, - 2, -1,1, 2, 3, 4}. The rule ¦

given by y2 = x is not a function.

Graphical method: to check whether a relation

between x and y is a function or not, draw a line
parallel to y-axis and, if it interest the graph at one and only one point then the given relation represent a
function.

CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

The Cartesian product (also known as the cross product) of two sets A and B, denoted by AB
(in the same order) is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that xA and yB. What we mean
by ordered pair is that the pair(a, b) is not the same the pair as (b, a) unless a = b. It implies that
AB  BA in general. Also if A contains m elements and B contains n elements then AB
contains mn elements.
RELATIONS
Let A and B be two non-empty sets then every subset of A  B defines a relation from A to B and every
relation from A to B is subset of A  Bb , here n(A)=m and n(B)=n
i.e
RAB
total no of relation is

function is also special type of relation f: A B

total no of function A B is n.n.n.n…….(m times)

1st element in A having n possibilities

2nd element in A having n possibilities
3rd element in A having n possibilities ……………….
How to find the domain

 A polynomial function without radicals or variables in the denominator. For this type of
function, the domain is all real numbers.
 A function with a fraction with a variable in the denominator. To find the domain of this type
of function, set the bottom equal to zero and exclude the x value you find when you solve the
equation.
 A function with a variable inside a radical sign. To find the domain of this type of function, just
set the terms inside the radical sign to >0 and solve to find the values that would work for x.
 A function using the natural log (ln). Just set the terms in the parentheses to >0 and solve.
 A graph. Check out the graph to see which values work for x.


 Let f and g be two given functions and their domain are Df and Dg respectively, then the
sum, difference, product and quotient functions are defined as:
(a)(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x),  x Df Dg
(b)(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x), x Df  Dg
(c)(f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x),  x Df  Dg

(d)(f/g)(x) = ; g(x) 0,  x Df  Dg

Problem : Find the domain of

Key concept: Denominator should be non-zero for any function

Solution: x2 – 4 ¹ 0 Þ x ¹ ± 2
Hence domain is R – {–2, 2}

Problem : Find the domain of

Key concept: Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root, sixth root etc) should not
be negative.

Solution: f(x) is defined when ….(1)

Case 1: x 0

For domain

…….(2)
Case 2: x<0

For domain
Rejecting the values of x because they don’t satisfy the inequality
x < 0.
We get ……(3)
Taking union of (2) and (3)
Domain =

Problem : The domain of the function f(x) = ,

For f(x) to be defined and x  3, 4.

By wavy - curve method the domain of definition of f(x) is the set
x  (– , – 2]  [1, 3)  (4, ).
Find the domain of the function f (x) = , [.] is the greatest integer function.

f(x) =
Þ f (x) is defined when |[|x| −1]| −5 > 0
then [|x| −1] > 5 or [|x| −1] < −5 Þ |x| −1 ³ 6 or |x| −1 < −5
Þ |x| ³ 7 or |x| < −4 (impossible)
Þ x Î (−¥, −7] È [7, ¥)

Problem : The domain of the function f(x) = is

Þ
Þ 22x + 22(x-2) – 22(x-1) ³ 52
Þ 22x ³ 64 Þ x ³ 3.

Problem : The domain of the function is

Case 1 , x<0 case 2: 0<x<1 case 3: x>1

And x=0,1
Problem : Find the domain of .

Key concept: is defined for values of x at which f(x)>0 and g(x)>0 1.

Solution: and
and

Hence the domain is

Problem : The domain of definition of the function

(A) (B)
(C) (D) none of these

Sol. Case I:
then

…(1)
So
Case II:
then

So,

Problem: Find the domain of f(x) = ,

For f(x) to be defined log1/2(2x – 3)  0

 2x – 3  1  x  2. . . . (1)
Also 2x – 3 > 0 x> . . . . (2)
Combining (1) and (2) we get the required values of x. Hence the domain of
definition of f(x) is the set

Domain of

Solution:
Domain of

Solution:

Problem: Find the domain of

(i) y = log(x-4)(x2-11x+24), (ii) y= ,
(iii) y = log10log10log10 …. (n-1 times) log10x

Solution: (i) Here ‘y’ would assume real values if x – 4 > 0 and  1,
x2 – 11x + 24 > 0
 x > 4 and  5, (x – 3)(x – 8) > 0
 x > 4 and  5, x < 3 or x > 8  x > 8
 Domain (y) = (8, )
(ii) Here ‘y’ would assume real values if 0
 cos(sinx)  1  cos(sinx) = 1 as –1  cos  1
 sinx = 0  x = n, n  I.
Hence the domain consists of the multiples of  i.e.
Domain (y) = {n: nI}
(iii) Clearly for y to be defined when
log10log10log10 …. ((n−1) times) log10x > 0
 log10log10log10 …. ((n−2) times) log10x > 1
 log10log10log10 …. ((n−3) times) log10x > 10
 log10log10log10 …. ( (n−4) times) log10x > 1010
 log10x > x>
  Required domain x  .

Find the domain of ([.] denotes the greatest integer function).

Solution:

 x=4,5
Problem : Find the domain of definition of the following functions:
(i) f(x) = sin-1(x2 – 4x + 4)
(ii) f(x) = cos–1[2x2 – 3]
([.] denotes the greatest integer function).

Solution: (i) For f(x) to be defined – 1  x2 – 4x + 4  1

 –1  (x – 2)2  1 |x – 2|  1  –1  x – 2  1  1  x  3
Hence the domain of definition of f(x) is the set x  [1, 3].

(ii) For f(x) to be defined –1  [2x2 – 3]  1

 –1  2x2 – 3 < 2  2  2x2 < 5  1  x2 < .
If x2  1 then x  (–, –1]  [1, ) .... (1)
If x2 < then x  .... (2)

Combining (1) and (2), x 

which is the domain of definition of f(x).

Find the domain of .

Solution: is defined when

…………(2)
 Taking intersection of (1) and (2)

Problem : The domain of the function is given by __________.

-1  1  2-1  2  x  (-2, -1)  (1,2).

Domain of definition of f(x) = is

Problem : Find the domain of function . Where [ ] denotes greatest integral

function.

Solution: is defined when

Taking (i), we have

…(a)
From (ii), we have
 Integer

From (iii), we have

Hence, from (a), (b) and (c), we have

Domain .

Problem : The domain of f(x) = + 10Cx is

(A) (0, 1]U [4, 5) (B) (0, 5)

(C) {1, 4} (D) none of these

Solution: Let f1 = and f2 = 10Cx.

Clearly f1 is defined for 00< 1

 > 0 and  1  x (x – 5) < 0 and x2 – 5x + 4  0

 x (0, 5) and x (– , 1]U [4, )
 f1 is defined for x (0, 1] U [4, 5) and
f2 is defined for x {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 f(x) is defined for x Df1 Df2 = {1, 4}.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

. The domain of , (where {.} and [.] denotes fractional and

integral part of x), is

(A) (B) [0, 1) (C) (–1, 1) (D) (0, 5/4)
 Solution: (B)

On solving (1) and (2), we get which satisfies (3) and (4)

Find the domain of definition of , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x.

Domain of ex is R
is defined, when

Þ x Î [0, 4]
is defined when x –[x] > 0.
Thus domain of is R –I .
\ Domain of given function is = (0, 4) – {1, 2, 3}.

Problem : If function is defined in then domain of is

Find domain

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

10.

How to find the range

(I) Write down y=f(x) and then solve the equation for x, giving something of the form x=g(y).
Find the domain of g(y), and this will be the range of f(x).
(II) The range of a function is the spread of possible y-values (minimum y-value to maximum y-value) if
function is continuous
(III) If you can't seem to solve for x, then try graphing the function to find the range.
(IV) Range of y= log (f(x)), find range of f(x), f(x)>a
log(f(x))>log(a) if base >1,
log(f(x))<log(a) if 0<base <1,

(v) Let f(x)= a cosx + b sinx+c, then the maximum value = +c and minimum value = c ,
and max,min value will give range.

If , then find range

16-x,2x-1,20-3x, 4x-5 are int

i.e x=2,3
range {728,1474}.

If , then find range and domain

Domain x=9,10
Range {f(9), f(10)}

The range of the function is

function defined
When 7 – x ≥ 0 => x ≤ 7

When x – 3 ≥ 0 => x ≥ 3

And 7 – x ≥ x – 3 => x ≤ 5

This implies, 3 ≤ x ≤ 5

=>x = 3, 4, 5

So, the range is {1, 2, 3}

Problem : If then find the range of f(x).

Key concept: If f(x) is in the form of , where p(x) and Q(x) are polynomial function of

second degree we use the concept of quadratic equation.

Solution: Let

Problem : Find the range of .

Key concept: If in a function there is only one variable whose range if known, and can be easily
found in terms of y, then we use the range of that variable to find the range of the
given function.

Solution:

We know for any real x,

Range

Problem : Range of the function f (x) = ; x Î R is

(A) (1, ¥) (B) (1, 11/ 7]
(C) (1, 7/ 3] (D) (1, 7/ 5]

f(x) = Þ Range C

Find the range of the function f(x) = .

Here f(x) = .

Let y = f(x) i.e. y =  yx2 – 2(y + 1)x + 3y + 2 = 0

which is a quadratic in x. For above quadratic to have real roots,
  0  (y + 1)2 – y(3y + 2)  0  y2  − .
 Hence the range of f(x) is .
Check for y=0, we will get if x=1 y=0

Question : Find range of

Answer is: R – { – 2, 1}

As x tends to 0 , y tends to -2
Question : Find range of

Now Check for y = 1

Question : Find range of

where .

Answer is Range

Question : Find range of .

 Range , but .

Answer is Range .

(OR) Alternately,

Now .

Problem : Range of each of the function

Problem : Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:
(i) f(x) = , (ii) ,

Solution: (i) Here f(x) = and f(x) is defined for all x  R other than numbers, where
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0  x = –3, –1.
Hence the domain of f(x) = R – {–3, –1}.
Let =y
 x2(1 – y) + x(1 – 4y) + 1 – 3y = 0.
Since x is real, (1 – 4y)2 – 4(1 – y)(1-3y)  0
 4y2 + 8y – 3  0
y  , which is the required range

(ii) Here log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) > 0  0 < x2 + 4x + 4 < 1

 x2 + 4x + 3 < 0  (x + 1) (x + 3) < 0
 x  (–3, –1). But if x = –2, f(x) will not be defined
 Domain of f(x) = (–3, –2)  (–2, –1)
 Also 0 < x2 + 4x + 4 < 1
 – < log2 (x2 + 4x + 4) < 0
 0 < log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) < 
 – < log2(log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4)) < 
 Range of f(x) is R

Range of is

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

Find the range of the function

Sol.

Now,

or
Hence,

Find range of

Solution:
 Range of

Solution:

is

Solution:

Problem : Find the range of the following functions:

(i) f(x) = ln , (ii) f(x)=3sinx+8cos + 5,

(iii) f(x) = sin-1

([.] denotes the greatest integer function)

Solution: (i) Here f(x) = ln = ln
i.e. x + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, )  f(x) will take all values in [0, ).
2

Hence range of f(x) is [0, ).

(ii) Here f(x) = 3sinx + 8cos +5
= 3sinx + 4(cosx + 3 sinx) + 5 = (3 + 43) sinx + 4cosx + 5.

Put 3 + 43 = r cos and 4 = r sin so that

r=
 f(x) = sin(x + ) + 5
 Range of f(x) is .

(iii) Here f(x) = sin-1 .

For any value of x, is a non-negative integer and sin-1x is defined only for
two non-negative integers 0 and 1
 the range of f = .
If , where [.] denotes greatest integer function. Then

(A) Domain of (B) Range of

(C) Domain of (D) Range of

Solution: (C), (D)

. Range of f = {0}.

Problem : Find the range for . [.] is G.I.F

Solution: Here,
Thus, domain real number.
Thus, from

We have,

Here, So,

Hence, range .

Problem : Find the Range of

Problem : If , then the domain of f(x) is …. and its range is…..

4 – x2  0  -2  x  2
1–x0 x1
so domain of f(x) is (-2, 1)
Range of is (0, )

 Range of is (-, )

 Range of sin is [-1, 1]

Let Then, the range of f is

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

Since for all Therefore,

Range of f(x)

The range of the function is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Clearly, f(x) is defined for

Since tan x is an increasing function in and for

for

Also, for all Therefore, Range

 Let where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. Then, the range of f(x) is
(A) [1, 2] (B) [0, 2] (C) (D) none of these

(C) Clearly, f(x) is defined for all

For any we have

Hence, range

If f = find the domain and range of f(x).

Þ f(sin2x) = 2 cos2x
Þ f(sin2x) = 1+sin2x Þ f(y) = 1+y
Clearly , -1 £ y £ 1 as –1 £ sin2x £ 1 Þ 0 £ 1+y £ 2
\ domain = [-1, 1], Range = [0, 2].

The image of the interval under the mapping specified by the function is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Domain (D) and Range (R) of is respectively; where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function.

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Question : Let Find domain of f(f(f(x)))

Here,

So,

Answer is R – {0, 1}.

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS:

If f: X®Y is a real valued function such that for all x Î D Þ – xÎD (where D = domain of f) and if f(– x)
= f(x) for every x Î D then f is said to be an even function and if f(– x) = – f(x) then f is said to be odd
function.

For even function f(1)=f(-1)

f(2)=f(-2)
f(k)=f(-k)………………….
For odd f(1)=-f(-1)
F(2)=-f(-2)
F(0)=- f(-0)

f(k)=-f(-k)………………….

f(x)=cosx even function

f(x)=sinx odd function

IMPORTANT POINTS:
Properties of Even and Odd Function :
(a) The product of two even functions is even function.

Proof:
Let f(x)=h(x).g(x), h(x) and g(x) are even function
f(-x)=h(-x).g(-x)=h(x).g(x)=f(x)

(b) The sum and difference of two even functions is even function.
(c) The sum and difference of two odd functions is odd function.
(d) The product of two odd functions is even function.
(e) The product of an even and an odd function is odd function.
(f) The sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd function.
(g) It is not essential that every function is even or odd. It is possible to have some functions which are neither even
nor odd function

 f(x) = 0 is the only function which is both even and odd.

 To express a given function f(x) as the sum of an even and odd function, we write
, where is an even function and

is an odd function.

 If x = 0 domain of f, then for odd function f(x), f(0) = 0 i.e. if for a function, f(0) ¹ 0, then that
function can not be odd.
 The derivative of an even function is always an odd function

f(x)=f(-x)

f’(x)= f’(-x).-1=-f’(-x)
  The derivative of an odd function is always an even function

to prove even function f(x)-f(-x)=0.

to prove odd function f(x)+f(-x)=0.

Problem : Let , where a, b and c are constants. If f (–7) = 7, then f(7) equals
(A) –17 (B) –7 (C) 14 (D) 21

P(x) is odd function.

so

Problem : Let ,find a such that f(x) is an even function.

f(x) is odd function so

now for a=1 an even function. Other cases it is not an even functions

If for all real x, y and f(0) 0, then the function is

(A) even function (B) odd function (C) odd if f(x) > 0 (D) neither even nor add

Ans = B

Put x y as –x

, is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)

(A) even (B) odd
(C) even and odd simultaneously (D) none of these
Problem : Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither :

(i). f(x) =

(ii).

(iii).
(iv). f (x) = sinx – cosx

Solution: (i) f(x) =

f(– x) = =

= f(– x) Þ f(x) is even.

(ii) = – f(x).Hence f(x) is odd.

(iii) f(– x) =

= = = – f(x).

Hence f(x) is odd.

(iv) f(– x) = sin(– x) – cos(– x) = – sinx – cos x

Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd.

Problem : Identify the given function as odd, even or neither

f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, yÎR.

Key concept : In such type of questions we use manipulation such as replace x = 0 or x = y or x =

–x and try to find out relation in f(x) and f(–x) or function f(x).

Solution: f(x + y) = f(x) + f (y) for all x, yÎR

Replacing x, y by zero, we get f(0) = 2 f (0) Þ f (0) = 0
Replacing y by –x, we get f (x) + f (–x) = f (0) = 0 Þ f (x) = – f (–x)
Hence f (x) is an odd function.

Problem : Which of the given functions is (are) even, odd; and which of them is (are) neither even, nor odd ?
(i) f(x) = x2sinx (ii) f(x) = 7 – 2x6 + sin2x
 (iii) f(x) = log (iv) f(x) =

Solution: (i) Here f(–x) = (–x)2 sin(–x) = –x2 sinx = –f(x).

Hence f is an odd function.
(ii) Here f(–x) = 7 – 2(–x)6 + (sin(–x))2 = 7 – 2x6 + sin2x = f(x).
Hence f is an even function.

(iii) Here f(–x) = log = log = –log = –f(x).

Hence f is an odd function.
(vi) We have,
f(–x) = = =

= = = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function.

Problem: Let f : [-10,10]  R, where f(x) = sin x + [x2/a] be an odd function. Then set of values of
parameter ‘a’ is/are: ([.] is G.I.F)
(A) (-10, 10) - {0} (B) (0, 10)
(C) [100,) (D) (100, )

Solution:
f(x)=sinx+k

f(-x)=-sinx+k

f(x)=-f(-x)
k=0

Since f(x) is an odd function, = 0 for all x [-10, 10]

 < 1 for all x [-10, 10]  a > 100.

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Let where

be an odd function then the value of a is (where [.] represents greatest

integer function)
 (A) Less than 11 (B) 11
(C) Greater than 11 (D) 12

Since f(x) is odd function for all x [-3, 3]

Problem: Find whether the given function is even or odd function, where

Where, [ ] denotes greatest integer function.

Solution:

Hence; and

Hence, is an odd function

and is even function .
Problem : even or odd?

When
If

Let be a 2nd differentiable function such that then is equal to

(where represents 2nd derivative of at
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) data insufficient

So f(x) is odd

Put x=0
 Problem:

Problem: has 8 distinct real roots and , then find the sum of the real roots

Problem: . If the function satisfies the relation and

, then prove that is an even function.

Problem: Let f(x) = . Show that F(x) is even when n is even and is odd when n

is odd.
Solution: Let h(x) = f(x) + f(–x) and k(x) = g(x) – g(–x).
 Then h(–x) = f(–x) + f(x) = h(x) and k(–x) = g(–x) – g(x) = –k(x)
 h(x) is even while k (x) is odd.

Thus f(x) =

and f(-x) = .

Hence, f(x) is an even function when n is even, and an odd function when n is odd.

Column I gives the functions and Column 2 gives the nature of function.
COLUMN – I COLUMN –II

(A) (P) even

(B) (Q) odd

(C) (R) both even and odd

(D) (S) neither even nor odd

Ans. (a) (s); (b) (p); (c) (q); (d) (q)

(a)

is neither even nor odd.

(b)

(c)

(d)

is odd.

If is an even function defined on then the sum of the squares of all numbers satisfying the

equation is

(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 15 (D) 8

Ans. (A)

(i) …(ii)

Solving (i) & (ii) we get,

1. If and then
(A) – 6 (B) – 16 (C) – 26 (D) – 32
Ans. (A)

Extension of Domain: Let a function be defined on certain domain which is entirely

non-negative (or non positive). The domain of f(x) can be extended to the set X = {–x: x
domain of f(x)} in two ways:
(i) Even extension: The even extension is obtained by defining a new function f(–x)
for x  X, such that f(–x) = f(x).
(ii) Odd extension: The odd extension is obtained by defining a new function f(–x) for
x  X, such that f(–x) = –f(x).

Problem: Let the function f(x) = x2 + x + sinx – cosx be defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the odd and even
extensions of f(x) in the interval [−1, 1].
Solution: Odd extension:
To make f(x) an odd function in the interval [−1, 1], we define f(x) as follows:

=
=
Even extension:
To make f(x) an even function in the interval [−1, 1], we define f(x) as follows:

3. Match the following

S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) 1
Let . Let denotes f(f(x)) and
 denotes f(f(f(x))). Number of distinct real in where
is not defined is:
(B) A function satisfies the condition, (Q) 2

The value of is:

(C) (R) 3
A function f : defined as,

The value(s) of x satisfying the equation , is

4. Match the following

S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) many-one, into and even

(B) (Q) many-one, onto and even

(C) (R) one-one, onto and odd

(D) (S) one-one, into and odd

PERIODIC FUNCTION

A function f: X®Y is said to be a periodic function provided there exists a positive real number T such
that f(x + T) = f(x), for all x Î X. The least of all such positive numbers T is called the principal period or
fundamental period or simply period of f.
 To check the periodicity of a function put f(T+x)=f(x) and solve this equation to find the positive
values of t independent of x. If positive values of T independent of x are obtained, then f(x) is a
periodic function and the least positive value of T is the period of the function f(x). If no positive
value of T independent of x is obtained then f(x) is non-periodic function.

Let f(x)=sinx

f(x+t)=sin(x+t)

sinx=sin(x+t)
 if n is odd , NP( t is depends on x)

if n is even , m>0,

sinx is a periodic function with period , fundamental period is

{x+1}={x}={x+2}={x+3}

 A constant function is periodic but does not have a well-defined period.

f(x)=3, f(x+1)=3, f(x+.1)=3,f(x+.001)=3

 If f(x) is periodic with period p, then f(ax + b) where a, b Î R (a ¹ 0) is also period with period
p/|a|.

f(x+p)=f(x)

Let g(x)= f(ax + b), g(x+p/a)=g(x)

now g(x+ p/a.)=f(a(x+p/a)+b)=f(ax+p+b)=f(ax+b)

 If f(x) is periodic with period p, then a f(x) + b where a, b Î R (a ¹ 0) is also periodic with period
p.

 If f(x) is periodic with period p, then f (ax + b) where a, b R (a ¹ 0) is also period with period
p/|a|

 Let f(x) has period p = m/n (m, n N and co-prime) and g(x) has period q = r/s (r, sÎN and co-prime) and let t be the LCM of p and q i.e.

, then t shall be the period of f + g provided there does not exist a positive number) k (< t) for which f(k + x) + g(k +

x) = f(x)+ g(x), else k will be the period. The same rule is c applicable for any other algebraic combination of f(x) and g(x).

 Let f(x) is periodic with fundamental period p and g(x) is periodic with fundamental period q.
Let r be the L.C.M. of p and q, if it exists.

Period of f(x)+g(x), f(x)-g(x), f(x).g(x), is r

But r may not be fundamental period.

Further to find the fundamental period we must check if there exist any positive k
such that k<r and satisfies the periodic function definition then k is the fundamental period
otherwise r is the fundamental period.

Note: LCM between rational and irrational numbers does not exist.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS:

  LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity. If p/q is irrational then algebraic)
combination of f and g is non-periodic.

 sinnx, cosnx, cosecnx and Secnx have period 2p if n is odd and p if n is even.

 tannx and cotnx have period p whether n is odd or even.

But here both are same check for T/2, so period is

Example
both are same check for T/2, here period not possible.

All are same check for T/3

f(x) g(x) f(x)+/-g(x) f(x)/g(x)or

f(x).g(x)
Periodic Periodic may or not Take one
function as
{x} sinx {x}+sinx NP zero function

{x} -{x} 0, periodic

Periodic Non- Periodic may or not

{x} Sinx-{x} sinx one function

zero(periodic)
{x} Sinx+{x} sinx+2{x}
Non- Periodic Non- Periodic may or not may or not

x and 1/x
Sinx+{x} Sinx-{x}
Problem: Find the period of following functions:
(i) , lcm of

period is p,, f(ax)……….T/a , where f(x)…………T

(ii) ANS : 2

(iii) , [.] is G.I.F ANS: 1

(iv) , [.] is G.I.F ANS 1

Problem: Find the period of the functionf(x) = ex − [x] + |cosx| + |cos2x| + … + |cosnx|.

Clearly period of x − [x] is 1 and |cosx|, |cos2x|, … , |cosnx| are

respectively
Now fundamental period of f(x) is LCM of 1, 1, , , …, = 1.

Problem: Find period of

Now

As we know

Problem: If f(x) is a periodic function with period 5 then find the period of the function

As we know that if f(x) is periodic with period p, then f (ax) where a, R (a ¹ 0) is also period with
period p/|a|
So period =

If the period of the function where [n] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to n is
2 , then
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 period of f(x) is 2 ,
Problem: Find period of f(n) :

………………….(1)

…………..(2)

add,
f(n)=f(n+8)

Problem: Find period of f(x):

Add

Add

Problem: Find period of f(x):

x replace by x+2

x replace by x+2

x replace by x+2

f(x+8)=f(x)

(HW)

Solution:
Put x=x+2

f(x+3)+f(x+5)=2

(1)- (2) f(x+1)=f(x+5)

Problem: for all then period of is

Problem: Let be a function such that;

If , find .

(1)
(1)
(2) and (3)

(4)
(4) and (5)

Applying

Problem: Check whether the function defined by is periodic

or not. If yes, then find its period.

Problem: Let . Where , then prove

is periodic.
TYPE OF FUNCTIONS

ONE – ONE OR INJECTIVE FUNCTION: A function f: X ®Y is said to be one – one or injective if

each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the co – domain.

i.e If f(x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 for every x1,x2 in the domain

MANY – ONE FUNCTION: A function f: X ®Y is said to be many one if there are at least two
elements in the domain whose images are the same.

EXAMPLE: f: R R given by f(x) = x2 is Many – one.

METHODS TO DETERMINE ONE – ONE AND MANY – ONE:

 If f(x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 for every x1,x2 in the domain, then ‘f’ is one – one else many – one.

 If the function is entirely increasing or decreasing in the domain, then ‘f’ is one – one else many –
one.

GRAPHICAL METHOD: If we draw a line parallel to the x – axis intersect the graph of y = f(x) at
one and only one point, then f(x) is one – one and if the line parallel to the x – axis cuts the graph at
more than one different points then f(x) is a many – one function.
  Any continuous function f(x) which has at least one local maxima or local minima is many – one.

 All even functions are many one.

 All polynomials of even degree defined on R have at least one local maximum or minima and
hence are many one on the domain R. Polynomials of odd degree can be one – one or many – one.

ONTO FUNCTION OR SURJECTIVE FUNCTION: A function f: X®Y is said to be a onto function

or Surjective function if and only if each element of Y is the image of some element of X i. e. if and only
if for every y Î Y there exists some x Î X such that y = f(x). Thus ‘f’ is onto if f(x) = Y i. e. range = co –
domain of function.
Example: The map f: R ®[ –1,1] given by f(x) = sin x is an onto map.

INTO FUNCTION: A function f: X®Y is said to be an into function if there exists at least one element
in the co – domain Y which is not an image of any element in the domain X. Example: The map f: R ®R
given by f(x) = x2 is an into map

Let be defined by

If f(x) is into, then number of possible values of ‘a’ are

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) more than 3

All cubic polynomial range is R

Coeff. of
at a = –1 f(x) = 4 into
at a = 1 , f(x) = 6x + 6, range is R
a = –2 f(x) = 3 , into
at a = 2, any quadratic always into

If the function is not injective for values of x in the interval then b lies in
(A) (B) (C) (–2, 0) (D)

ONE – ONE ONTO MAP OR BIJECTIVE FUNCTION: A function f: X ®Y is said to be one – one
onto or bijective function if and only if
(i) distinct elements of X have distinct images in Y
(ii) each element of Y has at least one pre – image in X.
Example: The map f: X ®Y given by f(x) = 2x is a one – one onto map.

Be acquainted with synonyms – injectiveective and surjective

For n(A) = p and n(B) = q
Total number of functions is qp

 Number of injectiveective (one – one) is qCp. p!

i.e. q(q – 1) (q – 2)……..(q – (p – 1))

 Number of bijective (one – one and onto) is p!

 For onto (surjective), number of such functions

if q = 3 is (OR)

if q = 4 is
(OR)

So for any q, it is
no of onto function = total -

Number of injective function for f: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that

1 can match with 1,2,3,5 any one reaming 4 elements can arrange 4! ways

Number of surjective function for f: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → {1, 2, 3} such that

Total number of onto solutions is

Probability that

So, total onto function with f(1) = 1 is

Total onto functions with is 150 – 50 = 100
Or simply
The number of functions f from onto such that is a multiple of 3, whenever k
is a multiple of 4, is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Case 1: Range of the function may be {2} only one elements =1

Case 2 :Range of the function may be {1,2} or {2,3} or {2,4} , each cases
So total
Range cannot have more than 2 elements ( otherwise it will become one to one function )

Problem: Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7 elements. If is the
number of one-one functions from X to Y and is the number of onto functions from Y to X, then the
value of is

ANS:119
Problem: Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F ={1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16
(C) 12 (D) 8

(A)
Total number of function from E ® F is 24 = 16 in which only two are into
Hence number of onto function = 16 –2 = 14

The number of onto functions from to is

(A) 60 (B) 72 (C) 90 (D) 150

Ans. (D) The desired number is

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c, d} for f:A→B, find the total number of

(i) mappings (ii) one-one mappings (iii) many-one mappings
(iv) onto mappings (v) into mappings (vi) constant mappings

Solution
Here m = 3 & n = 4 (n > m)
(i) Total number of mappings = nm = 43 = 64
(ii) Total number of one-one mappings = nPm = 4P3 =
(iii) Total number of many-one mappings = nm - nPm = 64 – 24 = 40
(iv) Total number of onto mappings = 0 (Here n > m)
(v) Total number of into mappings = nm = 43 = 64 (Here n > m)

Let The number of onto functions from A to A such that for all is
(A) 175 (B) 240 (C) 245 (D) 265

Ans. (D)

The desired number is

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, number of function are satisfying

Solution:

Case I:

Case II:

Case III:
 Making graph =

Total = 1 + 6 + 3 = 10

Problem: If f: R R where , find whether f(x) is one – one or many one.

Key concept : If f(x) is a rational function then f(x1) = f(x2) will always be satisfied when x1 = x2 in
the domain.
Hence we can write where is some
function in x1 and x2. Now if = 0 gives some solution which is different
from x1 = x2 and which lies in the domain, then f is many – one else one – one.

Solution:

One solution of this is obviously x1 = x2. Also we have got a relation in x1 and x2 and
for each value of x1 in the domain we get a corresponding value of x2 which may or
may not be same as x1.
If x1 = 1 we get , and both lies in the domain of f.
Hence we have two different values x1 and x2 for which f(x) has the same value.
Hence is many one.
Problem: Let f: R [2, ) defined by f(x) = is an onto function, then find the
value of b.

Key concept: Given function is an onto function. Hence range should be to codomain.

Solution: Given f(x) = = . Hence range of f(x) is [b–1, ).

Since f(x) is an onto function b – 1 = 2 b = 3

Problem: Let f : R  R defined by f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100. Then find the values of a for which f is a one-one
function.

Solution: f(x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100  f(x) = 3x2 + 2ax + 3.

For f(x) to be one–one. f(x)  0 or  0.
But f (x) is a quadratic expression and coefficient of x2 > 0
so that f(x)  0  D  0
 4a2 – 36  0  a2  9  –3  a  3.

The set of values of ‘a’ for which the function given by is one-one is
(A) [–2, 4] (B) (1, 3) (C) (1, 4) (D) (1, 5)

Ans = C

Problem: Prove that function f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sinx; f : R  R is one-one and onto.

Solution: Clearly for given function f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 3 + cosx

=
 =

Now 3  0 and  =
 f(x) > 0 for  x
 f is a strictly increasing function.
 f is one-one function.

Again = + .

Similarly − ; also f(x) is a continuous function

 range = R = co-domain
 function is onto.

Let be defined by

Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE?

(A) f is decreasing in the interval
(B) f is increasing in the interval (1, 2)
(C) f is onto
(D) Range of f is

If f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + p sin x + q cos x, is a one-one function, then the value of is

(A) > 4 (B) (C) < 4 (D)

The number of one-one function from A {1, 2, 3, 4} → B{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} such that are
(A) 840 (B) 675 (C) 465 (D) 255

Match the following

Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) one-one
, then f(x) is

(B) , then (Q) into

f(x) is
(C) , then f(x) is (R) many-one
(D) , then f(x) is (S) onto

Solution: A – Q, R; B – R, S; C – P, Q; D – P, S;

(A) f’(x) changes sign in the neighbourhood of x = 2.

 (B)

(C)

(D)

Column 1 gives functions and columns 2 the nature of the function.

COLUMN – I COLUMN –II

(A) (P) one-one onto

(B) (Q) one-one but not onto

(C) (R) onto but not one-one

(D) (S) neither one-one nor onto

Ans. (a) (q); (b) (r); (c) (s); (d) (p)

(a) one-one and as not onto

(b) increases both for and

is onto but not one-one

(c) changes sign not one-one

is not onto since and

(d) one-one and as onto.

Match the following

S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) Let defined by then f(x) (P) one-one

is
(B) Let f : defined by , (Q) into

then f(x) is
(C) Let defined by where (R) many one

[ ] denotes greatest integer function, then f(x) is

(D) Let defined by (S) onto

then f(x)
(T) periodic
2. Match the following
S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) Domain of f(x) is

(B) (Q) Range of f(x) contains only one positive

integer
(C) (R) f(x) is many-one function

(D) (S) f(x) is constant function

where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.

Columns I gives functions and Column II gives the nature of the functions.
S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) one-one onto

(B) (Q) one-one but not onto

(C) (R) onto but not one-one

(D) (S) Neither one-one nor onto

7. Match the following

S.No. Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) one-one
where [ ] denotes

greatest integer function

(B) (Q) many one

(C) (R) onto

(D) (S) into

where { } and [ ] denote fractional part function and greatest integer respectively.

Problem: Let be a function defined by . If is both

one-one and onto, find sets X and Y.
 Solution:

Where

And

For to be one-one, we must have

Thus, domain

And range

Or and

Problem: If is f is

(A) only one one (B) only onto

(C) one one & onto both (D) Neither one one nor onto

Sol.
Given

in (n + 1)
in (n + 1)
f(2) = 2 – 3 = –1 in (n – 3)
f(4) = 4 – 3 = 1 in (n – 3)
in in (n – 3)
f is one-one
If n is odd then (2n – 1) is odd

=n+2
If n is even then 2n is even

f = onto function
f is one-one and onto function

Problem: The function f (x) = is not one-to-one. (T/F)

True.
y=
(y – 1)x2 – 4(2y + 1)x + 2(9y – 15) = 0 ….(1)
D = 16(2y +1)2 – 8(y – 1)(9y – 15) = - 8 [(y -16)2 – 243]]

When D > 0, equation (1) has two roots for one value of y .
Hence, function is many one.

Problem: A function f : R  R, where R is the set of real numbers, is defined by

f(x) = . Find the interval of values of  for which f is onto. Is the function one to one
for  = 3? Justify your answer.

y=

(8y + a) x2 + 6 (1 - y) x - (8 + ay) = 0

Since x is real, D ³ 0
36 (1 - y)2 + 4 (8y + a) (8 + ay) ³ 0

(9 + 8a) y2 + (46 + a2) y + (9 + 8a) ³ 0

For y to Real,
9 + 8a > 0 and (46 + a2)2 - 4 (9 + 8a)2 £ 0

or (46 + a2 + 18 + 16a) (46 + a2 - 18 - 16a) £ 0

or (a + 8)2 (a - 2) (a - 14) £ 0
or 2 £ a £ 14

for a = 3,
we have f (x) =
Let f (x) = 0, then 3x2 + 6x - 8 = 0
Þx= .
Thus when f (x) = 0, we have two values of x
Þ f (x) is not one-to-one for a = 3.

Properties of Composition of Functions

f: X  Y, such that y=f(x) and g: Y  Z, such that y=g(x) be two functions.
We define a function h: X  Z, such that h(x) = g(f(x)).
To obtain h(x), we first take the f – image f(x), of an element x in X so that f(x)  Y, which is the
domain of g(x) and then take the g – image of f(x), that is, g(f(x)), which is an element of Z.
The function y=h(x), defined above, is called the composite function which is composition of f
and g and is written as gof.
Thus (gof)(x) = g(f(x)).
Domain of gof = {x : x in domain f, f(x) in domain g}.

f:A B, g: B C

Properties:
(a) Function gof will exist only when range of f is
the subset of domain of g.
(b) gof(x) is simply the g-image of f(x), where
f(x) is f-image of elements x X.
(c) fog does not exist here because range of g is
not a subset of domain of f.
(d) If f and g are two functions then for
composite of two functions fog gof.
(e) Composite functions obey the property of
 associativity i.e. fo(goh) = (fog)oh.

Problem: Let ¦(x) and g(x) be surjective functions where ¦: {a, b, c, d} ® {1, 2, 3 ,4} and
g: {3 ,4, 5 ,6 } ® {w, x ,y ,z} respectively. The number of elements in the range set of g (¦(x)) are
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

(B) is the correct answer.

Example1:
Problem: Let f: R  R be a function defined by f(x) = x + 4 and g [0, )  R be a function
2

defined by g(x) = x.

Then gof(x) = g(f(x)) = . Domain of gof is R.
Thus, we have gof: R  R defined by (gof)(x)= .
Similarly, we shall have fog: [0, )  R defined by (fog)(x)= x+ 4.
Note that (gof)(x)  (fog) (x).

If is defined as then the value of is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

 If and then
(A) 27 (B) 36 (C) 63 (D) 75

Ans. (C)

Problem: If f(x) = sin2x + sin2 + cosx cos and g = 1 then gof(x) is ____________

Solution: f(x)=5/4

go f(x)= g =1

always satisfies then

Problem: If g(x) = x2 + x – 2 and (gof) (x) = 2x2 – 5x + 2, then f(x) is equal to -

(A) 2x – 3 (B) 2x + 3 (C) 2x2 + 3x + 1 (D) 2x2 – 3x – 1

Sol. g(x) = x2 + x – 2
 (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2 + f(x) – 2

Given, (gof) (x) = 2x2 – 5x + 2

 [f(x)]2 + f(x) – 1 = 2x2 – 5x + 2

 [f(x)]2 + f(x) = 4 x2 – 10x + 6

 f(x) [f(x) + 1] = (2x – 3) [(2x – 3) + 1]
 f(x) = 2x – 3

Problem: If f (x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], [.] is G.I.F then value of fog + gof is -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) ¼

Sol. fog = =f (–1) = 1

and gof = =g = [1/4] = 0

Required value = 1 + 0 = 1.

Let and then find g(x).

Solution

Suppose that and then f(x) is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

If f:R→R and g:R→R be two mappings such that f(x)=sin x and g(x) = x2, then
(a) show that
(b) find the values of and

If then find

Solution. Given
Problem: Two functions are defined as under:

f(x) = , g(x) =

Find f(g(x)) and g(f(x))

Solution: (fog)(x)=f(g(x)) =
Let us consider, g(x)  1:
(i) x2  1, –1  x < 2  –1 x  1,
–1  x < 2  –1  x 1

(ii) x + 2  1, 2  x  3  x  –1, 2  x  3  x = 
Let us consider, 1 < g(x)  2,

(iii) 1 < x2  2, −1 x < 2

 x  [− , –1 )  (1, ], −1 x < 2  1< x 

(iv) 1 < x + 2  2, 2  x  3  −1< x  0, 2  x  3, x = 

Thus f(g(x)) =

(gof)(x) = g (f(x))=
Let us consider –1  f(x) < 2
(i) –1  x + 1 < 2, x  1  –2  x < 1, x  1  –2  x < 1
(ii) –1  2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x  2
 –1  x < ½, 1 < x  2  x = 
Let us consider 2  f(x)  3:

(iii) 2  x + 1  3, x  1 1  x  2, x  1
 x =1
(iv) 2  2x +1  3, 1 < x  2
 1  2x  2, 1 < x  2
 1/2  x  1, 1 < x  2  x = 
Thus g(f(x)) =
We can also write g(f(x)) = (x + 1)2, –2  x  1.

Let f : R  R and g : R  R be functions defined by

Find f(g(x)

(fog)x = f[g(x)] =

= =

= =

Problem: Find the domain and range of h(x) = g(f(x)), where

f(x) = and g(x) = , and [.] denotes the greatest integer
function.

Solution: Find the domain and range of h(x) = g(f(x)), where

h(x) = g(f(x))
=
From graph of f(x), we get
h(x) =
Þ Domain of h(x) is [-2, 2]
and Range of h(x) is {-2, -1} È [ sin3, 1] .
Problem: , g(x) =

Find f(g(x)).

\ f(g(x)) =
.

Let Find (x).

Solution:

Thus, we can see that repeats itself at intervals of k = 4.

 Hence, we have

Let f, g, h be real-valued functions defined on R. Consider and

1. The range of function is equal to

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2. If exists and have value equal to then is equal to

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12

Solutions:

Problem: Let f (x) = . Determine the form of g (x) = f(f (x))

Solution: f (x) =

\ 0 £ x £ 2 Þ 1 £ f (x) £ 3
and 2 < x £ 3 Þ 0 £ f (x) < 1
Hence, the required function
g (x) = f [f (x)] = 2 + x, 0 £ x £ 1 or 1 £ f (x) £ 2
= 2 - x, 1 < x £ 2 or 2 < f (x) £ 3
= 4 - x, 2 < x £ 3 or 0 £ f (x) < 1

Problem: If
Number of negative integral solution of g(f(x)) + 2 = 0 are
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2

Solution.

For x < 0 to be a solution, x + 1 = –2 → 1 solution

Hence, option C.

1. Which of the following is true

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Option C

Solution.
 Problem: Let and . Then for all find .

Solution: Here,
[as ]
i.e., is greater than 1.
So, . Since, for all .
Thus, , for all .

Solution: Let find .

Solution:
INVERSE FUNCTION
If f: X®Y be a function defined by y = f(x) such that f is both one – one and onto, then there exists a
unique function g: Y®X such that for each y Î Y, g(y) = x if and only if y = f(x). The function g so
defined is called the inverse of f and denoted by f – 1.

f(g(x))=g(f(x)=x

f(x)=log x,

f(g(x)=x=g(f(x))

f(a) = a1 f – 1(a1) = a

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS:

The condition for existence of inverse of a function is that the function must be one – one and
onto.
Whenever an inverse function is defined, the range of the original function becomes the domain of
the inverse function and domain of the original function becomes the range of the inverse function.

Note that fof –1(x) = f -1of(x) = x always and roots of the equation f(x) = f –1(x) would always lie on
the line y = x. ( sometime y=-x )we need to check graph
 f and f –1 are symmetric about the line y = x.

Properties :
(a) Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.
(b) Inverse of a bijection is unique.
(c) (f –1)–1 = f
(d)If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (gof)–1 = f –1og–1
(e)If f : AB is a bijection then f –1: BA is an inverse function of f .
f –1of = A and fof –1 = B.
Here A, is an identity function on set A, and B, is an identity function on set B.

Problem : Let , x ¹ –1. Then, for what value of a is f (f (x)) = x?

(A) (B) –
(C) 1 (D) –1

Solution: [D]

If f(x) = 2x3 + 7x – 5, then the value of f–1(4) is

Ans : 1
f(1)=4
Let and f(x) be a real valued invertible function then find

put x = 3

Problem : The function ¦: [1, ¥) ® [1, ¥) is defined by ¦(x)=2x(x – 1), find ¦ – 1(x).

f: D to R, ¦ – 1 R to D

Key concept : First check the function for one – one and onto. And if function is one – one and
onto then find inverse using the identity

Solution: Given, ¦(x) = 2x(x – 1)Þlog ¦(x) = x(x – 1) loge2

Þ ¦’(x) = 2x(x – 1) loge2 (2x – 1)

Thus ¦(x) is an increasing function in [1, ¥), therefore, ¦(x) is a one – on function.
Also range of f(x) is [1, ) which is equal to co – domain.
Hence the function is also onto.

TO FIND ¦ – 1(x):
Let f – 1 be the inverse function of f, then by rule of identity

=x

TO FIND ¦ – 1(x):
defined as

Here f(1)=f(-1) so f(x)is many to one

Now let f(x) is one –one and onto
Let f be a function defined as then no solutions .

Ans: 02

Problem : If then

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Ans (A) Interchanging x and y,

is defined as then find

Soln.

For inverse

Problem : Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one
of the following statements is true and the remaining two are false
f(x) = 1, f(y) ¹ 1, f(z) ¹ 2
Determine f-1(1).

Solution: f is a one-one function

Domain of f = {x, y, z}
Range of f = {1, 2, 3}
 f(x) = 1 Þ f(y) = 1,

f(z) = 2 is a contradiction

f(y) ¹ 1 Þ f(x) ¹ 1,
f(z) = 2
Þ f(y) = 1 is a contradiction
f(z) ¹ 2 Þ f(x) ¹ 1,
f(y) = 1
Þ f(x) = 2,
f(y) = 1
and f(z) = 3

Problem : The inverse of the function f(x) = is

(A) (B)

(C) (D) none of these

Solution: Since f(x) is defined for all x Î R and range of f(x) is (-1, 1),
Now fof -1 = x, where f -1(x) : (-1, 1) ® R .

Þ Þ Þ

Þ f -1(x) = , where -1< x < 1

If and g is the inverse function of f, the number of solution(s) of the equation f(x) = g(x) is(are)

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) Infinite

Let , then the number of solution of f -1 ( x)=f(x) is

Graph of y=f(x) and y= f -1 ( x) do not intersect each other.

Problem : Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x ³ - 1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the
graph of f(x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
(A) - - 1, x ³ 0 (B) ,x>-1

(C) ,x³-1 (D) - 1, x ³ 0

Solution: Clearly g(x) will be inverse of f(x) Þ g(x) = -1

Problem : Let f : [1/2,¥) ® [3/4,¥), where f(x) = x2 – x + 1. Find the inverse of f(x). Hence or
otherwise solve the equation, x2 – x + 1 = .
Solution: f(x) = x2 – x + 1 = (x – 1/2)2 + ¾

It is clear that the given function is one-one and onto in the given domain and codomain. Thus
it’s inverse can be obtained. Clearly:
Þ f(f -1(x)) = (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + 1 Þ x = (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + 1
Þ (f -1(x))2 – f -1(x) + (1-x) = 0
Þ f -1(x) = = .
As range of f -1(x) is [1/2,¥), we have to consider only the positive sign.
Þ f -1(x) = 1/2 + .
Now the given equation is basically, f(x) = f -1(x).
We know that f(x) and f -1(x) meet on the line y = x. Hence solution of the given equation will
also be solution of f(x) = x
Þ x2 – x + 1 = x Þ x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 Þ (x – 1)2 = 0 Þ x = 1.

f(x)=x+sinx no of roots of the equation f(x) = f –1(x)

If f : R  R, f(x) = 2x + 1 and g : R R, g(x) = x3,then (gof)–1(27) equals -

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

Sol. Here f(x) = 2x + 1 f –1(x) =

and g(x) = x3  g–1(x) = x1/3

(gof)–1(27) = ( f –1og–1) (27)
 = f –1 [g–1(27) ] = f –1[(27)1/3]

= f –1(3) = =1

FUNCTIONAL EQUATION

Some important results (Fast track results)

If and are independent variables, then

(i) is constant.

(ii) is constant.

(iii) or is constant

(iv)

Problem: Find the natural number a for which where the function f satisfies
f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all natural numbers x, y and f(1) = 2.

Solution: It is given that f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and f(1) = 2.

Þ f (2) = f(1 + 1) = f(1) f(1) = 2.2 = 22
f(3) = f(1) f(2) = 2.22 = 23 Þ f(k) = 2k. and f(a) = 2a

Problem: If satisfies the relation and then find the value

of also prove that is odd function.

as f(1)=7
 Problem: is function satisfying f(x + y) = f(x)f(y) for all such that f(1) = 3 and then
find n
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) None of these

and f(1)=3

Here f(x)=kx
Use f(1)=2 then

1. Let evaluate the sum

Sol.

Let

or (writing in reverse order)

Hence S = 997.5
 Problem: Let then find

solutions: f(x)+f(1-x)=1

so

Problem: Let then find

solutions: Here : f(x)+f(2-x)=1

then find

Soln.

then find

Soln.
 Ans. 1011
–

1. If where then equals to

(A) 1003 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) none of these

2. If for all then the value of the sum is

(A) 1 (B) 27 (C) 54 (D) 55

3. If then is equal to

(A) 1 (B) 2n (C) 2n – 1 (D)

Ans: A,A,C

If where be a polynomial function of degree ,

then .

let

Problem: If be a polynomial function satisfying and

. Then find and .

Problem: If be a polynomial function satisfying and

. Then find .

Problem: If be a polynomial function satisfying and

. Then find .
 use

Problem: If is a polynomial satisfying and

then find the value of .

Put

If then

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

(C)

We have,

1. If and are roots of then

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

We have,

Since and are the roots of

Now,

Similarly, we have

2. Let f be a real valued function satisfying for all and then for any

(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) none of these

 If then is equal to

(A) a + b (B) (C) (D) none of these

(D) We have, for all ...(i)

Replacing by we get

...(ii)

Multiplying (i) by a, (ii) by (b) and subtracting, we get

for all

Putting x = 0 in this equation, we get f(1) = 0

We have, for all ...(i)

Putting in (i), we get

Now, putting x = 2 in (i), we get

Putting x = 3 in (i), we get

Continuing in this manner, we get

Problem: If f(x + y, x − y) = xy , then prove that f(x, y) + f(y, x) = 0.

Solution:Let x + y = a and x − y = b
then f(a, b) =

 f(x, y) + f(y, x) = = 0.

Problem: A function f satisfies the condition ; x  0, then find f(x).

Solution:Let x + =t  x2 + = t2 − 2
 f(t) = t2 − 2 ; or f(x) = x2 − 2 is the required function.

Problem: Consider a real valued function f(x), satisfying 2f(sinx) + f(cosx) = x,

Find the domain and range of f(x).

Solution:2f(sinx) + f(cosx) = x . . . . .(i)

Putting x = p/2 - x
2f(cosx) + f(sinx) = p/2 - x . . . . .(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get f(sinx) = x - p/6 Þ f(x) = sin-1x - p/6.
\ Domain = [-1, 1], Range =

Problem: If , then f(x) is equal to

 Solution: ….(1)

…..(2)
from (1) and (2)

Problem: If f(x) + 2 f(1 –x) = x2 + 2 " x Î R, then f(x) is given as

(A) (B) x2 –2

(C) 1 (D) None of these.

Solution: f(1 – x) + 2 f(x) = (1 – x)2 + 2

f(x) + 2f (1 – x) = x2 + 2
Solving, we get f(x) = .

Problem: If , then find x s.t

Solution: ….(1)

…..(2)

Find all function such that find f(x).

Solve

Problem: If then find

Problem: If then find

Problem: The function f satisfies the functional equation for all real
then is :

………………………(1)

……………………(2)

Solve and find f(x)……………

such that find f(x).

put x = y = 1
or
y=1
Soln.
put

now again put y = 2x

...(1)

f(3) = 1 find fn

use (1)

be a polynomial such that find f(x).

f(x) degree n

f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

now use f(3x) =

b=0
c=0
d=0
 Problem: If then is equal to:
Problem: If then find f(x).

Problem: , then 5f(2)=?

Problem: If Find

Soln:

(1)

(1)

(1) + (3) – (2) gives

Problem: f(x) is real valued functions. , then f(1001)+1001=?

If such that then

(A) 1 (B) 3 (B) – 3 (D) – 1

If for then

(A) x (B) (C) (D) none of these

We have,

Now,
(A)

We have,

[Replacing x by 1/x]

...(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get

BASIC TRANSFORMATIONS ON GRAPHS

Graphical Transformations
1. When y= transforms to y= (where is + ve)
i.e.,
shift the given graph of upward through ‘a’ units
again,
shift the given graph of downward through ‘a’ units.

2. Y= transforms to y=
is positive. Shift the graph of through ‘a’ unit towards right
transforms to
i.e., is positive. Shift the graph of through ‘a’ units towards left.

3. transforms to
Stretch the graph of times along y-axis.
Shrink the graph of times along y-axis.

4. transforms to i.e.,
Shrink (or contract) the graph of times along axis.

again

Stretch (or expand) the graph of f times along

5. transforms to
i.e.,
To draw take the image of the curve in axis as plane mirror.
OR
“Turn the graph of by about axis.”

6. transforms to
i.e.,
To draw take image of in the axias as plane mirror.
OR
“Turn the graph of by about axis.”

7. transforms to
i.e., f
to draw take image of about axis to obtain and then take image of
about axis to obtain

(i) Image about y-axis. (ii) Image about x-axis.

8. transforms to (where represents modulus function)

i.e.,
Here; is drawn in two steps.
(a) In the I step, leave the positive part of the part of above x-axis) as it is.
(b) In the II step, take the mirror image of negative part of the part of below x-axis}
in the x-axis as plane mirror.
OR
Take the mirror image (in x-axis) of the portion of the graph of which lies below x-axis.
OR
Turn the portion of the graph of lying below x-axis by about axis.

9. transforms to
i.e.,
If we know then to plot we should follow two steps:
(i) Leave the graph lying right side of the axis as it is.
(ii) Take the image of in the right of axis as the plane mirror and the graph of lying
leftward of the axis (if it exists) is omitted.

10. transforms to
i.e.,
Here, plot the curve in two steps;
(i) (ii)
OR
(i)
(ii) f i.e., (viii) and (ix) transformations.

11. transforms to
 Clearly if graph of would not exist.
if would be given as
Hence, the graph of exists only in the regions where is non-negative and will be
reflected about x-axis only when “Region where is neglected”.
12. transforms to
i.e., is plotted in two steps.
(i)
(ii)

13. transforms to
i.e.,
The steps followed are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

14. transforms to ; (where denotes the greatest integer function)

i.e.,
Here; in order to draw mark the integer on axis. Draw the horizontal lines through
integers till they intersect the graph. Draw vertical dotted lines from these intersection points; finally
draw horizontal lines parallel to axis from any intersection point to the nearest vertical dotted line
with blank dot at right end in case increase.
OR
Step 1. Plot
Step 2. Mark the intervals of unit length with integers as end points on axis.
Setp 3. Mark the corresponding intervals {with the help of graph of on axis.
Step 4. Plot the value of for each of the marked intervals.

-1 f(x) < 0 , [f(x)]=-1, y=-1

0 f(x) < 1 , [f(x)]=0 , y=0

1 f(x) < 2 , [f(x)]=1 , y=1…………………………..

15. transforms to
Here, mark the integers on the x-axis. Draw vertical lines till they intersect the graph of
From these intersection points draw horizontal lines (parallel to x-axis) to meet the nearest right vertical
line, with a black dot on each nearest right vertical line which can be shown as in figure

-1 x < 0 , [x]=-1, y=f(-1)

0 x < 1 , [x]=0, y=f(0)

1 x < 2 , [x]=1, y=f(1)…………………………………

16. transforms to
Here, we should follow two steps;
(i)
(ii)

17. transforms to Graph of Candles

Here, to plot we check only those points for which integers, as
integers for all
Thus; represents only integral values of y. Here, domain of are set of values
of for which integers.

18. transforms to
As we have earlier discussed transformation (xiv), and we know [y] implies
only those values of for which integer.

19. transforms to where denotes fractional part of x, i.e.,

 Graph of can be obtained from the graph of by following rule.
“Retain the graph of for values of lying between interval Now it can be repeated for
rest of the points. (taking periodicity 1).
New obtained function is graph for

20. transforms to
Here, plot the horizontal lines for all integral values of and for the point of intersection on
plot draw vertical lines and translate the graph for boundary and

21. transforms to
Here, we have to follow two steps;
(i) Draw the graph for
(ii)
22. transforms to
Here; retain the graph of only when lies between and neglect the
graph for other values.

23. transforms to
As we have earlier discussed transformation (xx), which shows
belongs to Thus, the graph of and are same.
24. transforms to
As discussed in chapter 1. is the mirror image of about

Transformations on Graphs:
1. Drawing the graph of y = f(x) +b, bR, from the known graph of y = f(x):

Domain of f(x) and f(x) + b is the same.

Range will vary

2. Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a R from the known graph of y = f(x):

Let us take any point x0 domain of f(x) and

set x + a = x0 or x = x0 –a.
a > 0  x < x0, and a < 0  x > x0. That mean x0 and x0 – a would give us same ordinate for f(x)
and f(x + a) respectively.
For a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply by translating the graph of f(x) in the negative
x– direction through a distance ‘a’ units.
If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in the positive x–
direction through a distance a units.

A function f(x) such that f(x)=0 has 8 distinct real roots and f(x)=f(6-x) for all x , then sum of real
roots of f(x)=0 is…………..

a, 6-a, b,6-b, c, 6-c, d, 6-d ans 24

3. Drawing the graph of y = af(x) from

the known graph of y = f(x):

It is clear, that the corresponding points

(points with same x co–ordinates) would have
their ordinates in the ratio of 1: a.

4. Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from

the known graph of y = f(x):

Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x).

Let ax = x0 or x = .
Clearly, if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against the y–axis.
if a > 1, x < x0 then f(x) will compress by a units against the y–axis.

5. Drawing the graph of y = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x):

It means that the graph of f(x) and f(x)
would coincide if f(x)  0 and
the portions where f(x) < 0 would get inverted
in the upward direction.

6. Drawing the graph of y = f(|x|) from

the known graph of y = f(x):

Graphs of f(|x|) and f(x) would be identical

in the first and the fourth quadrants (as x 0) and
the graph of f(|x|) would be symmetrical
about the y–axis (as x<0).

7. Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from

the known graph of y = f(x):
Clearly |y|  0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist.
And if f(x) 0, |y| = f(x) would give y = ± f(x).
Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) is non–negative and will be
reflected about the x–axis only in those regions.
Consider ,then number of solutions of ……………

Consider ,then number of solutions of ……………

Find the area bounded by f(x)={x} and g(x)={-x} where x lying between interval [0, 5].

Draw the graph for both , then area =5/24

y = f(x) transforms to y = f((x)); (where denotes fractional part of x, i.e.,

Graph of or can be obtained from the graph of by following rule.

“Retain the graph of f(x) for values of x lying between interval [0, 1). Now it can be repeated for rest of the points.
(taking periodicity 1).
New obtained function is graph for
Graphically it could be stated as;

Example
Sketch the curve

Solution.
Here, we know the curve for shown as;
Graph for Graph for

Example
Sketch the curve

Solution.
As discussed in above example
is image of on x-axis whenever is positive.
Graph of

3. Sketch the curve y = {sinx}, (where denotes the fractional part of x.

Solution: As we know the graph for y = sin x. Shown as

Graph of sin x

As to retain the curve when and shift other sections of graph between y = 0 to y = 1
Graph for y = {sin x}

4. Sketch the curve y = {x2}.

Solution. As we know the curve y = x2, is shown as

Example
Sketch the curve
Solution. As we know the curve for is plotted as

y = f(x) transformd to y = [f(x)]; (where [ = ] denotes the greatest integer function)

i.e., f(x) [f(x)]
Here; in order to draw mark the integer on y-axis. Draw the horizontal lines through integers till they
intersect the graph. Draw vertical dotted lines through integers till they intersect the graph. Draw vertical dotted
lines from these intersection points; finally draw horizontal lines parallel to x-axis from any intersection point to the
nearest vertical dotted line with blank dot at right end in case f(x) increase.

OR

Step 1. Plot f(x).

Step 2. Mark the intervals of unit length with integers as end points on y-axis.
Step 3. Mark the corresponding intervals { with the help of graph of f(x)} on x-axis.
Step 4. Plot the value of [f(x)] for each of the marked intervals.

Graphically it could be shown as:

1. Sketch the curve y = [sin x].

Solution: Here, sketch for y = sin x is shown as in figure below.

2. Sketch the curve y = [x2 – 1]. (where denotes greatest integer function).
When

Solution: Here y = x2 = 1 could be plotted as shown in figure 1.

Sketch the curve for y = cos [x];

Solution. The curve for could be plotted as;

6. Plot the curve

Solution. The curve for could be plotted as;

Drawing the graph of y = f-1(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

For drawing the graph of y = f-1(x) we have to first of all find the interval in which the function is
bijective (invertible). Then take the reflection of y = f(x) (within the invertible region) about the
line y = x. The reflected part would give us the graph of y = f-1(x).
e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin-1 x. We know that y = f(x) = sin x is invertible if
f : [–/2, /2]  [–1,1],  the inverse mapping would be f –1 : [–1,1]  [–/2,/2].

Note: It is clear that the roots of f(x) – f–1(x) = 0 would lie on the line y = x.
SKETCHING h(x) = MAXIMUM {f(x), g(x)} AND h(x) = MINIMUM {f(x),g(x)}

(i) h(x) = maximum {f(x), g(x)}

Sketch f(x) when its graph is above the graph of g(x) and sketch g(x) when its graph is ?? the graph of f(x).

(ii) h(x) = minimum {f(x), g(x)}

Sketch f(x) when its graph is lower and otherwise sketch g(x).
Sketch the curve

Solution. First plot the graph for:

by a dotted curve as can be seen
from the graph and then darken those dotted lines for which

and

4s from the above curve graph for is plotted as:

From the above figure;

Sketch the graph of

First plot both and by a dotted curve as can be seen

from the graph in the interval and then darken those dotted

lines for which or

From adjacent figure the point of intersections are A, B, C

Graph of max {sin x, cos x}

y=xsinx , or y=e^-x.sinx
y=f(x).g(x)

a f(x ) b. then a.g(x) g(x).f(x ) b.g(x) , g(x)>0 and if f(x)=0 or g(x)=0 will give y=0

Solution

y=xsinx

if x=0, y=0 or if sinx=0, y=0

-1 sinx 1.

-x x. sinx x.

y=x if sinx=1 and y=-x if sinx= -1

Sketch the curve;

Here,
where,
…(i)
also,

when
Example
Draw the graph of the function

As we know, lies between to

To sketch the curve where

were at y is not defined but as;

at
Using eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), the curve could be plotted as;

y=e^-x(sinx)

-e^-x<y<e^-x
Y=f(x)+g(x)

-1 sinx 1.

-1+x x+ sinx x+1

, if sinx=1, y=1+x and if sinx=-1 , then y=-1+x

If sinx=0 then y=x

f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| =ax+b=y

f(x) = |x – 1| + |x +1| + |x | =ax+b=y

Problem : If a < b < c, then find the least value of f(x), where f(x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c|.

Solution: f(x) can be rewritten as

f(x) = a + b + c - 3x x<a
=b+c-a-x ax<b
=c-a-b+x bx<c
= 3x - a - b - c x  c.
Graph of f(x) is shown below.
Clearly minimum value of f(x) will occur at x =
b which is c – a.

Problem : y = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 5|+ |x – 10| find y for

which equation has infinitely many solutions.

Draw the graph for;

(i) (ii)

(iii)

Solution. We known the graph for =f(x) is shown as;

 (b)

(b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
To sketch

[y]=4-[x], 0<x<1 i.e [y]=4-0 , 4<y<5

1<x<2, i.e [y]=4-1, 3<y<4

4<x<5 [y]=0

From above figure we can say;

In jee exam find the area= 5x4=20
Problem: Total number of roots of the equation , belonging to [ - 2p, 2p], are;
(A) 6 (B) 8
(C) 10 (D) 12

Problem: The number of roots of in [ -2 p, 2p] are equal to;

(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10

Problem: Total number of solutions of the equation is

(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) none of these
Problem: Total number of solutions of the equation [cosx]=sinx , in [0,12]

Example.
Sketch the curves of the following:
(i) (ii)
(iii) Where represent greatest integer function
Solution.
(i) As we know that;
for all
Also, for any we have

Now, … and so on.

Thus, from above we have to plot;

when
when
(i.e., same as shifting towards right by 1 unit.)
when
(i.e., same as shifting towards right by 2 units)
the curve for is periodic with period ‘1’. Shown as in figure.

(ii) As we know;

… and so on.
Thus, the graph for is obtained by the graph of by translating it is [x] units in upward
or downward direction according as or
Thus, the curve for

From above curve we could discuss that;

is continuous and differentiable for all x.
The graph for is obtained by reflecting the portion lying below x-axis of the graph of
about x-axis and keeping the portion lying above x-axis (as it is),
Thus, the graph for

Sketch the curve where denotes the greatest integral function when

Solution Here; first we shall plot the curve for when

From above figure we conclude that;
when
for all

Plot the curve when

Solution. Here to sketch we should follow the steps as;

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Sketch the curve

Solution. As we know the graph for
 (iii)

No. of solution

Solutions : draw the graph then case by case

No. of solution

Solution:
Draw graph
4 solutions

graph

Find no. of local max and min points

If the equation e ||x| – 2| + b = 2 has four solution then b lies in
(A) (In2 – 2, In2) (B) (– 2, In2)
(C) (0, In2) (D) None of these.
Solution : Given equation can be written as ||x|– 2| = ln2 – b. Plot the graph and find the range of b
such that there exist four points of intersection.
Hence (A) is the correct answer

Graph of

Solution:
Example
If be the total number of solutions of
is divisible by:
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12

Solution: (A, B, D)
Graph of :

Graph of :
Finally,

SECTION I
PART A
Single Answer Questions
1. The domain of the function is

(A) (B)

(C) (D) None of these

2. The range of is

(A)[0,/2] (B)(0,/6) (C) [/6,/2) (D) None

of these
3. The domain of is

(A)[-2,6] (B)[-6,2)(2,3) (C)[-6,2] (D)[-

2,2](2,3)

4. The domain of the function is

(A)(0,1) (B)(0,1] (C) [1,) (D) (1,)

5. The range of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

6. If the period of is 6 then n is equal to

(A)3 (B)2 (C)5 (D)1

7. The period of the function is

(A)2 (B)10 (C)8 (D) 5

8. If f is periodic, g is non – periodic and f(g(x)) is periodic and g(2)=3, g(4)=7 then g(6) is:
(A)13 (B) 15 (C)11 (D) none of these
9. The period of function (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x) is
(A)2 (B)1 (C)3 (D) none of these

10. If f is a function such that f(0) =2, f(1) = 3 and f(x+2) = 2f(x) –f(x+1) for every real x, then f(5) is
(A)7 (B)13 (C)1 (D)5

One or more than one correct option questions

11. Consider the function y = f(x) satisfying the condition then

(A)domain of f(x) is R (B) domain of f(x) is R – (- 2, 2)

(C) range of f(x) is [-2,) (D)range of f(x) is [2,)

12. Let is not identically zero . Then

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

13. Consider the real – valued function satisfying Then

(A)domain of f(x) is R (B)domain of f(x) is [-1,1]

(C)range of f(x) is (D)range of f(x) is R

14. If f(x) satisfies the relation f(x + y) = f(x) +f(y) for all x, y R and f(1) = 5, then
(A)f(x) is an odd function (B)f(x) is an even function

(C) (D)

15. Let and g(x)

then, which of the following is/are true?

(A)(f+g) (3.5) = 0 (B) f(g(3)) = 3 (C) (fg)(2) =1 (D) (f – g)(4) =0

16. f(x)=x2 – 2ax +a(a+1), f:[a,) [a,). If one of the solutions of the equation is 5049, then the other
may be
(A)5051 (B) 5048 (C)5052 (D) 5050

17. Which of the following function is/are periodic

(A)

(B) where [.] denotes the greatest integer function

(C) , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function

(D) where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, and a is a rational number

18. If f : R+R+ is a polynomial function satisfying the function equation then f(17) is equal to
(A)17 (B) – 51 (C)34 (D) – 34

19. Let f: RR be a function defined by f(x+1) = Then which of the following statement(s) is/are

true.
(A)f(2008)= f(2004) (B) f(2006) = f(2010)
(C)f(2006) = f(2002) (D) f(2006) = f(2018)

20. Which of the following pairs of function is/are identical?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

21. Which of the following is not a function ( [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer and fractional part functions
respectively)?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

22. If f : R N{0}, where f (area of triangle joining points P(5,0), Q(8,4) and R(x,y) such that the angle PRQ is a
right) = number of triangle. Then, which of the following is true?
(A)f(5)=4 (B)f(7)=0 (C)f(6.25) = 2 (D) f(x) is into
23. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n such the f(0) = 0, , then the value of f(n+1) is

(A)1 when n is odd (B) when n is even

(C) when n is odd (D)- 1 when n is even

24. Let and fn(x) be defined as and for If

then
(A) is independent of x
(B) is a linear polynomial in x
(C) the line y =  has slope O
(D)the line 4y =  touches the unit circle with centre at the origin.

25. The domain of the function

 contains which of the following interval /intervals.

(A)(3,) (B) (C) (D) none of these

PART C
Integer Type
N1: Number of integer value of x satisfying is __________

N2: then the value of f(5) is ________

The domain of definition of the function where [ ] denotes the

N3:

greatest integer function is given by the interval where n I then absolute value of sum of
all possible values of n is __________

N4:
Number of integers in the domain of function is

N5:
Let f: R+ R be a function which satisfies for x,y > 0. Then sum of

possible values of f(1/10) is _______

N6:
f :NN always satisfies f(m) f(n) = f(m) + 3f(n),  m, nN, (mn), then is equal to
_____

N7: Let a and b real numbers and let If then the value
of is equal to _______________

N8:
Let R and f(0) = 0, then the value of f(1)+f(2) is

N9: If then the possible value of b is _________

N10: If satisfies then a is equal to ___________

SECTION II
PART A
Comprehension I
Let and

1. is not defined if
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

2. If the domain of is [ - 1,4], then

(A)a = 1, b > 5 (B) a = 2, b >7 (C) a = 2, b > 10 (D) a = 0, bR
3. If a = 2 and b =3 , then the range of g(f(x)) is
(A)( - 2,8] (B) (0,8] (C)[4,8] (D)[ - 1,8]

Comprehension II
Consider two function and where [.] denotes

the greatest integer function.

4. The exhaustive domain of g(f(x)) is

(A)[0,2] (B)[-2,0] (C) [ - 2,2] (D) [ - 1,1]

5. The range of g(f(x)) is

(A) [sin3,sin1] (B) [sin3,1] {-2,-1,0} (C) [sin3,1]  {-2,-1} (D) [sin1,1]

6. The number of integral points in the range of g(f(x)) is

(A)2 (B)4 (C) 3 (D) 5

PART B
Matrix Match

M1:
Column – I Column – II
A is an odd P Odd function
integer
B Q Even function

C R Neither odd nor even function

D f(x)=max{ tan x, cot x} S Periodic

T Constant

M2:
Column – I Column – II
A P One-one
and then

f(x) is
B f:RR and f(x) = epx sinq x where Q Into
p, qR+, then f(x) is

C f: R+ [4, ] and f(x) = 4 + 3x2. Then f(x) is R Many –one

D f RR f(x)=x2  x R, then f(x) is S Onto
T Constant

PART C
Integer Type

If f:R[0,) is a function such that f(x-1)+f(x+1) = and T is the period of f(x), then the value of
N1:
T/2 is ____________

If and g(5/4) = 1, then (gof)(x) is equal to _____

N2:

N The number of integral values of x satisfying the inequality is ____.

3:
 If  is the fundamental period of the function then
N4:
the complex number lies in the quadrant ______.

If then the postive value of b is _____________.

N5:

N Let f(x,y) be a periodic function satisfying the condition f(x,y) = f(2x+2y,2y-2x), x,y R and let g(x) be
6: a function defined as g(x) = f(2x,0). If T is the period of g(x), then the value of T/4 is ___.

The number of integral values of n for which 3 is the period of the function cos(nx) sin [(5x)/n] is
N7: _________.

Number of solutions of sinx = is/are____________.

N8:

If f is a polynomial function satisfying and if f(2) = 5, then the

N9: value of f[f(1)] is _______.

N Let D = {1,2,3,4} and F = {1,2}. If N is the number of onto functions from E to F, then the value of N/2
10: is ____________.

SECTION III
PART A
One or more than one correct option questions

1. Let and then

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

2. Which of the following functions are identical?

(A) and (B) and

(C) and g(x) = cos (sin - 1 x) (D) none of these

3. Which of the following function /functions have the graph symmetrical about the origin?

(A)f(x) given by

(B)f(x) given by
(C)f(x) given by f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y)  x,y  R
(D) none of these

4. If the function f satisfies the relation f(x+y)+f(x-y) = 2f(x)f(y) x,yR and f(0)  0, then
(A) f is even function (B) f is odd function (C) f(0)= 1 (D) f(0) = 2

5. Consider the function y = f(x) satisfying the condition then

(A)domain of f(x) is R (B)domain of f(x)is R – (-2,2)

(C)range of f(x) is [ -2 ,] (D)range of f(x) is [2,]

Comprehension I

Let f:RR is a function satisfying f(2-x)=f(2+x) and f(20-x) = f(x), xR. For this function f, answer the
following .
6. If f(0) = 5, then the minimum possible number of values of x satisfying f(x) = 5, for x [0,170], is
(A)21 (B)12 (C)11 (D) 22
7. The graph of y = f(x) is
(A)symmetrical about x = 16 (B)symmetrical
about x= 5
(C) symmetrical about x = 8 (D)symmetrical
about x = 20

8. If f(2) f(6), then the

(A)fundamental period of f(x) is 1 (B) fundamental
period of f(x) may be 1
(C)period of f(x) cannot be 1 (D)fundamental
period of f(x) is 8

PART B
Matrix Match
M1: {.} denotes the fractional part function and [.] denotes the greatest integer
function:
Column – I Column – II
A P 1/3

B Q 1/4
C R 1/2
D where a,b R+ S 1
T 5

PART C
Integer Type
N1: The least value of a such that (x2 – x) /(1-ax) attains all real value is __________.

N2: If the domain of is [a, b], then the value of b – a is ________.

N3: The greatest value of is _________

N4: The number of solutions of is___________.

N5: The greatest value of x for which is defined is_________.

N6: The integral value of x for which the function is defined is

________.

N7: The number of solutions of the equation 2[x] = x +{x}, where [.] and {.} denote the greatest integer
function and fractional part, respectively, is ________.

N8: The number of solutions of the equation (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function ) is _______.

N9: The period of the function satisfying the relation is _____.

N10: Number of roots of equation is/are _________.

ANSWER KEY

SECTION – I
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C
6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B
11.B, D 12.A, D 13.B, C 14.A, C 15.A, B, C
16.B, D 17.A, B, C, D 18.B, C 19.A, B, C, D 20.A, B, C
21.A, B, D 22.A, B, C, D 23.B, C 24.A, C, D 25.A, B, C
N1:2 N2:7 N3:5 N4:2 N5:4
N6:4 N7:3 N8:0 N9:4 N10:4

SECTION – II

1.A 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.C

6.B
M1: A–P B–Q C – Q,S D – P,S
M2: A – R,S B – R,S C – P,Q D – R,S
N1: 6 N2:1 N3:7 N4:3 N5:4
N6:3 N7:8 N8:6 N9:5 N10:7

SECTION – III

1.A, B, D 2.B, C 3.A, B, C 4.A, C 5.B, D

6.A 7.A 8.C
M1: A–S B–R C–S D–P
N1:1 N2:3 N3:2 N4:1 N5:6
N6:9 N7:2 N8:2 N9:6 N10:1