ROLLING IN THE DEEP : — VERGARA, JUSHMINE DANNE B.

(9-HULL)
For the second factor affecting
momentum, look at the following
illustration of two identical cars

Blue car has lower velocity, red

car has higher velocity

Both car has the same size and the

same mass. However, the red car has
a higher velocity compared to the blue
car. Which, between the two, do you
think, will have greater damage upon
hitting the wall? Why do you think so?

In each time that the cylinder rolls down the plank, Since the red car has greater velocity than the blue one, it is
what stops it? doomed to suffer greater damage because it has higher
— The empty shoe box momentum.

Whatever is your answer in question a will be called Velocity is another factor affecting momentum. An object that
the “stopper”. Which cylinder was easier to stop: has high mass and velocity will have high momentum. An
The empty cylinder or the cylinder with sand in it? object that has low mass and velocity will have low momentum.

Explain why you think this is so. This relation of momentum, mass, and velocity can be
summarized into a mathematical equation, and it is as follows :
— The EMPTY cylinder was easier to stop. This is
because it has lower mass Momentum = (mass) (velocity) or P = mv
Momentum is defined as the difficulty to stop an
The greater the mass the greater the momentum, The greater
object. A moving truck has a high momentum the velocity the greater the momentum. In symbols momentum
because it is difficult to stop. An incoming bowling is represented as P, as in portable, and Mass is represented by
ball is more difficult to stop compared to an M, and then Velocity is represented by V.

SOLVING FOR THE VELOCITY OF A BODY :

incoming basketball.

What do you think makes one of the cylinders more

difficult to stop?
— One of the cylinder has HIGHER mass because it
was filled with sand. Just like an incoming bowling
ball is has high momentum than an incoming
basketball, the cylinder with sand inside has higher
momentum because of its higher mass

MASS AND VELOCITY AND THEIR

EFFECTS ON MOMENTUM :
Momentum is that it’s the difficulty
to stop an object and we know the
higher the mass an object has, the
more difficult it is to stop, and it
also follows that it also has higher
momentum.

The car and the truck are about to hit

the same kind of wall, which between
the two of them, do you think will be
stopped by the walll upon collision?

Since the car is smaller and has lower mass compared to Car :
the truck, which is bigger with a bigger mass, the car has M=P÷V
lower momentum. Mass is one of the important factros
M = 30,000 kg m/s ÷ 20 m/s
affecting momentum.
M = 1,500kg
The car has lower momentum so it follows that it’s easier to Truck :
stop. While the truck has higher momentum and higher M=P÷V
mass, thus, it has higher momentum, so it is more difficult M = 100,000 kg m/s ÷ 20 m/s
to stop.
M = 5,000kg
IMPULSE, PARACHUTES, AND This acceleration can also be explained by Newton’s Second

AIRBAGS :
Law of Motion which states that: The Acceleration (A) of an
object is directly proportional to the Force (F) applied to it (the
greater the force the greater the acceleration) and is inversely
proportional to its mass (a heavier car with more passenger
will get lower acceleration compared to a car that has only one
passenger: the driver). It can be expressed mathematically as:

F
a = ——
Airbags have the same mechanism. Upon collision in
m
Let us derive a formula for Force (F) by cross-multiplying the
an accident, the body of the person inside the car is
sides of the equation
bound to the hit the dash board.

The airbags are activated to slow down the velocity

of the head hitting the wheel — the airbags apply a
force to slow down the time of the impact between —>
the momentum of the head of the passenger or
driver and the momentum of the dashboard.
If mass is the one missing this will be the formula :
Impulse is the rate of change in momentum. It has
countlessly saved lives of people on the road, and as
a physical quantity, it is quite simple to understand.
Cancel out both
F
m = ——
a
a’s, and the m
remains which the
final formula will
be —>
In mathematical terms, we can solve for impulse by
multiplying Force (F) applied to an object with the Acceleration is also defined as the change in velocity of an object per
unit time. That means, a car that is moving with velocity of 40kph then
Time (T) the force was applied. It will be :
shifted gears to run at 60kph and was successfully able to move from
40kph to 60kph within 15seconds is said to have accelerated. The
formula for this is :

RELATIONSHIP OF IMPULSE AND Substitute the formula for acceleration by replacing the a in the

MOMENTUM :
formula for the Second Law of Motion.

How is impulse and momentum connected to

each other?
The formula in getting the momentum of an object is
as follows. You can further simplify this equation by multiplying mass with the
initial and final velocities inside the parenthesis. It will turn to this:

Do you see now where are we getting? Great! Now do a simple

The mass and velocity of an object are multiplied to cross multiplication between the sides of the equation
locity ve
locity
get the object’s momentum.
Final ve

Initial

As the egg is dropping downward, it accelerates. A Based on the formulas you already know, what woll you get when
car that is moving horizontally can change its velocity, you multiple Force (F) with Time (t)? Correct! The impulse!
making it have an initial velocity (vi) and a finaly
velocity (vf) at any point.
Next, what will you get when you multiply mass (m)
with velocity (v)? You are brilliant! The momentum of
an object! In this xase, though, there is an initial and
a final momentum. Therefore, there was a change in
the momentum! The formula can now be written as :

chang
e in m o m e ntu m

SAMPLE
PROBLEM 1 :
PROBLEM :

RELATIONSHIP OF IMPULSE AND

PROBLEM 2:
MOMENTUM :

THE SCIENCE OF ROAD SAFETY :

PROBLEMS ON IMPULSE AND
MOMENTUM :
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF To indicate the change in velocity, we put an apostrophe

MOMENTUM :
symbol that is read as prime. This relationship between the
total initial momentum and the total final momentum of the
system is represented as :
In this section, we looked back at how an object (such as a
coin) can have an inherent momentum since it has mass
and velocity when it moves.
With Activity 68, you were inteoduced to the idea that when In symbols,
a moving coin that has momentum hits stationary coins that
do not have momentum, the momentum of the moving coin

SAMPLE PROBLEM :
will be transferred to another coin, and that coin can
transfer it to the next, until you see the coin at the other end
move on the direction of that momentum.

What these instances tell us is that the momentum of

objects is not lost when it hits another object that may or
may not have a momentum. The momentum is only
transferred to another body, or it is transformed into a
different form of energy.
This is called the law of conservation of momentum. Just
like other conservational laws, it states fhat rhe total
momentum of the objects before collision is the same as
the total momentum of the objects after the collision, and it
can be expressed mathematically as follows :

WHAT IS THE SCIENCE BEHIND

COLLISIONS? :
I am sure you remember what momentum is, but how is it
INELASTIC COLLISION :
conserved in a collision of objects that have separate
The second type of collision is inelastic collision. In this type
momentums? of collision, both the objects get deformed after the collision

ELASTIC COLLISION :
as they take on a new velocity.

This activity is an example of an elastic collision. The

basketball ball blunces back in the opposite direction
where its initial velocity is going.

The total momentum of the system is preserved after the

collision, and it can be explained using the following formula,
which is, by the way, similar to the formula for elastic
collision.
SAMPLE PROBLEM :

Since both sides of the equation resulted to 4,600 kg m/s

worth of momentum, It can be sakd that the momentum of the
system before the collision is conserved after the collision.
Now test yourself in this last form of collision by solving the
following similar problem!

PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION : IMPULSE - MOMENTUM THEOREM :

For the next, and last, type of collision, two bodies
are heading towards each ofher with their initial
momentums — perfectly inelastic

The relationship can be mathematically

SAMPLE PROBLEM :
put as follows :

SAMPLE PROBLEM :
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORK : If an object possesses energy because of its position or
configuration or structure, the object is said to have
potential energy (PE). An object put at a certain height
possesses gravitational potential energy. An object that
is stretched, compressed, or bent also possesses elastic

ENERGY :
potential energy.

If an object possesses energy because of its motion,

Energy is the capacity to do then, it is said to have kinetic energy (KE)
work. A body that has
energy can exert force on
another body to do work, as
your body had energy, and
it can exert force on a chair
to when you pull it from the
table so you can sit.

When you do work on an object, you change the object’s

overall energy. The stationary chair’s overall energy was
lower before you decided to pull it. The amount of change in
the chair’s energy is equal to the amount of work you did on
it.
Just like work, energy is also expressed in terms of joules
or ergs.

SAMPLE PROBLEM OF ENERGY : GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY :

SAMPLE PROBLEM ON POTENTIAL

ENERGY :

POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY : ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY :

As it may have been made clear, objects have Once you release your pull
innate forms of energy in them. The kind of or push on a rubber band
and a spring, they will
energy an object possesses depends on its
immediately transform
position, configuration or structure, and themselves into their
motion. original size and shape
because they have elestic PE
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY :

SAMPLE PROBLEM ON POTENTIAL

ENERGY :

SAMPLE PROBLEM ON MECHANICAL

ENERGY :