Senior High School

Core Subject

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
The Normal Distribution

SDOIN_Core_Q3_Stat_and_Prob_Module4
Statistics and Probability
Crafting-Resources-for-Accessible-and-Flexible-Teaching (CRAFT)
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Normal Distribution
First Edition, 2023
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Sara Z. Duterte
Undersecretary: Gina O. Gonong

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Raymar L. Tabrilla

Editor: Sherwin B. Soriano
Reviewers: James C. Verdadero
Anthony M. Yadao
Ronnel C. Tolentino
Illustrator: Joel P. Saladino
Layout Artist: Raymar L. Tabrilla
Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.
Joye D. Madalipay
Ursino C. Pascua
Jenetrix T. Tumaneng
Martina R. Agullana
Ritchelle B. Dejolde
Division Design & Layout Artist: Jannibal A. Lojero
Rey L. Miguel

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte
Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Senior High School

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
The Normal Distribution

MELCs:
1. Illustrates a normal random variable and its
characteristics. (M11/12SP-IIIc-1)
2. Identifies regions under the normal curve
corresponding to different standard normal values.
(M11/12SP-IIIc-3)
3. Converts a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable and vice versa. (M11/12SP-IIIc-4)
4. Computes probabilities and percentiles using the
standard normal table. (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1)

Prepared by:
RAYMAR LIBAO TABRILLA
SHS TEACHER II
Nagrebcan National High school
Introductory Message
This Contextualized Learning Module (CLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson with ease.

This CLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge on the lesson. This will
show you if you need to proceed in completing this module or if you need to ask your
facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the
end of this module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning.
Answer keys are provided for all activities and tests. We trust that you will be honest
in using them.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this CLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
Likewise, read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any question in using this CLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the concept of
the normal distribution. The scope of this module helps you to appreciate and
understand learning situations that can be used in a day-to-day basis experience.
The language used in this learning kit recognized the diverse vocabulary level of
students for a higher understanding of the lesson. The lessons were arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. However, the manner in which you read
them can be possibly changed to correspond with the textbook that you might be
using now. Thus, this module is divided into two lessons, respectively as follows:

 Lesson 1 – The Normal Distribution and Its Properties

 Lesson 2 – The Standard Normal Distribution

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics;
2. identify regions under the normal curve that correspond to different
standard normal values;
3. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice
versa; and
4. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
distribution.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What is another name for normal distribution?
A. Gaussian distribution
B. Poisson distribution
C. Bernoulli’s distribution
D. Probability distribution
2. What is the total area in the distribution under the normal curve?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
3. Which of the following is a parameter of normal distribution?
A. mean
B. standard deviation
C. mean and standard deviation
D. none of the above
4. The graph of a normal distribution is symmetrical about the ________.
A. mean
B. standard deviation
C. mean and standard deviation
D. none of the above
5. What percent of the area under a normal curve is within 2 standard deviations?
A. 68.3%
B. 95.4%
C. 99.7%
D. 100%
6. How many standard deviations are there in each inflection point?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
7. Which of the following letters denotes the standard normal distribution?
A. A
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
8. A random variable X has a mean of 12 and a standard deviation of 3.2. What is
the corresponding z-score for x = 8?
A. -1.25
B. -1.50
C. -1.75
D. -2.25
9.What is the area under the normal curve if the z-score given is 2.14?
A. 0.9830
B. 0.9834
C. 0.9838
D. 0.9842
10.What is the z-score if the area under the normal curve is 0.0475?
A. -1.66
B. -1.67
C. 1.66
D. 1.67
 Lesson The Normal Distribution
1 and Its Properties
The normal distribution is just one of the distributions to be discussed in this
course. It is also considered as the most important distribution in Statistics because
it fits many real-life situations. This lesson will bring us a deeper understanding of
the normal distribution and its characteristics.

What’s In

Directions: Complete the table by putting check as to AGREE or DISGAREE

on the corresponding columns for the following statements. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

STATEMENT AGREE DISAGREE

1. The normal curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.
2. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and
mode are of equal values.
3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer
to 0 on one side.
4. The normal curve is symmetrical about the mean.
5. The distance between the two inflection points of the
normal curve is equal to the value of the mean.

What is New

Before proceeding to our discussion, let us consider this activity that will give
us ideas about our lesson.

Consider the random event of tossing four coins once, then follow these steps:
1. List all the possible outcomes using the tree diagram.
2. Determine the sample space.
3. Determine the possible values of the random variables.
4. Assign probability values P(X) to each of the random variable.
5. Construct a probability histogram to describe the P(X).
Answer the following guide questions:
1. How many possible outcomes are there?
2. What composes the sample space?
3. How will you describe the histogram?

What is It

To give us a deeper understanding of the concept of the normal distribution,

let us learn more about its properties.

The following are the properties that can be observed from the graph of a
normal distribution, also known as Gaussian distribution.

1. The graph is a continuous curve and has a domain -∞ < X < ∞.

 This means that X may increase or decrease without bound.

2. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis. The value of the variable gets closer and
closer but will never be equal to 0.
 As the x gets larger and larger in the positive direction, the tail of the
curve approaches but will never touch the horizontal axis. The same thing
when the x gets larger and larger in the negative direction.

3. The highest point on the curve occurs at x = µ (mean).

 The mean (µ) indicates the highest peak of the curve and is found at the
center.
 Take note that the mean is denoted by this symbol µ and the standard
deviation is denoted by this symbol 𝜎 .
 The median and mode of the distribution are also found at the center of the
graph. This indicates that in a normal distribution, the mean, median and
mode are equal.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
 This means that the curve will have
balanced proportions when cut in
halves and the area under the curve
to the right of mean (50%) is equal to
the area under the curve to the left of
the mean (50%).
5. The total area in the normal distribution
under the curve is equal to 1.
 Since the mean divides the curve into halves, 50% of the area is to the right
and 50% to its left having a total of 100% or 1.
6. In general, the graph of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve with two
inflection points, one on the left and another on the right. Inflection points are the
points that mark the change in the curve’s concavity.
  Inflection point is the point at which a
change in the direction of curve at mean
minus standard deviation and mean
plus standard deviation.
 Note that each inflection point of the
normal curve is one standard deviation
away from the mean -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

7. Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule” (also called the 68 -
95 - 99.7% rule):
 about 68.3% of the area under the
curve falls within 1 standard deviation
of the mean

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

 about 95.4% of the area under the

curve falls within 2 standard
deviations of the mean

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

 about 99.7% of the area under the

curve falls within 3 standard
deviations of the mean.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Consider the following examples:

1. Suppose the mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 5, sketch a normal

curve for the distribution. This is how it would look like.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

45 50 55 60 65 70 75
 2. A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 45
and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate a normal curve and find the
probability of the following:

a. P (39 < X < 51) = 68.3% b. P (X > 45) = 50%

*Since the area covered is 1 standard * Since the area covered is half curve
of the deviation to the left and to the right.

c. P (33 < X < 63) = 97.55% d. P (X < 39) = 15.85%

What’s More

Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Write ND if the statement

describes the characteristic of a normal distribution, and NND if it does not describe
the characteristic of a normal distribution. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. The curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.

2. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are of equal values.
3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer to 0 on one side.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
5. The distance between the two inflection points of the normal curve is equal to
the value of the mean.
6. A normal distribution has a mean that is also equal to the standard deviation.
7. The two parameters of the normal distribution are the mean and the standard
deviation.
8. The normal curve can be described as asymptotic.
9. Two standard deviations away from the left and right of the mean is equal to
68.3%.
10. The area under the curve bounded by the x-axis is equal to 1.
 What I have Learned

Now that you have learned the concept of normal distribution, you may
proceed to the next activity.

Direction: Complete the given diagram below by filling up the necessary details
about normal distribution.

LIST 5 PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
State the empirical rule. Construct a normal curve.

What I Can Do

Directions: Make a sketch for each of the 3 areas under the normal curve as
stated in the empirical rule. Using a mosaic art, shade the area that corresponds to
the area under the normal curve. You may use eggshells, old magazines, dried leaves
or any materials available at home.
 Assessment
Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What is another name for normal distribution?
A. Gaussian distribution
B. Poisson distribution
C. Bernoulli’s distribution
D. Probability distribution
2. What is the total area in the distribution under the normal curve?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
3. Which of the following is a parameter of normal distribution?
A. mean
B. standard deviation
C. mean and standard deviation
D. none of the above
4. The graph of a normal distribution is symmetrical about the ________.
A. mean
B. standard deviation
C. mean and standard deviation
D. none of the above
5. What percent of the area under a normal curve is within 2 standard deviations?
A. 68.3%
B. 95.4%
C. 99.7%
D. 100%
6. How many standard deviations are there in each inflection point?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
7. Which of the following denotes the standard normal distribution?
A. A
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
8. Based on the empirical rule, the bell-shaped distribution will have
approximately 68% of the data within what number of Standard Deviations
from the mean?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
9. If the average age of retirement for the population in the Philippines is 65
years, with a standard deviation of 5 years, what is the approximate age
range in which 68% of people retire?
A. 60 – 70 years
B. 55 – 65 years
C. 55 – 60 years
D. 60 -65 years
10. If the mean and the standard deviation of a continuous random variable that
is normally distributed are 10 and 3 respectively, find an interval that contains
68% of the distribution.
A. [7, 13]
B. [4, 13]
C. [7, 16]
D. [3, 10]

Additional Activities

Distribution of Balls in a Quincunx

In this link, http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/quincunx.html, the webpage

will show a quincunx or "Galton Board" (named after Sir Francis Galton). This has a
triangular array of pegs wherein balls are dropped onto the top peg. Subsequently,
balls bounce their way down to the bottom where they are collected in little bins.
Each time a ball hits one of the pegs, it bounces either to the left or right with equal
probability. As a result, the number of pegs collecting in the bins form a bell-shaped
curve, especially as the number of rows (and bins) as well as the number of balls
increases.
 Identifying Regions under
Lesson Normal Curve Corresponds to
2 Different Standard Normal
Values

What’s In

Direction: On your answer sheets, write the area corresponding to the

shaded part of the normal curve.

1. 2.

3.

What is New
Directions: Observe the illustrations then answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

FIGURE A FIGURE B
Guide Questions:

1. What is the mean?

Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________

2. What is the standard deviation?

Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________

3. What is the area of the shaded region?

Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________

4. What did you do to identify the area of the shaded region?

Figure A: _______________________
Figure B: ______________________

5. Did you use the same method? _______________________

What is It

As mentioned earlier, normal variable is standardized by setting the mean to

0 and standard deviation to 1. This is for the purpose of simplifying the process in
approximating areas for normal curves. As shown below is the formula used to
manually compute the approximate area.

However, this formula is seldom used because a table was created to

summarize the approximate areas under the standard normal curve and to further
simplify the process. This table of probabilities is known as the z- table.

The z – Table

Let us get a closer look at the z-table. The outermost column and row
represent the z-values. The first two digits of the z-value are found in the leftmost
column and the last digit (hundredth place) is found on the first row.

Suppose the z-score is equal to 1.85, locate the first two digits 1.8 in the
leftmost column and the last digit, .05, can be located at the first row. Then find their
intersection which gives the corresponding area. Therefore, given z = 1.85, the area
is equal to 0.9678.
Other examples are as follow:

1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.67 Answer: 0.9962

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.29 Answer: 0.9015

3. Find the area that corresponds to z = 3 Answer: 0.9987

4. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 0.64 Answer: 0.2611

5. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 2.33 Answer: 0.0099

Note: The z-table used is the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the
Standard Normal Curve. Refer to the attachment on pages 19 and 20.

Now that you already know how to use the z-table to find the corresponding
area for the z-score, let us identify the regions under the normal curve that
corresponds to different standard normal values. In order to find the regions, a
probability notation is used.
 The probability notation P(a < Z < b) indicates that the z-value is between a
and b, P(Z > a) means z-value is above a and P(Z < a) means z-value is below a. It
would not matter whether we are considering P(Z < a) or P(Z ≤ a) or P(Z > a) or
P(Z ≥ a).

To illustrate, let us consider these examples:

1. Find the proportion of the area between z = -1.25 and 2.19, this can be expressed
as P(-1.25 < Z < 2.19), read as the probability that Z is greater than -1.25 but less
than 2.19.

Solution:

STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the

z - scores and shade.

STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the

z - scores in the z-table.
z = -1.25 has a corresponding area of
0.1056 z = 2.19 has a corresponding
area of 0.9857

STEP 3: If you are looking for the area between two z - scores, simply subtract the
corresponding areas to arrive at the answer. Therefore, 0.9857 - 0.1056 =
0.8801 and the P(-1.25 < Z < 2.19) = 0.8801 or 88.01%

2. Compute the probability using the standard normal curve.

a. P(Z < 1.67) = ______________

Solution:

STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the z - score

and shade.

STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score

in the z-table. z = 1.67 has a corresponding
area of 0.952516

STEP 3: If you are looking for a less than area, the area in the table is the answer,
therefore the P(Z < 1.67) = 0.9525 or 95.25%.

b. P(Z > -0.65) = ______________

Solution:

STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the z - score

and shade.

STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score in

the z-table. z = -0.65 has a corresponding area of
0.2578
STEP 3: If you are looking for a greater than area, the area in the table is subtracted
from 1, therefore, 1.0000 – 0.2578 = 0.7422 , and the P(Z > -0.65) = 0.7422
or 74.22%

The z- Score

The z-score is an essential component in standard normal distribution. This

allows us to describe a given set of data by finding the z-scores. This leads us to a
question of how z-scores are identified?

Given a normal random variable X with mean (µ) and standard deviation (𝜎),
each value of x of the variable can be transformed into z-scores using the formula,

To illustrate how the value of x can be converted in z-score, here are some examples.
The Percentile

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which

a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall.

Imagine you took a standardized test and you scored 91 at the 89th percentile.
This means that 89% of the examiners scored lower than 91 and 11% scored higher
than 91. This explains that 89th percentile is located where 89% of the total
population lies below and 11% lies above that point. To illustrate the 89th percentile
of the normal curve here are the steps:

1. Express the given percentage as probability, remember 89% is the same as 0.8900.

2. Using the z-table (Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal
Curve), locate the area of 0.8900.

3. There is no area corresponding exactly to 0.8900. It is between of 0.8888 with a

corresponding z - score of 1.22 and 0.8907 with a corresponding z - score of 1.23.
The nearest value to 0.8900 is 0.8888 and therefore, the distribution lies below
z = 1.22.

4. Construct a normal curve and shade the region to the left of 1.22.
Rex bookstore, 2018
Rex bookstore, 2018
 What’s More

Directions: Read the instructions given and write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

A. Complete the table by converting the given values into z-scores. Then find the
corresponding area using the z-table.

APPROXIMATE
GIVEN z-SCORE
AREA

1. x = 28 µ = 16 𝜎= 5

2. x = 68 µ = 75 𝜎=5

3. x = 1.72 µ = 1.6 𝜎 = 0.2

4. x = 24 µ = 38 𝜎=8

5. x = 50 µ = 45 𝜎=6

B. Compute the following probabilities using the standard normal curve. Construct
a curve then shade the region corresponding to the area.

1. P(Z > -1.53)

2. P(Z < 2.89)

3. P(-1.65 < Z < 2.15)

 What I have Learned
Now that you have learned the concept of standard normal distribution, you
may proceed to the next activity.

Direction: Complete the given diagram below by filling up the necessary details
about the steps in finding the probability using the standard normal curve and
finding the z-scores.

HOW TO FIND THE PROBABILITY HOW TO FIND THE Z-SCORE

USING THE STANDARD NORMAL
CURVE

STEP 1 STEP 1

STEP 2 STEP2

STEP 3 STEP 3

STEP 4
 What I Can Do

Directions: Analyze the problem below by providing a comprehensive answer

from the given question. Write the complete solution on your answer sheets.

The mean score and the standard deviation in the Statistics test are equal to
80 and 2.5 respectively, whereas in the Mathematics test the mean score is 70 and
the standard deviation is 2. If Liza got a score of 85 in Statistics and a score or 75 in
Mathematics in which subject is her standing better assuming normality in both
subjects?

Assessment

Directions: Choose the best answer and write the chosen letter on your answer
sheets.
1. Which of the following denotes the standard normal distribution?
A. A
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
2. Which of the following describes the standard normal distribution?
A. has a mean of zero (0) and a standard deviation of 1.
B. has a mean of 1 and a variance of zero (0).
C. has an area equal to 0.5.
D. cannot be used to approximate discrete probability distributions
3. What is the formula in finding the z-score?
A. 𝑧 = 𝑥− 𝜇
𝜎
B. 𝑧 = 𝜇− 𝑥
𝜎
C. 𝑧 = 𝜎− 𝜇
𝑥
D. 𝑧 = 𝑥− 𝜎
𝜇
4. A random variable X has a mean of 4 and a standard deviation of 2. What is
the corresponding z-score for x = 7?
A. 0.5
B. 1.0
C. 1.5
D. 2
5. What is the area if the z - score given is -1.83?
A. 0.0344
B. 0.0336
C. 0.0329
D. 0.0322
6. What is the z-value if the area is 0.9608?
A. -1.76
B. -1.77
C. 1.76
D. 1.77
7. Using the standard normal curve, what is the approximate area of
P(1.63 < Z < 2.79)?
A. 0.0049
B. 0.0490
C. 0.9484
D. 0.9974
8. The weights (in kg) of 11-STEM B follow a normal distribution and has a mean of
50 and a standard deviation of 5. How many students have weights greater than 57?
A. 1.4
B. 0.0808
C. 0.9192
D. 0.9332
9. What is the value of 97.5th percentile in a standard normal distribution?
A. -1.96
B. -1.97
C. 1.96
D. 1.97
10.What is the value of 67th percentile in a standard normal distribution?
A. -0.43
B. -0.44
C. 0.43
D. 0.44

Additional Activities

Directions: Analyze the problem below by providing a comprehensive answer from

the given question. Write the complete solution on your answer sheets.

The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed

with mean = 63 and standard deviation = 5. What is the 97.5th percentile?
WHAT’S NEW
1. Figure A: 45
Figure B : 0 ASSESSMENT
2. Figure A : 6
Figure b : 1 Lesson 2
3. Figure A: 68.3
Figure b: answer 1. D
may vary 2. A
3. A What’s in
4. Figure A: by
empirical rule 4. C 1. Agree
Figure b. by using 5. B 2. Agree
z-score 6. C 3. Disagree
5. no 7. B 4. Agree
8. B 5. Disagree
9. D Whats new
WHAT,S IN
10.
Lesson C
2 Lesson 1
1. 68.3% 1. 16 possible
2. 95.4% outcones
3. 99.7%
2. 0,1,2,3,4
3. The graph
ASSESSMENT WHAT’S MORE forms a
Lesson 1 curve
Lesson 1
1. ND
1. A 2. ND
2. B 3. NND WHAT I KNOW
3. B 4. ND
5. NND 1. A
4. D 6. NND 2. A
5. C 7. ND 3. B
6. B 8. ND
9. NND
4. C
7. C
10. ND 5. A
8. B
6. B
9. A
7. B
10. C
8. D
9. A
10. C
Answer Key
References

Belencia, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S., and Mateo, Efren Statistics
and Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI). 2016.

Melosantos, Luis Allan B., Antonio, Janice E., Robles, Susan S. and Bruce, Ryan
M. Math Connections in the Digital Age. Quezon City: Sibs
Publishing House, Inc. 2016.

http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/ranvar.htm,
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/random-variables.html
 For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

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