Integration by Algebraic

Substitution
Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Compute the antiderivative of a function

using algebraic substitution rule and table
of integrals (including those whose
antiderivatives involve logarithmic
functions) (STEM_BC11I-IVb-c-1).
2
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Illustrate integration by algebraic

substitution.
• Compute the antiderivative of a
function using algebraic
substitution.
3
 Integration Rules

Let us recall the different integration rules.

𝑛+1
𝑥
න𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 න𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
where 𝑎 is a real number where 𝑛 ≠ −1

Constant Multiple Theorem Sum or Difference Theorem

න𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± න𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4
Integration Rules

Integrals of Exponential
Functions
𝑥
Integral of Logarithmic
𝑎
𝑥
න𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, Functions
ln 𝑎
𝑥
where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1 නlog 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑏 + 𝐶,
𝑒
where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1
න𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

5
 Integration Rules

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

නcos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 නsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

නsec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 නcsc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

නsec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 නcsc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

6
 Integration Rules

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

නtan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 නcot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

නsec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 නcsc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −ln csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

7
 𝟏
Integral of
𝒙

There is another integration rule that we can

1
apply, which is ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬. The integration rule is as
follows.

𝟏
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙
8
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

The algebraic substitution is a method used in

evaluating integrals whose integrand cannot be
evaluated right away using the integration rules. In
this method, we manipulate the integrand by
substituting a variable so that we can reduce it
into an integrable function.
9
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Step 2: Step 3:
Step 1:
Evaluate Substitute
Rewrite the
𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 into
Integrand. න𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢.
the answer.

10
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Step 2: Step 3:
Step 1:
Evaluate Substitute
Rewrite the
𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 into
Integrand. න𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢.
the answer.

Algebraic Substitution Rule:

′
‫𝒖𝒅 )𝒖(𝒇 ׬ = 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒈] 𝒙 𝒈[𝒇 ׬‬
11
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Step 2: Step 3:
Step 1:
Evaluate Substitute
Rewrite the
𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 into
Integrand. න𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢.
the answer.

Evaluate ‫ 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑓 ׬‬using the antidifferentiation

rules discussed in the previous lessons.
12
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Step 2: Step 3:
Step 1:
Evaluate Substitute
Rewrite the
𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 into
Integrand. න𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢.
the answer.

After integrating in terms of the variable used for

substitution, turn it back to the original variable in the
integration process.
13
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Example 1:
Evaluate ‫ ׬‬2x − 4 8
dx.

14
 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Example 1:
Evaluate ‫ ׬‬2x − 4 8
dx.
𝟗
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒)
+𝑪
𝟏𝟖 15
Tips

The following are

some tips in
determining the
expression to be
substituted. 16
Tips

● Carefully observe the radicand (or the

whole radical expression in the function),
the base of an exponential expression
with constant exponents, or the
argument of logarithmic and
trigonometric functions. These are
usually given the first consideration.

17
Tips

● If the integrand is expressed

as a product or quotient of
two functions, determine if
one of them is the derivative
of the other.
18
 Let’s Practice!

𝟑
1. Evaluate ‫𝒙 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙.

19
 Let’s Practice!

𝟑
1. Evaluate ‫𝒙 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙.

𝟒
𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏
+𝑪
𝟖 20
Try It!

1. Evaluate
𝟐𝟒 𝟑
‫𝒙𝟑 ׬‬ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙.
21
Let’s Practice!

𝟓𝒙𝟐
2. Evaluate ‫𝒆𝒙 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.

22
Let’s Practice!

𝟓𝒙𝟐
2. Evaluate ‫𝒆𝒙 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.

𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝒆
+𝑪
𝟏𝟎
23
Try It!

2. Evaluate
𝟐 𝟑
𝒙 +𝟏
‫𝒆 𝒙׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.
24
Let’s Practice!

𝟑𝒙
3. Evaluate ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ׬‬+𝟒 𝒅𝒙.

25
 Let’s Practice!

𝟑𝒙
3. Evaluate ‫ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ׬‬+𝟒 𝒅𝒙.

𝟑 𝟐
𝐥𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝑪
𝟒
26
Try It!

3. Evaluate
𝟓
‫𝒙𝟐 ׬‬−𝟑 𝒅𝒙.
27
Let’s Practice!

𝟏
4. Evaluate ‫𝒙 𝐧𝐥 𝒙𝟑 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.

28
 Let’s Practice!

𝟏
4. Evaluate ‫𝒙 𝐧𝐥 𝒙𝟑 ׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.

𝟏
𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
29
Let’s Practice!

𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝒆−𝟐𝒙
5. Evaluate ‫𝒙𝟐𝒆 ׬‬+𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

30
Let’s Practice!

𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝒆−𝟐𝒙
5. Evaluate ‫𝒙𝟐𝒆 ׬‬+𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

𝟏 𝟐𝒙 −𝟐𝒙
𝐥𝐧 𝒆 + 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟐
31
Try It!

4. Evaluate
𝟐𝒙
𝒆 −𝒆−𝟐𝒙
‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙.
𝒆𝟐𝒙
32
 Check Your Understanding

Rewrite the following into the form ‫ 𝒖𝒅 𝒖 𝒇 ׬‬using the

given value of 𝒖.
1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 cos 3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 3𝑥 3
2. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥+5
3. ‫׬‬ 3 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 3
𝑥
𝑥
4. ‫(׬‬2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2)5 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2
2 −9
5. ‫׬‬ 5𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 9

33
 Check Your Understanding

Evaluate the following integrals.

2𝑥−1
1. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
2. ‫׬‬
(𝑥+1) ln(𝑥+1)
34
 Photo Credit Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early
Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early

Transcendental Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
Slide 2: Official volleyball signals - substitution by Zorro2212
is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins
College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York:

McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social
Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning, 2012.

35
 Integration by
Trigonometric
Substitution
Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
• Did you know that the Pythagorean theorem is
also useful in integration? One of the techniques
of integration that will be discussed in this lesson
is primarily derived from the consequences of
the Pythagorean theorem.
• Let us explore this technique and how it is
different from algebraic substitution.
37
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Compute the antiderivative of a function

using trigonometric substitution rule and
table of integrals (including those whose
antiderivatives involve inverse
trigonometric functions). (STEM_BC11I-IVb-
c-1)
38
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Illustrate trigonometric substitution rules

● Compute the antiderivative of a function by
trigonometric substitution.
● Compute integrals leading to inverse
trigonometric functions.
39
 Trigonometric Substitution

In trigonometric substitution, we transform

the integrand in terms of an angle 𝜃. The
substitutions to be utilized in this technique
are the expressions 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃,𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃,
and 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.

40
 Trigonometric Substitution

We use trigonometric substitution

when the integrand is a rational
function of a differentiable function 𝑢
and contains any of the following
radical expressions:
41
Trigonometric Substitution

Let 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽,
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝜋
where − ≤ 𝜃 ≤ .
𝜋
2 2

Let 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽,
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝜋
where − < 𝜃 < .
𝜋
2 2

Let 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽, where

𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝜋 𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜃 < or < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
2 2
42
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Integrals Leading to an Inverse Sine Function

If 𝑢 is a differentiable function and 𝑎 is a positive
constant, then we have the following formula.

𝒅𝒖 𝒖
න = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂
43
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 1:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ 2
.
9−𝑥

44
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 1:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ 2
.
9−𝑥
𝒙
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟑 45
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Integrals Leading to an Inverse Tangent Function

If 𝑢 is a differentiable function and 𝑎 is a positive
constant, then we have the following formula.

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
න 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒖 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
46
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 2:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ .
𝑥 2 +9

47
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 2:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ .
𝑥 2 +9
𝟏 𝒙
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑 48
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Integrals Leading to an Inverse Secant Function

If 𝑢 is a differentiable function and 𝑎 is a positive
constant, then we have the following formula.

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
න = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
49
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 3:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ .
𝑥 𝑥 2 −9

50
 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 3:
𝑑𝑥
Solve for ‫׬‬ .
𝑥 𝑥 2 −9
𝟏 𝒙
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑 51
Let’s Practice!

𝒅𝒙
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 .
𝟒𝒙 +𝟓

52
Let’s Practice!

𝒅𝒙
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 .
𝟒𝒙 +𝟓

𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓
53
Try It!

𝒅𝒙
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 .
𝟐𝟓𝒙 +𝟒

54
How do we use
trigonometric substitution
in computing for the
antiderivative of a
function?
55
How is algebraic
substitution related
to trigonometric
substitution?
56
 Check Your Understanding

Transform the following into a function ‫𝜽𝒅 𝜽 𝒇 ׬‬.

𝑑𝑥
1. න
𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
2. න
4𝑥 2 −6
𝑑𝑥
3. න
𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
57
 Check Your Understanding

Evaluate the following integrals.

𝑑𝑥
1. න
64 𝑥 −1

𝑑𝑥
2. ඲ 3
4−9𝑥 2 2

𝑥
3. න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +4 58
Bibliography

Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia:
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

59