Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

CHAPTER - 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONCRETE

Concrete, an artificial stone-like mass, is the composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips,
etc.), water, admixtures, etc in specific proportions. The strength and quality are dependent
on the mixing proportions.

The formula for producing concrete from its ingredients can be presented in the following
equation:

Concrete = Binding Material + Fine & Coarse Aggregate + Water + Admixture (optional)

Fig.1 - Concrete mixtures

Concrete is a very necessary and useful material for construction work. Once all the
ingredients -cement, aggregate, and water unit of measurement mixed inside the required
proportions, the cement and water begin a reaction with one another to bind themselves into a
hardened mass. This hardens the rock-like mass in the concrete.

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Fig.2 - Mixed concrete.

Concrete is powerful, easy to create, and can be formed into varied shapes and sizes. Besides
that, it is reasonable, low cost, and instantly mixed. It is designed to allow reliable and high-
quality fast-track construction. Structures designed with the concrete unit of measurement are
plenty durable and should be designed to face up to earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, and
tornadoes. This is an incredible advancement. With all the scientific advances there are in this
world, there still has not been a way of preventing nature's injury.

1.1.1 APPLICATION OF CONCRETE:

Concrete is an incredibly versatile material with numerous applications across various

industries. Some of the common applications of concrete include:

1. Construction: Concrete is extensively used in the construction industry for building

structures such as residential houses, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, roads,
and highways. Its strength, durability, and ability to withstand heavy loads make it an ideal
choice for constructing sturdy and long-lasting structures.

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2. Foundations: Concrete is widely used for constructing foundations of buildings and

structures. It provides a solid and stable base that can support the weight of the entire
structure. Reinforced concrete is often used in foundation construction to enhance its load-
bearing capacity.

3. Flooring: Concrete floors are popular in both residential and commercial settings. Polished
concrete floors are durable, easy to maintain, and can be customized with various finishes and
decorative treatments. They are commonly found in warehouses, garages, retail stores, and
homes.

4. Pavements and Sidewalks: Concrete is commonly used for constructing pavements,

sidewalks, and curbs. Its ability to withstand heavy traffic, resistance to cracking, and low
maintenance requirements make it an ideal choice for these applications.

5. Pre-cast Concrete Products: Concrete can be moulded into various shapes and sizes,
allowing to produce pre-cast concrete products. These include pre-cast beams, columns,
walls, pipes, railway sleepers, and other components. Pre-casting offers advantages such as
improved quality control, faster construction, and reduced on-site labour.

6. Water Management: Concrete plays a crucial role in water management systems. It is used
for constructing water tanks, reservoirs, canals, dams, and sewage treatment plants.
Concrete's impermeability helps to contain and control water effectively.

7. Coastal Protection: Due to its resistance to erosion from waves and saltwater, concrete is
often used for coastal protection structures such as seawalls, breakwaters, groynes, and
revetments. These structures help prevent coastal erosion and protect shorelines from the
damaging effects of waves and tides.

8. Environmental Structures: Concrete is used in the construction of environmental structures

like wastewater treatment plants, landfill sites, and containment structures for hazardous
materials. Concrete's durability and resistance to chemical degradation make it suitable for
containing and managing potentially harmful substances.

9. Decorative and Architectural Elements: Concrete can be used for creating aesthetically
pleasing architectural features such as decorative facades, textured walls, and unique
sculptures. It can be coloured, stamped, or engraved to achieve a wide range of artistic
effects.

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10. Infrastructure Rehabilitation: Concrete is also utilized in the repair and rehabilitation of
existing structures. Techniques such as concrete patching, overlaying, and strengthening are
employed to extend the lifespan and improve the structural integrity of aging infrastructure.

1.2 SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self-compacting concrete, is a highly flowable, deformable, non-segregating concrete that

spreads and fills in the formwork under its own weight. Flowability is maintained by using a
high range of water-reducing admixtures.

Stability (avoiding segregation) is increased by using admixtures or increasing the number of

fine aggregates in the plastic concrete. This also changes the viscosity of the mixture.

SCC has a more improved interface between aggregate and cement paste. It increases the
strength of concrete.

Self Compactibility = High Deformability + High Segregation-resistance

Self-compacting concrete can also be defined as a mix balancing the fluidity and resistance to
segregation where those two properties are conflicting with each other. A balanced
equilibrium should be maintained between them.

Fig.3 – Self compacting concrete

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

1.2.1 THINGS THAT MAKE GOOD SCC

 High flowability — It flows easily into the finest details of formwork or molds and
around reinforcing under its own weight. This is also called workability or filling
ability (meaning it fills a form easily).
 Passing ability — The ability to flow through tight spaces, like congested steel
reinforcing bars or narrow spots in the formwork.
 Stability — This is the big difference between SCC and simply wet, sloppy concrete.
Stability implies that even at very high slumps (or slump flows), the concrete doesn't
segregate; it remains homogenous and there is no separation of the aggregate from the
cement paste. There are actually two kinds of stability: Dynamic stability (meaning it
stays stable while being transported and placed) and static stability (meaning it stays
stable — the aggregate doesn't settle and it doesn't bleed excessively while it is in the
forms but not yet hardened).

Once hardened, SCC is not much different than conventional concrete. In fact, since we use
superplasticizers (high-range water reducers) to achieve the flowability and lots of fines, we
can often proportion the concrete for very low water-cement ratios and get very high
strengths and low permeability.

1.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE

The advantages of using concrete that flows into place virtually effortlessly are obvious to
anyone who works with concrete. We've been getting that kind of concrete for years by
adding water. Unfortunately, as we know, adding water decreases the concrete's strength and
leads to segregation.

The ultimate dream is being able to set up the forms then have the ready mix truck driver
come and fill them up with no other workers on the job site. That may never happen, but SCC
that has been properly proportioned and placed provides many advantages:

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

 Reduced labour since no vibration is needed for concrete in forms and little to no
screeding is needed for flatwork.
 No need to worry about how good the vibration is-a contractor who used SCC once
told me that the vibrator guys were always quitting on him; with SCC he didn't need
to worry about the skills of the operator.
 Faster construction since the concrete places so quickly-a truckload can be discharged
in as little as one minute!
 Extremely good finished surface quality — SCC can take on nearly a mirror-like
surface and can produce concrete with very fine detail. This is really advantageous
with sculptures and is why precasters love it so much. It can even flow into negative
draft areas.

 Simpler to detail the reinforcing steel, since it can be fairly congested and still get
completely filled with concrete.
 Quieter job sites or pre-casting shops since there is no vibrator noise. If you've ever
been in a pre-casting plant when the vibrators are turned on you know what I mean.
 Increased safety since vibrator operators aren't up on the forms or dragging hoses and
cords around the site, and there is less noise.

1.2.3 Applications of Self Compacting Concrete:

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a specialized type of concrete that possesses the ability to
flow and compact under its own weight without the need for external vibration. This unique
property makes SCC suitable for a wide range of applications. Here are some common
applications of self-compacting concrete:

High-rise buildings: SCC is often used in tall structures where concrete placement and
compaction can be challenging due to restricted access or congested reinforcement. Its self-
compacting nature ensures that it can flow and fill the formwork without the need for manual
compaction.

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

2. Architectural concrete: SCC is widely employed in architectural applications where a

smooth and aesthetically pleasing finish is desired. It can easily fill intricate and complex
formwork, resulting in a high-quality surface finish with minimal or no air voids.

3. Precast concrete elements: SCC is extensively used in the production of precast concrete
elements such as beams, columns, walls, and facades. The ability to flow and fill the moulds
without segregation ensures uniformity and consistency in the finished products.

4. Bridge construction: SCC is beneficial for constructing bridge components such as bridge
decks, abutments, and piers. Its self-compacting property enables it to flow around congested
reinforcement, ensuring proper consolidation and durability.

5. Tunnel linings: SCC is suitable for tunnel construction, particularly in situations where
manual compaction is challenging or not feasible. It can flow easily around complex
reinforcement arrangements and provide a high-quality finish for tunnel linings.

6.Repair and rehabilitation: SCC can be used for repair and rehabilitation projects where it
needs to be poured into congested spaces, such as filling cracks and repairing damaged
concrete structures. Its ability to self-compact ensures proper filling and bonding with the
existing concrete.

7. Industrial flooring: SCC is used for industrial flooring applications where a smooth, flat,
and durable surface is required. Its self-levelling ability helps in achieving a high-quality
floor finish with enhanced durability and reduced maintenance requirements.

8. Mass concrete structures: SCC is suitable for large-scale concrete placements, such as
dams, foundations, and retaining walls, where achieving proper compaction manually is
challenging. It ensures uniformity, reduced labour, and improved construction efficiency.

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1.3 Fibre reinforced concrete:

Fibre-reinforced concrete or fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous
material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibres that are
uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibres include steel fibres, glass
fibres, synthetic fibres and natural fibres – each of which lend varying properties to the
concrete. In addition, the character of fibre-reinforced concrete changes with varying
concretes, fibre materials, geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities.

FRC finds applications in a wide range of structures, including bridges, tunnels, pavements,
industrial floors, precast elements, and shotcrete applications. The type and dosage of fibres
used depend on the specific requirements of the project and the desired performance
characteristics.

It is important to note that the design and application of FRC should adhere to relevant
industry standards, guidelines, and local regulations to ensure proper fibre dispersion, mix
proportions, and overall structural integrity. Proper quality control measures and testing
should also be implemented to ensure the desired performance of the fibre

reinforced concrete.

Fig.4 - Fibre-reinforced concrete

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

1.3.1 APPLICATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE:

FRC can be used in a wide range of applications, including:

1. Industrial flooring: FRC can be used in industrial flooring because of its excellent strength,
durability, and abrasion resistance. The fibres help to reduce cracking and increase the
flexural strength of the concrete, making it suitable for high traffic areas.

2. Precast products: FRC can be used to make precast products such as pipes, manholes, and
retaining walls. The fibres help to improve the toughness and durability of the products,
making them more resistant to cracking and impact.

3. Bridge decks: FRC can be used in bridge decks to increase the durability and resistance to
cracking caused by freeze-thaw cycles and heavy traffic loads. The fibres help to improve the
flexural strength and toughness of the concrete, making it more resistant to cracking.

4. Shotcrete: FRC can be used in shotcrete applications for tunnels, retaining walls, and other
structures. The fibres help to improve the bond between the concrete and the substrate, reduce
shrinkage and cracking, and improve the impact resistance.

5. Architectural applications: FRC can be used in architectural applications such as facades,

cladding, and decorative elements. The fibres can be used to create unique textures and
finishes, while also improving the strength and durability of the concrete.

1.3.2 TYPES OF FIBER RENFORCED

1.3.2.1 Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete

A number of steel fibre types are available as reinforcement. Round steel fibre the commonly
used type are produced by cutting round wire in to short length. The typical diameter lies in
the range of 0.25 to 0.75mm. Steel fibres having a rectangular c/s are produced by silting the
sheets about 0.25mm thick. Fibre made from mild steel drawn wire. Conforming to IS:280-
1976 with the diameter of wire varying from 0.3 to 0.5mm have been practically used in
India. Round steel fibres are produced by cutting or chopping the wire, flat sheet fibres
having a typical c/s ranging from 0.15 to 0.41mm in thickness and 0.25 to 0.90mm in width
are produced by silting flat sheets. Deformed fibre, which are loosely bounded with water-
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soluble glue in the form of a bundle are also available. Since individual fibres tend to cluster
together, their uniform distribution in the matrix is often difficult. This may be avoided by
adding fibres bundles, which separate during the mixing process.

Fig.5 - Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete

APPLICATION OF STEEL FIBRE IN SCC:

1. Crack control: Steel fibres help in controlling crack propagation in SCC by distributing the
tensile stresses more evenly. The fibres act as tiny reinforcement throughout the concrete
matrix, resisting crack formation and limiting their width and length. This significantly
improves the durability and service life of the structure.

2. Enhanced toughness: The addition of steel fibres in SCC improves its toughness and
ductility. SCC reinforced with steel fibres exhibits improved resistance to impact, blast, and
seismic loads. This is particularly beneficial in applications where high energy absorption and
crack resistance are required, such as tunnel linings, bridge decks, and industrial floors.

3. Structural reinforcement: Steel fibres provide additional reinforcement to SCC structures,

reducing the reliance on traditional steel reinforcement. This can simplify the construction
process and reduce costs. The fibres act as a three-dimensional reinforcement system,
enhancing the structural capacity of the concrete and improving its load-carrying capacity.

4. Improved post-cracking behaviour: Steel fibres help to maintain the integrity and stability
of SCC even after cracking. The fibres bridge across cracks, effectively transferring loads and
preventing further crack propagation. This post-cracking behaviour is crucial for applications
where residual strength and structural integrity are essential, such as precast elements and
tunnel linings.
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5. Reduced shrinkage and settlement cracking: SCC containing steel fibres exhibits reduced
shrinkage and settlement cracking due to the improved tensile properties. The fibres
minimize the formation of micro-cracks caused by drying shrinkage and plastic settlement,
resulting in a more durable and aesthetically pleasing concrete surface.

1.3.2.2 Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced (PFR) cement mortar and concrete

Polypropylene is one of the cheapest & abundantly available polymers polypropylene fibres
are resistant to most chemical & it would be cementitious matrix which would deteriorate
first under aggressive chemical attack. Its melting point is high (about 165 degrees
centigrade). So that a working temp. As (100 degree centigrade) may be sustained for short
periods without detriment to fibre properties. Polypropylene fibres being hydrophobic can be
easily mixed as they do not need lengthy contact during mixing and only need to be evenly
distressed in the mix. Polypropylene short fibres in small volume fractions between 0.5 to 15
commercially used in concrete.

Fig.6 - Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced (PFR) cement mortar and concrete.

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APPLICATION POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED:

Polypropylene fibre-reinforced materials have various applications across different industries

due to their desirable properties. Here are some common applications of polypropylene fibre-
reinforced materials:

1. Concrete Reinforcement: Polypropylene fibres can be added to concrete to enhance its

strength, durability, and crack resistance. The fibres distribute throughout the concrete
matrix, reducing the formation and propagation of cracks and increasing the tensile and
flexural strength of the material. Polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete is commonly used
in construction projects such as pavements, industrial floors, precast elements, and shotcrete
applications.

2. Geotextiles: Polypropylene fibres are used in the manufacturing of geotextiles, which are
permeable fabrics used in civil engineering applications. Geotextiles made from
polypropylene fibres provide excellent soil stabilization, erosion control, and filtration
properties. They are used in applications such as road construction, embankments, drainage
systems, and landfills.

3. Nonwoven Fabrics: Polypropylene fibres are widely used in the production of nonwoven
fabrics. These fabrics are used in various applications such as hygiene products (diapers,
sanitary napkins), medical textiles, geotextiles, filtration media, automotive interiors, and
packaging materials. Polypropylene fibres offer advantages like high strength, low density,
moisture resistance, and thermal stability, making them suitable for nonwoven applications.

4. Automotive Components: Polypropylene fibre-reinforced composites are utilized in the

automotive industry for manufacturing lightweight components. These composites offer
excellent mechanical properties, impact resistance, and dimensional stability. They are used
to produce parts such as interior trim panels, door panels, instrument panels, and underbody
shields, contributing to weight reduction and improved fuel efficiency.

5. Textiles and Apparel: Polypropylene fibres are employed in textile and apparel
applications, including sportswear, activewear, thermal wear, and outdoor clothing. The
fibres provide moisture-wicking properties, quick drying, and breathability, making them
suitable for performance-oriented fabrics. Polypropylene fibres are also used in carpeting and
upholstery fabrics due to their resistance to staining, fading, and abrasion.

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6. Filtration Media: Polypropylene fibres are commonly used in the production of filtration
media. The fibres fine denier and high surface area allow efficient filtration of particles and
contaminants. Polypropylene filters are used in air filtration systems, water treatment
processes, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food processing industries.

7. Packaging Materials: Polypropylene fibres and films are utilized in packaging applications,
including bags, sacks, wrapping materials, and flexible packaging. Polypropylene's high
tensile strength, tear resistance, and moisture resistance make it suitable for protecting and
preserving various products during storage and transportation.

1.3.2.3 GFRC - Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Glass fibre is made up of 200-400 individual filaments which are lightly bonded to make up a
stand. These stands can be chopped into various lengths or combined to make cloth mats or
tape. Using the conventional mixing techniques for normal concrete it is not possible to mix
more than about 2% (by volume) of fibres of a length of 25mm. The major appliance of glass
fibre has been in reinforcing the cement or mortar matrices used in the production of thin-
sheet products. The commonly used verities of glass fibres are e-glass used. In the reinforced
of plastics & AR glass E-glass has inadequate resistance to alkalis present in Portland
cement where AR-glass has improved alkali-resistant characteristics. Sometimes polymers
are also added in the mixes to improve some physical properties such as moisture movement.

Fig.7 - GFRC - Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete.

APPLICATION OF GFRC IN SCC:

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GFRC (Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete) and SCC (Self-Consolidating Concrete) are two
distinct technologies used in the field of concrete construction. GFRC is a composite material
that consists of cement, fine aggregate, water, admixtures, and alkali-resistant glass fibres.
SCC, on the other hand, is a high-performance concrete that can flow and fill formwork
under its own weight without the need for mechanical consolidation.

While GFRC and SCC are often used independently, there are applications where they can be
combined to take advantage of their individual benefits. Here are some potential
applications of GFRC in SCC:

1. Architectural Facades: GFRC is commonly used in architectural facades due to its

versatility in creating intricate shapes, textures, and designs. By incorporating GFRC into
SCC, the material can be easily poured into complex formwork without the need for vibration
or consolidation, resulting in a smooth and seamless finish.

2. Decorative Elements: SCC with GFRC can be used to create decorative elements such as
ornamental panels, cornices, column covers, and balustrades. The fluidity of SCC allows for
easy casting of these intricate elements, while the addition of GFRC provides strength and
durability.

3. Lightweight Structures: GFRC is known for its lightweight properties, which makes it
suitable for applications where weight reduction is desired. By using SCC with GFRC,
lightweight structures such as cladding panels, partition walls, and precast elements can be
efficiently manufactured and installed.

4. Precast Concrete Products: SCC with GFRC can be used in the production of precast
concrete products, including countertops, sinks, bathtubs, and furniture. The self-
consolidating properties of SCC ensure that the concrete flows easily into intricate moulds,
while the addition of GFRC enhances the strength and crack resistance of the final product.

5. Restoration and Rehabilitation: GFRC is often used in the restoration and rehabilitation of
historical structures due to its ability to replicate intricate architectural details. When
combined with SCC, it allows for efficient and accurate casting of replacement elements,
such as decorative mouldings, ornaments, and statues.

1.3.2.4 Asbestos Fibres

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The naturally available inexpensive mineral fibre, asbestos, has been successfully combined
with Portland cement paste to form a widely used product called asbestos cement. Asbestos
fibres here thermal mechanical & chemical resistance making them suitable for sheet product
pipes, tiles, and corrugated roofing elements. Asbestos cement board is approximately two or
four times that of unreinforced matrix. However, due to relatively short length (10mm) the
fibre has low impact strength.

Fig.8 - Asbestos Fibres

DRAWBACK OF ASBESTOS FIBRE IN SCC:

 Asbestos fibers are no longer recommended or approved for use in any industry due to
their well-documented health risks. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that was
once widely used in various applications due to its heat resistance, strength, and
insulating properties. However, it has been proven to cause serious health issues,
including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis.
 Given the harmful nature of asbestos, it is strongly advised against using asbestos
fibers in any context, including self-compacting concrete (SCC). SCC is a high-
performance concrete that flows easily into place without the need for vibration,
offering enhanced durability and improved construction efficiency. While SCC is
commonly used in construction projects, the use of asbestos fibers within it is neither
recommended nor permitted.

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 To ensure safety and compliance with regulations, it is essential to follow established

guidelines and use alternative materials that do not pose health risks. Numerous fiber
types can be used in SCC to improve its properties, such as polypropylene fibers, steel
fibers, glass fibers, or synthetic fibers. These materials can provide reinforcement,
control cracking, and enhance the mechanical properties of SCC, while maintaining a
safe working environment for construction workers and occupants of the structures.
 Always consult local regulations and industry standards to determine the appropriate
materials to use in SCC, ensuring the highest level of safety for everyone involved.

1.3.2.5 Carbon Fibres

Carbon fibres from the most recent & probability the most spectacular addition to the range
of fibre available for commercial use. Carbon fibre comes under the very high modulus of
elasticity and flexural strength. These are expansive. Their strength & stiffness characteristics
have been found to be superior even to those of steel. But they are more vulnerable to damage
than even glass fibre, and hence are generally treated with resign coating.

Fig.9 - Carbon Fibres

APPLICATIONS OF USING CARBON FIBRE IN SCC:

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1. Structural reinforcement: Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars or grids can be

embedded in self-compacting concrete elements, such as beams, columns, and slabs, to
increase their flexural and shear strength. CFRP reinforcement offers high strength-to-weight
ratio, corrosion resistance, and excellent bonding characteristics with concrete.

2. Crack control and prevention: Self-compacting concrete is known for its ability to flow and
fill complex forms without the need for vibration. However, it may still experience cracking
due to shrinkage, temperature changes, or external loads. By incorporating carbon fiber into
SCC, it can help control and limit crack propagation, enhancing the durability and long-term
performance of the concrete.

3. Impact resistance: Carbon fibre can improve the impact resistance of self-compacting
concrete structures. By adding carbon fibre into SCC mixes, the resulting composite material
can exhibit higher energy absorption capabilities, making it suitable for applications where
impact loads may be a concern, such as blast-resistant structures or high-traffic areas.

4. Reinforcement of thin sections: Self-compacting concrete is particularly useful for casting

thin and complex shapes. However, these thin sections may be prone to cracking and
inadequate load-bearing capacity. Carbon fibre can be used to reinforce these elements,
providing additional strength, and reducing the risk of failure.

5. Prestressing applications: Carbon fibre strands or tendons can be used in self-compacting

concrete elements for prestressing purposes. This technique allows for the creation of pre-
tensioned or post-tensioned SCC members, which can increase the load-carrying capacity and
overall performance of the structure.

1.3.2.6 Sisal fibres

Sisal fibre is derived from an agave, Agave sisalana. It is valued for cordage because of its
strength, durability, ability to stretch, affinity for certain dyestuffs, and, like coir, it is
resistant to deterioration in saltwater. The higher-grade fibre is converted into yarns for the
carpet industry converted into yarns for the mat industry.

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Fig.10 - Sisal fibres

APPLICATION OF SISAL FIBRE IN SCC:

1. Crack control: Sisal fibres can effectively control cracking in SCC. The fibres provide
additional tensile strength and prevent crack propagation, resulting in improved durability
and reduced maintenance requirements.

2. Impact resistance: Incorporating sisal fibres in SCC enhances its impact resistance. The
fibres act as energy absorbers and dissipate impact forces, making the concrete more resistant
to sudden loads or impacts.

3. Shrinkage and creep reduction: Sisal fibres can mitigate shrinkage and creep in SCC.
These fibres restrain the plastic and drying shrinkage of concrete, reducing the likelihood of
cracks and minimizing deformation over time.

4. Increased ductility: The addition of sisal fibres improves the ductility of SCC. The fibres
bridge across cracks, distributing stress and enhancing the concrete's ability to undergo
deformation without brittle failure.

5. Fire resistance: Sisal fibres offer good fire resistance properties when incorporated into
SCC. They can slow down the rate of temperature rise within the concrete, providing
additional protection to the underlying structural elements.

6. Sustainability: Sisal fibres are a natural and renewable resource, making them an
environmentally friendly choice for reinforcement in SCC. Their use reduces the reliance on

non-renewable materials like steel and contributes to sustainable construction practices.

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CHAPTER - 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEWS
Sir Ved Amonkar and group of research people come across an experimental investigation
on “Properties of high-volume fly ash high strength self-compacting concrete with steel
fibers to achieve the target strength 60Mpa i.e., M60”. To achieve this they used cement
of 53 grade, river sand as fine aggregate, 12.5mm down size as coarse aggregate, mineral
admixture such as coarse aggregate, mineral admixture such as fly ash and super plasticizer
as chemical admixture and mainly they used steel fiber of length 25mm and thickness
0.75mm. They carried out the mix proportion for SCC based on “Nan-Su Method”, were in
the volume ratio of aggregate was 52-58%, void ratio of loose aggregate was in the range of
42-48%, fine aggregate was greater than 38% of total volume and coarse aggregate was in the
range of 28-35% of the total volume. Some test were conducted such as slump flow, V-
funnel, U-box & L-box test to determine the variation in workability, compressive strength,
flexural strength, and it was noted that passing ability and flowability considerably reduced
with the inclusion of steel fiber in the mix, their was a marginal increase in the compressive
strength with increase in percentage of steel fiber 1.5% of volume fraction and flexural
strength increased significantly with addition of steel fiber. The maximum flexural strength
of 7.27N/mm2 as observed for 1.5% volume fraction of steel fiber, for 1.5% volume fraction
of steel fiber 33.91% increase in flexural strength was observed from reference mix

Sir sheik Jaruna began, and group of research people come across a “Study on effects of
steel fiber in fly ash based self-compacting concrete to achieve the target strength of
55Mpa i.e. M55”. To attain this strength, they used 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, river
sand as fine aggregate, crushed granite as coarse aggregate, fly ash as mineral admixture,
GLENIUM B233 super plasticizer as chemical admixture and steel fiber of diameter
0.925mm and strength 960N/mm2. The carried out the mix proportion such that, it was made
with 360Kg cement, 240Kg fly ash, fine aggregate 670Kg, coarse aggregate and with
specified amount of admixture, water and fiber. Test were conducted to determine the
compressive and split tensile strength of the mix, Slump flow test, V-funnel test, U-box test,
L-box test were conducted. It is observed that, the usage of high volume of fly ash reduce the
requirement of super plasticizer in developing the SCC mix, strength increases noticeably

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with increases form 10.94 to 13.73%, 11.68 to 15.05% & 11.84 to 14.75% in case of the mic
with 0,0.5,1% fiber content respectively w.r.t 28 days strength, split tensile strength increase
from 2.13 to 2.93%, 1.98 to 2.72% and 1.90 to 3.23 with mix of 0,0.5,1% fiber content
respectively w.r.t 28. Days strength.

V.Jyosna Devi, P.J.D.Anjineyulu, U.Ranga Raju, M.K.M.V.Rathnam, In this

experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The
main objective of this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC)
which flows under its own weight and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork
and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self Compacting High Strength Concrete
produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and Polycarboxylatether base
superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash
into the concrete were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively.
Water/cement ratio was 0.29. Flexural strength test were made on hardened concrete
specimens, the significant improvement in flexural strengths is observed with the inclusion of
steel fibres in the plain concrete, the flexural strength increase with increase in the percentage
of fiber content up to certain limit, the optimum fiber content for increase in flexural strength
is 3.5%, the flexural strength of concrete increasing with fibres content. The maximum value
of flexural strength gives the WSF at 3.5 % fibres content.

M Ouchi, Hajime Okamura (1997), the above authors are reported the “Effect of Super
Plasticizers [SP] on the flowability and viscosity of Self Compacting Concrete”. From the
results obtained from the experimental investigations, they have proposed an index for the
effect of Super Plasticizer on the flowability and the viscosity for obtaining self-compact
ability. This index is very useful for calculating the quantity of the Super Plasticizer for
proper viscosity and flowability of SCC by one set of results. Raghu Prasad P.S. et al. (2004)
According these authors both initial and final setting times are getting delayed because of
using of the admixtures. This is due to the slow pozzolanic reaction caused by the addition of
some admixtures. they report that this type of delayed setting sometimes beneficial during the
concreting in hot weather. There will be considerable strength development for blended
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cements and concretes for longer periods beyond 28 days. This results in the reduction of
corrosion of reinforcement in concrete.

Jagadish Vengala , developed a sequential procedure for achieving SCC. Fifteen mixes
were investigated, maintaining w/c ratio and super-plasticizer dosage constant for all
excepting for the initial mixes. To obtain the required flow in SCC fly ash replacement of 5,
10, 15, 20 and 25 percent respectively of coarse aggregate was adopted. A VMA was also
tried in different dosages to stabilize the mix. Slump flow test and L-box tests as
recommended in literature were carried out to obtain the properties of flow ability and
workability of fresh concrete. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete were also
investigated in terms of compressive strength. The results indicated that using the sequential
procedure developed, SCC could be achieved successfully. It was reported that VMA may
not be strictly necessary for making SCC.

Vinayak B. Jatale, In this experimental study the changes on some “Mechanical properties
of self compacting concrete specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and
steel fibres”. were investigated. The main objective of this is to obtain ductile Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight and
homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested
reinforcement. The Self Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume,
metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of
steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0
%. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and
10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29. Compressive
strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens, the
significant improvement in various strengths is observed with the inclusion of steel fibres in
the plain concrete, the compressive strength and the flexural strength increase with increase
in the percentage of fiber content up to certain limit, the optimum fiber content for increase in
compressive and split tensile strength is 3.5%, compressive strength and split tensile strength
of concrete increasing with fibres content. The maximum value of compressive strength gives
the WSF, and split tensile strength gives FSF at 3.5 % fibres content.

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

Vast literature extension fibre reinforced normal cement concrete as well as on self-
compacting concrete and brief review is presented here DR MUHANED ,SHALLALAND
SALLAL R, ALOWAISY studied the “Influence of steel fibre on shear strength by
performing push off tests steel fibres”, were include along with stirrups crossing the shear
plane 0.0%,,0.5%,1% of steel fibres were used . The results indicated that the use of 1.0% of
steel fibres, can replace part of stirrups without Corresponding on shear strength and ductility
, the construction industry in INDIA at present is using self compacting concrete for all major
works .in rhe present work M60 high strength concrete have been selected . the compressive
and shear strength are determined and 0.0,0.5,1,1.5 percentage of crimped steel fibres in the
present Work. CHANDRASHEKARAMURTHY have determined the compressive and shear
strength in a similar manner for m60 grade . the main objective of this work is to get a
compressive idea of compressive strength and shear strength.

SONEBI ETAL, reported the “Structural performance of full scale beams cast using
ordinary concrete and SCC with steel fibres” a total of eight beams of class C35 and C60
were cast and tested his investigation showed that the ultimate moment capacity of scc60
beam was comparable with RC 60 beams . the maximum deflection of SCC 60 beam was
higher than that of RC beam, MOWEF NEHDI and JENNIFIER DEQUTTE LADANCHUK
investigated the effects of fibre combinations on the workability and ability of SCC to flow
around obstructions its compressive flexural strength flexural toughness and post first check
behaviour this aim were to optimize fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete mixtures but
results to identify the synergistic effects of hybrid fibres in FRSCC that can serve for such
optimisation in future . this investigation shows that all mixtures containing only one type of
steel fibre, this is probably because fibres with different shapes and length could better the
micro mechanics of crack formation different strain levels than single type of fibres.

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

From studying the above literature survey we came to know that use of fibre in SCC enhance
the tensile strength, delays tension crack due to heat of hydration of most cement fibres
impart the ductility property to the mix which enables it to carry the loads even after the
cracks are developed and their by increasing the toughness of Self compacting concrete.

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CHAPTER - 3

3. OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the flow characteristics of high strength steel fibre reinforced self-
compacting concrete.

2. To determine the harden properties of high strength steel fibre reinforced self-compacting
concrete.

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CHAPTER - 4

4. METHODOLGY

MATERIAL COLLECTION

EXAMINING OF MATERIALS

CALCULATION OF MIX DESIGN

FRESH CONCRETE TEST

SLUMP FLOW V FUNNEL L BOX TEST J RING TEST

AND T50CM TEST
TEST

CASTING

CURING AND TESTING OF HARDENED

CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE FLEXURAL FATIGUE TEST

STRENGTH STRENGTH
TEST TEST TEST

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

4.1 Material collection:

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4.1.1 Cement

A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cements used in construction are
usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, which can be characterized
as hydraulic or the less common non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set
in the presence of water.

Fig.12 – Cement

4.1.2 Sand

Sand is commonly used in construction, often providing bulk, strength, and stability to other
materials such as asphalt, concrete, mortar, render, cement, and screed. This book presents
recent advances in the sand in construction techniques with special emphasis on
contemporary issues in non-destructive testing (NDT) and evaluation.

Fig.13 - Sand

4.1.3 Coarse aggregate

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Coarse aggregates refer to irregular and granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed
stone, and are used for making concrete. In most cases, Coarse is naturally occurring and can
be obtained by blasting quarries or crushing them by hand or crushers. It is imperative to
wash them before using them for producing concrete. Their angularity and strength affect the
concrete in numerous ways.

Fig.14 – Coarse aggregate

4.1.4 Water

Water is one of the most important elements in construction and is required for the
preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and for curing work etc. The quality of
water used has a direct impact on the strength of the motor and cement concrete in the
construction work.

Fig.15 – Water

4.1.5 Admixtures
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Admixtures are ingredients that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during
mixing. They confer certain beneficial effects to concrete, including frost resistance, sulphate
resistance, controlled setting and hardening, improved workability, increased strength.

Fig.16 – Silica fume admixture

4.1.6 Fiber

Fibres are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying
shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water.
Some types of fibres produce greater impact, abrasion, and shatter resistance in concrete.

Fig.17 - Fiber

4.2 Materials Testing

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

4.2.1 Tests Conducted on Cement

The grade of cement used is PPC. Various tests on cement were executed
to check the strength and quality of cement which is utilized in the construction.
Thereby, it helps out to recognize utilization of cement for various purposes
based on its durability performance.

Following are some of the tests which are conducted on cement:

I. Fineness test

II. Standard Consistency test

III. Setting time test

IV. Specific gravity Test

4.2.1.1. Fineness Test

This test is used to determine the fineness of cement particle. The
fineness of cement is the responsible for occurring rate of hydration & rate of
strength gaining. If Fineness is more in the cement particle more will be the
surface area and strength development will be faster. The cement fineness can be
determined by,

a. Sieve test

b. Air permeability test

We have used sieve test to determine the fineness of cement particle.

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

Fig.18 – Fineness test

Sieve test:

Take accurately weighed 100 gms of cement, breakdown the air set lumps in the
cement sample with fingers and keep it on a standard 90 micron I.S sieve.
Cement is sieved continuously in a circular and vertical motion for 15 minutes
and then remainder which is left out on the sieve is weighed and then determines
the percentage of residue, it should not go beyond 10 percent for ordinary
cement.

4.2.1.2 Standard Consistency Test

Fig.19 – Standard consistency test

Standard consistency is parameter which is used to determining the initial
setting time, final setting time, and, soundness of cement and strength of the
cement. The main object of test is to determine the water quantity to be add in
order to get a standard paste of Normal consistency with the aid of Vicat

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apparatus and this standard consistency of cement is use to fix amount of water to
be mixed with cement material before conducting other tests on cement. The
particular percentage of water corresponding to 33 to 35mm depth of penetration
gives the standard consistency.

4.2.1.3 Setting Time Test

Fig.20 – Setting time test

Setting time is necessary that cement can set neither too rapidly nor too
slowly. An arbitrary division has made for the setting time of cement as initial
setting time and final setting time. Setting time test is determining by using Vicat
apparatus. Initial Setting Time: It is time at when cement starting to lose its state
of plasticity. Period elapsing b/w time at when addition of water to cement and
time at which needle passes through test block to a depth which is equal to 33 -
35mm from top is take as initial setting time. It is helpful in determining the time
necessary for the concreting process, i.e., transportation, placing and compaction
of concrete. For PPC, usually Initial setting time value is usually 30 minutes
Final setting time: It is time at when cement completely loses its state of
plasticity. The period elapsing between the times when water is added to Cement
and time at when cement paste completely loses its plasticity state and has
achieved sufficient firmness to withstand certain amount of pressure. This test of
cement is helpful to determine the safe removal time of side of form or
scaffolding of concrete. For PPC, usually final setting time value is 10 hours.

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4.2.1.4 Specific Gravity Test

Fig.21 – Specific gravity test

Specific gravity of cement is defined as ratio of the mass of volume of
material to equal volume of Water at particular temperature. One of the methods
of finding specific gravity of cement is by the use of a liquid like water-free
kerosene, which is not reacts with cement. The value of specific gravity of
cement for nominal mix design is about 2.90. If the value of specific gravity
reaches 2.87, it indicates that the cement contains excess moisture content which
effects workability and strength of cement.

Requirements
Sl. No. Tests Results Test IS code
I.S.8112- 2013

1 Fineness 5% Maximum 10 IS 4031 (Part 1)

2 Standard Consistency 34% Maximum 36% IS 4031 (Part 4)

Setting Time Test

3 Initial Time Test 35 minutes Minimum 30 min IS 4031 (Part 5)

Final Time Test 600 minutes Maximum 600 min

4 Specific Gravity Test 2.87 2.90 IS 4031 (Part 11)

Table 4.1: Results of test conducted on Cement

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It was observed from the results that the properties of cement adhering to limits
specified as per I.S.8112 2013

4.2.2 Tests Conducted on M Sand

4.2.2.1 Specific Gravity and water absorption test.

Fig.22 – Specific gravity and water absorption test

Specific gravity of aggregates can be used in the calculation of design
calculations of concrete mixes in concrete technology. Specific gravity of
aggregate is the ratio of mass of given volume of sample to equal volume water
at the same temperature. Specific gravity of fine aggregate can be calculated by
using Pycnometer. The specific gravity of aggregates generally used in
construction varies from 2.5 to 3.0 with an average value of about 2.68.

4.2.2.2 Water absorption test

Fig.23 - Water absorption test

Water absorption for aggregate can be calculated by measuring the

increased weight of an oven dried sample when immerse in water for 24 hours.

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The ratio of increase in weight to dry sample weight which is expressed in

percentage known as absorption of aggregate. The aggregates absorb water
content in the concrete, thus affecting workability and final concrete volume. It is
very important to know the moisture content of aggregates to know the concrete
quality with respect to strength and workability.

4.2.2.3 Sieve Analysis

Fig.24 – Sieve analysis test

Sieve analysis or gradation test is used to evaluate particle size

distribution of a granular material by allowing it, to pass through the number of
sieves of small size mesh & weighing the amount of material which is stopped by
every sieve as a fraction of whole mass. Sieving process is done by either
manually or by mechanically. The sieve sizes which are normally used for
sieving of aggregates are 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600-micron, 300 micron,
and 150 microns.

Requirements
as per IS:383-
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Sl. No Tests Results 2016 Test IS Code

IS:2386 (Part
1 Specific Gravity Test 2.73 2.6 2.8
III) - 1963

IS:2386 (Part
2 Absorption Test 0.3% not more than
III) - 1963
2%
IS:2386 (Part I) -
3 Fineness Modulus 3.60 2-4
1963

Table 4.2: Results on test conducted on fine aggregate

It was observed from the results that the properties of fine aggregate adhering to
limits specified as per I.S 386: 2016

4.2.3. Tests Conducted on Coarse Aggregates

4.2.3.1 Specific Gravity and water absorption test

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Fig.25 – Specific gravity and water absorption test

Specific gravity of aggregates can be used in the calculation of design

calculations of concrete mixes in concrete technology. Specific gravity of
aggregates can be defined as ratio of mass of given volume of sample to equal
volume of water at same temperature. Specific gravity of fine aggregates can be
determined by Pycnometer. The specific gravity of aggregates generally used in
construction varies from 2.5 - 3.0 with an average value of about 2.68. Specific
gravity of coarse aggregates can be determined by wire basket method.

Water absorption for aggregate can be calculated by measuring the

increased weight of a oven dried sample when immerse in water for 24 hours.
The ratio of increase in weight to dry sample weight which is expressed in
percentage known as absorption of aggregate. The aggregates absorb water
content in the concrete, thus affecting workability and final concrete volume. It is
very important to know the moisture content of aggregates to know the concrete
quality with respect to strength and workability.

4.2.3.3 Sieve Analysis

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

Fig.26 – Sieve analysis test

Sieve analysis or gradation test is used to evaluate particle size

distribution of a granular material by allowing it, to pass through the number of
sieves of small size mesh & weighing the amount of material which is stopped by
every sieve as a fraction of whole mass. Sieving process is done by either
manually or by mechanically. The sieve sizes which are normally used for
sieving of aggregates are 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm.

Sl. Requirements

No Tests Results as per IS Test IS Code

383:2016
IS:2386 (Part
1 Specific Gravity 2.61 2.5 to 3
III) - 1963

not more than IS:2386 (Part

2 Absorption Test 0.6%
2% III) - 1963

IS:2386 (Part
3 Fineness Modulus 6.9 5.5 to 8 I)

- 1963

Table 4.3: Results on test conducted on coarse aggregate

It was observed from the results that the properties of coarse aggregate adhering to
limits specified as per I.S.383:2016

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4.2.3.4 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS SILICA FUME

S. PARAMETERS METHOD UNIT RESULT

No.
1. PHYSICAL STATE BY VISUAL EXAMIN - SOLID
ATION
2. ODOUR BY OBSERVATION - CHARACTERISTIC
POWDER
3. APPEARANCE BYVISUAL - AMORPHOUS
EXAMINATION POWDER
4. COLOUR BY VISUAL - GREY
EXAMINATION
5. PH OF 5 % SOLUTION IS 2720 (PART-26) 1987 - 10.05
(RA 2016)
6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY ASTM D854 - 14 - 0.269

7. MOISTURE ASTM D 2116 - 19 % 1.51

8. SILICA as SiO2 IS 1917 (PART -3 )1992 (RA % 83.72

2015)
9. ALUMINA as Al2O3 IS 1917 (PART – 4) 2001 % 0.041

10 FERRIC OXIDE as IS 1917 (PART -5) 2001 % 0.42

Fe2O3
11 TITANIUM OXIDE as IS 1917 (PART – 7) 2001 % 0.013
TiO2
12 CALCIUM OXIDE as IS 1917(PART -6) 2001 % 0.94
CaO
13 MAGNESIUM OXIDE IS 1917(PART -6) 2001 % 0.72
as MgO
14 POTASSIUM OXIDE as IS 1917 (PART – 2) 2001 % 5.28
K 2O
15 SODIUM OXIDE as IS 1917 (PART – 2) 2001 % 0.50
Na2O
16 LOSS ON IGNITION at ASTM D 7348 - 13 % 4.61
550 C
17 LEAD as Pb ICP OES % < 0.0010

18 ARSENIC as As ICP OES % < 0.001

Table 4.3 Test Results of Silica fume from ASTRRA Chemicals

4.2.3.5 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS FLY ASH

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Table 4.4 Test Results of Fly ash

4.3 MIX DESIGN

4.3.1 SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE M50

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Grade designation : M 50
Type of cement : OPC 53 grade
confirming to IS 8112
Type of mineral admixture : Fly ash

Minimum nominal : 12mm downgrade

size of aggregate
Type of aggregate : Crushed angular
aggregate
Chemical admixture : Superplasticizer
Maximum water cement : 0.33
ratio

Specific Gravity of Material

Cement 3.15
Coarse aggregate 2.64
Fine aggregate 2.61
Fly ash 2
SP 1.13
VMA 1.009
Silica flume 0.269
Table 5.1 : Specific Gravity of Materials

Step 1: Design of compressive strength = target strength

f’ck=fck+1.65*5
f’ck=58.25 Mpa
Loose unit weight of course aggregate
Wgl =1450 kg\m^3 (To be determined based on
Loose unit weight of fine aggregate shovelling process of ASTM
Wgl =1463 kg\m^3 C29)
Step 2: Let us assume PF=1.12
s/a=57%=0.57
wgl = pf*wg(1-s/a)
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wgl=698 kg/m^3
wsl=pf*ws*(1-s/a)
wsl=934 kg\m^3
Step 3: Cement content
C=f’c/20
C=450 kg/m^3 (Thumb rule for SCC at 0.14Mpa/kg)
Step 4:Water cement ratio
From IS:10262:2019,from table for size of 12.5mm downgrade
(w/c=0.33)
Water content = C*0.33
Wc =149 kg\m^3
Step 5: Volume of fly ash paste
Vpf
=1-Wg/(1000*Gg)-Ws/(1000*Gs)-C/(1000*Gc)-Wwc/(1000*Gw)-Va
Total pozzolonic content
Vpf *1000/(A%/4F+A%*(W/F))
=116 kg\m^3
Step 6 : Calculation of mixing mortar for fly ash
Wf*W/F= 38 kg/m^3
Step 7 : Calculation of silica fume
From research paper
Silica fume is replaced by 10% or 12% or 14% of cementitious material
= 12/100(450+11.6)
=55.3 kg/m^3
Step 8: Calculation of SP dosage
= 1.25% (cementitious material)
= 7.1 kg/m^3
Step 9: Calculation of water content
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=(1-Solid content in sp/100)*total sp dosage

=(1-50/100)*7.1
=3.5 kg\m^3
Total water content
=Wc+Wf+Wsf-Wsp
=183 kg\m^3

MIX PROPORTION
Cement + silica flume 450 kg/m^3
Fly Ash 116 kg/m^3
Fine Aggregate 934 kg/m^3
Coarse Aggregate 698 kg/m^3
Water Content 183 kg/m^3
Super Plasticizer 7.1 kg/m^3
VMA 0.9 kg/m^3
(0.1% cementitious
Material)

4.4 Tests conducted:

4.4.1 Test on Fresh concrete:

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Experimental investigations on self-compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement.

4.4.1.1 Slump flow test and T50cm test on Self Compacting Concrete
The slump flow test is used assess the horizontal free flow of in the absence of
obstructions. It was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of underwater
concrete. The test method is based on the test method for determining the slump .T
diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the concrete.

Equipment:
The apparatus is show in figure 16.

• Mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200 mm diameter at
the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300 mm.

• Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a
circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle of
500mm diameter.

• Trowel

• Scoop

• Ruler

• Stopwatch(optional)

Fig. 27 – Accessories for Flow cone Flow table Slump test

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Fig. 28 – Slump flow test and T50cm test

Procedure:
About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Moisten the
base plate and inside of slump cone, place base plate on level stable ground and the slump
cone centrally on the base plate and hold down firmly. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do
not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top of the cone with the trowel.
Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise the cone vertically
and allow the concrete to flow out freely. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record
the time taken for the concrete to reach the 00mm spread circle (This is the T50 time).
Floatable test, might be appropriate. The T50 time is secondary indication of flow. A
lower time indicates greater flow ability. The Brite Eu Ram research suggested that a time
of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for
housing applications. In case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in
the centre of the pool of concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete periphery.
In case of minor segregation, a border of mortar without coarse aggregate can occur at the
edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these phenomena appear it is no assurance that
segregation will not occur since this is a time related aspect that can occur after a longer
period.

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4.4.1.2 L Box Test on Self Compacting Concrete steel

Equipment:
• L box of a stiff non absorbing material

• Trowel

• Scoop

• Stopwatch

Fig.29 - L Box test Apparatus

Procedure:

About 14 liter of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the apparatus
level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close it. Moisten
the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the
apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and
allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section. Simultaneously, start the
stopwatch and record the time for the concrete to reach the concrete 200 and 400 marks.
When the concrete stops flowing, the distances „H1‟ and „H2‟ are measured. Calculate
H2/H1, the blocking ratio. The whole has tom performed within 5 minutes.

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4.4.1.3 V funnel test and V funnel test at T 5 minutes on SCC

Equipment:
• V-funnel

• Bucket (±12 liter)

• Trowel

• Scoop

• Stopwatch

Fig.30 - : V Funnel test Apparatus

Procedure flow time:

About 12 litre of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the V-
funnel on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel. Keep the trap door to
allow any surplus water to drain. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath. Fill
the apparatus completely with the concrete without compacting or tamping; simply strike
off the concrete level with the top with the trowel. Open within 10 sec after filling the
trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity. Start the stopwatch when the
trap door is opened, and record the time for the complete discharge (the flow time). This
is taken to be when light is seen from above through the funnel. The whole test must be
performed within 5 minutes.

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Procedure flow time at T5 minutes:

Do not clean or moisten the inside surface of the funnel gain. Close the trap door and refill
the V-funnel immediately after measuring the flow time. Place a bucket underneath. Fill the
apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping, simply strike off the
concrete level with the top with the trowel. Open the trap door 5 minutes after the second fill
of the funnel and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity. Simultaneously start the stop
watch when the trap door is opened and record the time discharge to complete flow (the flow
time at T5 minutes). This is to be taken when light is seen from above through the funnel.

4.4.1.4 J-RING TEST

J-ring test denotes the passing ability of the concrete. It is also a common test method at site
The bars and sections in this test can be placed at a different distance apart to simulate the
congestion of reinforcement at the site. Generally, these sections are placed 3 times
the maximum size of aggregate. The diameter of the ring formed by vertical sections is 300
mm and height 100 mm.

Equipments

Fig.31 – J-ring test

 Slump cone without foot pieces.

 Base plate at least 700 mm square

 Trowel

 Scoop

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 Tape

 J-ring-rectangular section 30mm x 25mm planted vertically to form a ring 300 mm

dia. generally at a spacing of 48 ± 2mm.
Procedure:
About 6 litres of concrete is needed for the test.

1. Moisten the inside of the slump cone and base plate. P

2. lace the J-Ring centrally on the base plate and the slump cone centrally inside the J-
ring.

3. Fill the slump cone with a scoop, do not tamp. Simply strike off the concrete level
with a trowel.
4. Remove all surplus concrete.

5. Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out through the J-ring.

6. Measure the final diameter in two perpendicular directions.

7. Note any border of mortar or cement paste without coarse aggregate at the edge of the
concrete.

4.4.2 Casting and curing:

Concrete is poured into moulds and maintaining satisfactory temperature , moisture
conditions in concrete long enough for hydration to develop the desired concrete
properties

Fig.32 – Casting and curing.

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4.4.3 TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE

4.4.3.1 Compressive strength test:

The compressive strength of the concrete is considered the basic character of the concrete.
Consequently, it is known as the characteristic compressive strength of concrete (fck) which
is defined as that value below which not more than five percent of test results are expected to
fall based on IS: 456-2000. In this definition the test results are based on 150 mm cube cured
in water under temp. Of 27 + 2°C for 28 days.

Fig.33 - Compressive test.

Testing procedure:
• These cured specimens are taken from the curing tank and excess water is removed
from the surface.

• The cleaned specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing
or 28 days curing as required.

• Load should be applied gradually till the Specimens fails.

• Load at the failure is noted and the compressive strength of concrete can be calculated
by the ratio of failure load to surface area of the specimen i.e. f= P/A

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Fig.34 - Compressive test.

4.4.3.2 TENSILE STRENGTH:

Tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of concrete. A knowledge
of its value is required for the design of concrete structural elements. Its value is also used in
the design of prestressed concrete structures, liquid retaining structures, roadways and
runway slabs. Direct tensile strength of concrete is difficult to determine; recourse is often
taken to the determination of flexural strength or the splitting tensile strength and computing
the direct tensile.

A) FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Fig.35 - Flexural test.

Test procedure:

• Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3 layers of
approximately equal thickness. Tamp each layer 25 times using the tamping bar.
• The specimen is placed to the machine as shown in above figure.
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• Hence the load is applied gradually to the specimen and failure of the specimen is
carefully noted.
• After getting of failure loading, the flexural strength can be calculated by using
following expression,

fb = PL/bd2

Where, P-load, L-Length of the specimen, B and d- breadth and depth of specimen.

B) FATIGUE TEST

A fatigue test helps determine a material's ability to withstand cyclic fatigue loading
conditions. By design, a material is selected to meet or exceed service loads that are
anticipated in fatigue testing applications. Cyclic fatigue tests produce repeated loading and
unloading in tension, compression, bending, torsion, or combinations of these stresses.

To perform a fatigue, test a sample is loaded into a fatigue tester or fatigue test machine and
loaded using the pre-determined test stress, then unloaded to either zero load or an opposite
load. This cycle of loading and unloading is then repeated until the end of the test is reached.
The test may be run to a pre-determined number of cycles or until the sample has failed
depending on the parameters of the test.

Objectives

 To demonstrate the use of the Instron servo hydraulic testing machine for testing
specimens subjected to cyclic (fatigue) loadings.
 To analytically approximate the fatigue damage accumulated in a part which is
subjected to a fatigue spectrum.

Procedure:

This lab consists of an in-class demonstration of using a Universal Testing Machine

(Instron) to conduct fatigue tests, a single test on a dog-bone specimen, and a fatigue
failure prediction problem applying Miner's Law. 1. Fatigue Demonstration: The lab TA
will demonstrate the versatility of the Instron Machine for conducting fatigue tests by

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showing how waveform, amplitude and frequency can be easily varied in Position
Control (similar flexibility can be achieved in Load Control) without any specimen
mounted on the machine. 2. Fatigue Test: The lab TA will conduct a constant amplitude,
tension-tension fatigue test on a dogbane sample up to fracture. Measure the sample prior
to testing and record its' dimensions, document the testing parameters used (waveform,
maximum & minimum load, frequency, etc.)

Fig.36 - Fatigue test.

CHAPTER – 5

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5. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

5.1 RESULTS ON FRESH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

5.1.1 Results on slump flow and T-500mm

Sl.No. % of steel fibres T-500mm Slump flow

(2-5 sec) (600-800 mm)

1 0% 2 680

2 0.25% 3 670

3 0.5% 5 630

4 0.75% 6 600

Table 5.1: Results on slump flow and T-500mm

Above table gives the results conducted on fresh properties of concrete with increase in
percentage of steel fibre content, it is observed that the slump flow decreases and the time
required to attain the diameter of 500mm on the base plate increases.

5.1.2: Results on L- box test

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Sl.No. % of steel fibre L box (H2/H1) (0.8-1)mm

1 0% 1

2 0.25% 0.875

3 0.5% 0.82

4 0.75% 0.77

Table 5.2: Results on L- box test

Above table gives the results conducted on fresh properties of concrete with increase in
percentage of steel fibre content, it is observed that without inclusion of steel fibre L-Box is
more effective as the % of inclusion of steel fibre is made the mix losses its fresh properties
and becomes ineffective.

5.1.3: Results on V-funnel test

Sl.No. % of steel fibre V funnel (6-12) sec

1 0% 7

2 0.25% 7

3 0.5% 9

4 0.75% 13

Table 5.3: Results on V-funnel test

Above table gives the results conducted on fresh properties of concrete with increase in
percentage of steel fibre content, it is observed that as the % of steel fibre increases time
required for the mix to flow down the V-funnel increases.

5.1.4: Results on J-ring

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Sl.No. % of steel fibre J ring (0-10)mm

1 0% 3

2 0.25% 5

3 0.5% 8

4 0.75% 11

Table 5.4: Results on J-ring

Above table gives the results conducted on fresh properties of concrete with increase in
percentage of steel fibre content, it is observed that as the % of steel fibre increases the
diameter of the mix increases on the base plate increases.

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5.1.5 Overall fresh properties of concrete

Characteristics Workability unit Measured value EFNARC

test 0% 0.5% 1% 1.5% Guidelines
Flowability Slump flow mm 715 680 560 520 650-800
(dia)

Viscosity V-funnel sec 8 8.4 9.1 10.2 8-12

(assessed by rate (time of flow)
of flow)

Passing ability L-box 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.81 0.8-1

(H2/H1)

J-Ring (dia) mm 5 6 8 9 0-10

Table 5.5: Overall fresh properties

 Overall we can say that all the fresh properties are within the range of guidelines .

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5.2 INFLUENCE OF SUPERPLASTICIZER ON FRESH PROPERTIES

OF SCC

As explained earlier, one of the major objectives of the present study is to assess the influence
of SP dosage on the properties of SCC. For this purpose, the dosage of SP is varied from
0.5% to 1.75% and the slump flow as well as time required to reach 500mm diameter are
observed. The below table gives the flow diameter increased and the T500 time decreased
with increase in the amount of super plasticizer. Dosage of SP above 1.75% resulted in
concrete that exhibited too much segregation and flash setting. Below 1% dosage there was
no possibility of concrete flow. Hence, SP dosage of 1.25-1.5 can be considered as optimum.

CASTING SUPERPLASTICIZER D1 In D2 In D (avg.) T500 In

DATE (mm) (mm) (second)

1/4/23 0.5 No flow occurred

3/4/23 0.75 No flow occurred

6/4/23 1.0 520 500 510 6

9/4/23 1.25 540 585 563 5

13/4/23 1.5 670 690 685 2

15/4/23 1.75 Segregation observed – not satisfactory

Table 5.6: Results on Influence of superplasticizer on fresh properties of SCC

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5.3 TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE

Specimen 1 Normal SCC

Specimen 2 SCC with 0.25% steel fibre reinforcement

Specimen 3 SCC with 0.5% steel fibre reinforcement

Specimen 4 SCC with 0.75% steel fibre reinforcement

Specimen 5 SCC with 1.0% steel fibre reinforcement

Table 5.7: Specimens

The above table gives the detail of the 5 specimens casted with increases increase in steel
fibre.

5.3.1 Results of compressive strength:

Specimen Grade of concrete 7 Days Compressive strength

1 M50 35.406

2 M50 40.596

3 M50 42.56

4 M50 43.746

5 M50 45.71

Table 5.8: Results on 7- Compressive strength

From the above table it is observed that, as the % of steel fibre increases the compressive
strength of the concrete also increases, among all the specimen’s 5 th one have higher strength
with high steel fibre content tested for 7 days.

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Specimen Grade of concrete 28 Days Compressive

strength

1 M50 56.2

2 M50 59.7

3 M50 60.8

4 M50 63.4

5 M50 65.3

Table 5.9: Results on 28- Compressive strength

From the above table it is observed that, as the % of steel fibre increases the compressive
strength of the concrete also increases, among all the specimen’s 5 th one have higher strength
with high steel fibre content tested for 28 days.

5.7.2 Results of flexural strength:

Specimen Grade of concrete 7 Days flexure strength

1 M50 3.276

2 M50 4.42

3 M50 5.46

4 M50 6.279

5 M50 7.28

Table 5.10: Results on 7- Flexural strength

From the above table it is observed that, as the % of steel fibre increases the flexural strength
of the concrete also increases, among all the specimen’s 5 th one have higher strength with
high steel fibre content tested for 7 days.

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Specimen Grade of concrete 28 Days flexure strength

1 M50 5.2

2 M50 6.5

3 M50 7.8

4 M50 9.1

5 M50 10.4

Table 5.11: Results on 28- Flexural strength

From the above table it is observed that, as the % of steel fibre increases the flexural strength
of the concrete also increases, among all the specimen’s 5 th one have higher strength with
high steel fibre content tested for 28 days.

5.7.3 Results of fatigue test:

a) For stress ratio 0.5

Specimen Grade of concrete Stress ratio Number of cycles

1 M50 0.5 9654

2 M50 0.5 10858

3 M50 0.5 11949

4 M50 0.5 12735

5 M50 0.5 13584

Table 5.12 : Results on fatigue test for 0.5 stress ratio

The above table gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.5, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

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13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
Number of Cycles

8000
7000
6000
5000 Stress Ratio = 0.5
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5
Specimen

Graph 1: Graph on fatigue test for 0.5 stress ratio

The above graph gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.5, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

b) For stress ratio 0.6

Specimen Grade of concrete Stress ratio Number of cycles

1 M50 0.6 8901

2 M50 0.6 10036

3 M50 0.6 10684

4 M50 0.6 11468

5 M50 0.6 12359

Table 5.13: Results on fatigue test for 0.6 stress ratio

The above table gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.6, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

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12000
11000
10000
9000

Number of Cycles
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000 Stress Ratio = 0.6
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5
Specimen

Graph 2: Graph on fatigue test for 0.6 stress ratio

The above graph gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.6, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

c) For stress ratio 0.7

Specimen Grade of concrete Stress ratio Number of cycles

1 M50 0.7 7568

2 M50 0.7 9034

3 M50 0.7 9745

4 M50 0.7 10684

5 M50 0.7 11975

Table 5.14: Results on fatigue test for 0.7 stress ratio

The above table gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.7, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

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12000
11000
10000
9000
Number of Cycles

8000
7000
6000
5000
Stress Ratio = 0.7
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5
Specimen

Graph 3: Graph on fatigue test for 0.7 stress ratio

The above graph gives the results of fatigue test at stress ratio = 0.7, it is observed that, as the
% of steel fibre increases the number of cycle goes on increasing and their by increasing the
load bearing capacity.

CHAPTER - 6

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6. References:
1. IS:10262 – 2019, “Concrete mix proportioning – Guidelines”, Bureau of Indian
Standard, July 2019, New Delhi

2. IS: 2386 (part III) – 1963, “Methods of test for aggregates for Coarse and Fine
aggregate”.

3. IS: 4031 – 1963, “Methods of test for cement”.

4. “EFNARC” (European federation of natural trade associations representing

producers and applicators of specialist building product)”, Specifications and
Guidelines for self-compacting concrete, February-2002, Hampshire, UK

5. Nan Su, “A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete”, Cement and
Concrete research.

6. IS: 456-2000, “Indian Standard for code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete”

7. R. Vasusmitha, “Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties of High

Strength Self Compacting Concrete” International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT)

8. Narayan Suresh, Manjunatha M, “Effect of different types of fine aggregates on

mechanical properties of concrete” Indian Concrete Journal.

9. M. Sonebi, P.J.M. Bartos, W. Zhu, J. Gibbs, A. Tamimi,Final Report Task 4,

Hardened properties of SCC, Brite-EuRam Contract No. BRPRTC96-0366, Hardened
Properties of SCC, Brussels, (2000) 75p. Narayan Suresh, Manjunatha M, “Effect of
different types of fine aggregates on mechanical properties of concrete” Indian
Concrete Journal.

10. V.Jyosna Devi, P.J.D.Anjineyulu, U.Ranga Raju, M.K.M.V.Rathnam, “study on

m60 grade steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete”

11. Chandrakant Niraj, Pintu Kumar and Sanjay Kumar,” Behaviour of Steel Fiber-
Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete”

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12. K. Rajesh Kumar, N. Mahendran “Experimental Studies On Strength, Durability

And Behaviour Of Beam Using S.C.C. With E-Glass Fiber Strands”International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 4, April – 2013

13. M Ouchi, Hajime Okamura (1997), “Effect of Super Plasticizers [SP] on the
flowability and viscosity of Self Compacting Concrete”.

14. H. Vijaykumar, and Sakey Shamu,” A critical study on the influence of steel fiber
on performance of fresh and hard self-compacting concrete”.

15. Sukasi Anvesh1, V. Akhil Siddhartha, “Study on strength and durability properties
of steel fiber reinforcement self-compacting concrete”.

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Specimen Grade of 7 Days 28 Days 7 Days 28 Days

concrete
Compressive Compressive Flexural Flexural

strength strength strength strength

1 M50 35.406 56.2 3.276 5.2

2 M50 40.596 59.7 4.42 6.5

3 M50 42.56 60.8 5.46 7.8

4 M50 43.746 63.4 6.279 9.1

5 M50 45.71 65.3 7.28 10.4

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Grade designation M50

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Type of cement OPC 53

Type of mineral Fly ash
admixture
Minimum nominal size of 12mm downgrade
aggregate
Type of aggregate Crushed angular aggregate
Chemical admixture Superplasticizer
Maximum water cement 0.33
ratio

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Cement + Silica fume 450 kg/m^3

Fly ash 116 kg/m^3

Fine aggregate 934 kg/m^3

Coarse aggregate 698 kg/m^3

Water content 183 kg/m^3

Superplasticizer 7.1 kg/m^3

VMA 0.9 kg/m^3

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