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SCHOOL OF BIO AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

SBM4057 Diagnostic Instrumentation Lab

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List of Experiments

1. Heart Rate Monitoring using a ECG Trainer Kit

2. Real time ECG signal measurement using modules
3. Measurement of Peripheral Pulse / Plus Oximeter
4. Study of EMG wave and its simulation
5. EEG Monitoring and analysis
6. PCG – Monitoring
7. Audiometer
8. Multiparameter Monitor system
9. Respiration rate Monitoring
10. Telemetry System
11. Electro occulogram
12. Study of Spirometer

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1. Heart Rate Monitoring using a ECG Trainer Kit

Aim:
To observe ECG wave form of subject (human Body) using lead I, II, III of standard bipolar
lead configuration and find the heart rate from it.
Apparatus Required:
ECG ring electrode, Trainer kit, connecting cables and different modules.
Theory:
As the heart undergoes depolarization, the electrical currents that are generated spread not
only within the heart, but also throughout the body. This electrical activity generated by the heart
can be measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface. The recorded tracing is
called an Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A typical ECG tracing is shown below. The different
waves that comprise the ECG represent the sequence of depolarization and repolarization of the
atria and ventricles.

The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node
throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80 – 100ms) in duration.

The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS complex
is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular
depolarization normally occurs very rapidly.

The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is no longer in duration than

depolarization (i.e., conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the wave of
depolarization).

Typical amplitudes and timing details of an ECG wave forms:

ECG wave Peak Amplitude in mV Intervals/Segments Time in seconds

P wave 0.2 PR interval 0.12 to 0.20
Q wave 0.1 QRS interval 0.06 to 0.10
R wave 0.5 to 1.5 ST interval 0.18 to 0.30
S wave 0.2 QT interval 0.35 to 0.40
T wave 0.1 to 0.5 ST segment 0.12 to 0.16

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Limb Leads (Bipolar)

Electrode location and polarity

S. No Lead Symbol Lead Name Positive Negative Reference
(yellow) (red) (black)
1. I Lead I Left Arm Right Arm Right leg
2. II Lead II Left Leg Right Arm Right Leg
3. III Lead III Left Leg Left Arm Right Leg

Diagram:

Einthoven Triangle

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Tp1 Tp2 Tp3

Input from Filter Threshold

Amplifier
electrodes Pre detector
Amp

Tp4 Tachy Amp

Sync Pulse F.V

Abnormality
Generator Converter indicator
Block

Brady Amp

Heart beat Pre minute

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Waveforms:

Observation:

Lead –I

Name of the wave Amplitude Frequency Time

P Wave
QRS Wave
ST Wave

Result:

Thus ECG waveform of a subject (Human Body) has been observed using standard Bipolar Limb
Leads configuration

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2. Real Time Signal Measurement using Modules

AIM:

To stimulate ECG waveform using modules and to measure the amplitude and frequency
of the ECG signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Battery

ECG Amplifier

Low pass filter

ECG Sensor

DSO Probe

Theory:

As the heart undergoes depolarization, the electrical currents that are generated spread
not only within the heart, but also throughout the body. This electrical activity generated by the
heart can be measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface. The recorded tracing
is called an Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A typical ECG tracing is shown below. The
different waves that comprise the ECG represent the sequence of depolarization and repolarization
of the atria and ventricles

Waveform:

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Block Diagram:

ECG Low Pass Oscilloscope

Battery
Amplifier Filter

Ring
electrode

Observations:

Name of the wave Amplitude Frequency Time

P wave

QRS wave

ST Wave

Procedure:

1 Connect the modules according the diagram.

2 Apply the ring electrode on subject.

3 Observe the ECG waveform on the DSO.

4 Plot the ECG waveform.

5 Measurement the amplitude and frequency of ECG waveform.

Result:

The ECG waveform has been observed and the real time of the various parameters has been
measured and tabulated.
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3. Measurement of Peripheral Pulse / Pulse Oximeter

AIM:
To monitor the peripheral pulse signal and study about the time and frequency analysis of
pulse

Apparatus Required:
Battery, peripheral pulse Amplifier, peripheral pulse sensor, DSO.

Theory:

Oximeter refers to the determination of the percentage of O 2 concentration of the

circulating central blood.

Oxygen saturation = (HBO2)

(HBO2) (HBO2)

Where HBO2 is the concentration of Oxygenated hemoglobin and HB is the concentration

of deoxygenated hemoglobin.

The percentage of oxygen concentration in the blood is an indication of the performance

of the cardio- respiratory function.

The pulse sensor has an LED that transmit IR light. The absorption of the light passing
through the tissue is measured with the photo sensor The AC signal is obtained is due to the
pulsing of the arterial blood

Block Diagram:

Battery peripheral Low Pass Oscilloscope

pulse Filter
Amplifier

peripheral
pulse
Sensor
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Waveform:

Observation:

Amplitude

Time

Frequency

Procedure:

Connect the various modules according to the block diagram.

1, Place the index finger in the sensor.

2. Obtain the wave length of peripheral pulse to DSO

3. Measure the various parameter.

4.Plot the pulse waveform.

Result:

The pulse waveform was studied and the various parameter were tabulated.

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4. Study of EMG wave and its simulation

AIM:

To stimulate and study the EMG waveform of a subject.

Apparatus Required:

Battery, EMG Amplifier, High Pass filter, And DSO, Surface electrode, EMG sensor

Theory:

EMG is an instrument used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles to determine
where the muscle is contracting or not of a displacing the action potential generated by the motor
units.

The electrical activity of the underlying muscles are measured using Ag-Agcl surface
electrodes. The EMG appears like a random noise waveform.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Battery EMG High Pass DSO

Amplifier Filter

EMG
Electrode

WAVEFORM:

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Observation:

Amplitude

Time

Frequency

PROCEDURD:

Connect the `modules according to the block diagram place the electrodes at
appropriate site on the subject.

Connect the electrodes to the EMG leads

Obtain the waveform on the DSO.

Plot the waveform.

RESULT:
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The EMG waveform was stimulated and studied.

5.EEG monitoring and Analysis

AIM:

To record EEG waveform and plot it.

Apparatus Required:

EEG Trainer Kit , Connecting wire, DSO.

Theory:

EEG deals with recording and study of the electrical activity of the brain. The electrodes
are attached to the Skull of the patient and the brain waves are picked up and recorded. The
brainwaves are the summation if the action potentials of the neurons in the brain. The electrodes
in EEG are placed in standard position on the skull in an arrangement 10-20 electrodes system.
The EEG helps to diagnose the level of consciousness, sleep disorder, brain tumor and epilepsy

Wave Origin Frequency (Hz) Reason

Alpha Occipital 8-13 Awake& resting

Beta Parietal & Frontal 13-20 Tension

Theta Parietal & Temporal 4-8 Emotion stress

Delta Cortex 0.5-4 Deep sleep Premature

Babies

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Amplifier
Electrode
Montage
selector
Filter Sensitivity

High Pass Low Pass Notch

Calibration Writer Unit

unit
ADC

Chart Inkjet
Jack Box recorder
Oscilloscope Amplifier drive

Patient

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Observation:

Waves Amplitude Time Frequency

Delta Wave

Theta wave

Alpha Wave

Beta Wave

Procedure:

Connect the power supply chord to the EEG stimulator

Switch off the power to the trainer kit.

Connect the DSO cable in the appropriate slot to Obtain the brain wave

Measure the time , amplitude and Frequency of the frequency wave

Adjust the gain control of necessary

Plot the Waveform.

Result:

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The EEG Waveform ware monitored, recorded and measured.

6. PCG Monitoring
Aim:
To build the PCG monitor and observe the heart sound.

Apparatus Required:
PCG amplifier, Battery, Low pass Filter, PCG Sensor, DSO

Theory:
The heart sounds are vibrations on sound due to vibrations, acceleration and declaration of
blood murmurs are sound or due to blood flow. There are four heart sound related to electric and
mechanical events of cardiac cycle. The first heart sound is regulated with the movements of blood
during ventricular systole. The second heart sound is a low frequency vibration associated with
declaration and reverse of flow in aorta with pulmonary artery and with the closure of semi lunar
valves. The second heart sound is coincident with completion of T- wave of ECG’s, the 3rd heart
sound attributed to sudden termination of rapid filling phase of ventricles, from atria and associated
vibration of ventricular muscle walls. The fourth of atrial heart sound which is not audible but can
be recorded by phonocardiogram and occurs when the atria contract and propel blood into
ventricles.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Battery PCG Low pass Oscilloscope

Amplifier Filter

PCG
Sensor

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Waveform:

Observations:

Sounds Amplitude Time Frequency

Sound 1

Sound 2

Procedure:

Connect the various modules according to the block diagram.

Strap the heart sound sensor on chest.

Plot the waveform.

Result:

The heart sound is obtained and waveform representing the same is plotted.

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7. AUDIOMETER
AIM:

To detect the hearing loss of the individual and measure the output dB level.

Apparatus required:

Audiometer, headphone.

Theory:

An audiometer is used for the identification of hearing loss is individual and quantitative
determination of degree and nature of such losses. It is an oscillation driving a pair of headphone
and its calibrate in terms of frequency and acoustic output . The frequency and output are
adjustable over the audio range. Audiometer are divided into pure tone audiometer and speech
audiometer.

Pure tone audiometer is used to obtain our conduction and one conduction threshold of
hearing loss.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Tone/Noise Amplifier Equalizer Attenuator Power

generator Amplifier

Headphone

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Observation:

Left hearing: dB

Right hearing: dB

Left and right hearing: dB

Procedure:

1. Connect power supply of Audiometer

2. Connect Head Phones to front panel of audiometer

3. Adjust masking level to a suitable level so that it does not cause discomfort to the
subject.

4. Turn the knob to the L position

5. Adjust output dB level till the subject can detect the sound and indicate by response
switch.

6. Note the frequency and output dB level

7. Turn the Knob to R-Position

8. Repeat the Pervious 2 step

Result:

The Output decibel level of the subject is obtained.

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8. Multiparameter monitor system

AIM:

To study the operation biokit, physiographic to capture and analysis the biomedical signals
like EMG,EEG and pulse rate.

Apparatus Required:

Data acquisition kit, software, to view graph various amplifier, pc, power supply.

Theory:

These systems are designed to monitor different parameter at a time. Hardware responsible
for physiological signal analysis and information display are a set of modules implemented interns
of microcomputer program. The various parameters that can be measured are pulse ECG, BP,
Temperature, respiration and EMG.

ECG:

ECG simulation produces the fundamentals of standard limb lead interpretation and
rhythm recognition in a easy to use state it also demonstrates ECG observation compression
PQRST wave.

Pulse Rate:

Oximetry refers to the determination of the percentage of oxygen saturation of one

circulating arterial blood

Oxygen saturation = (HBO2)

(HBO2) (HB)
Where HBO2 conc of oxygenated HB

HB conc of deoxygenated HB

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Block Diagram:

ECG Sensor ECG Amplifier

BP Sensor BP Amplifier Display

Pulse Sensor
10 Channel DAC Pulse Amplifier
Observation:

ECG

T(s) =
dV =
T =
V =

EMG

T(s) =
dV =
T =
V =
Pulse rate

T(s) =
dV =
T =
V =

Procedure:

Connect the physiographic kit with the system using RS232 cable

Connect ECG setup, EMG setup and pulse rate setup and connect the filter output to
each channel of the data acquisition kit.
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Now you can view the output of ECG, EMG and pulse rate in the physiograph main
screen.

Result:

Thus the operation of biokit physiograph and various biomedical signals have been
analyzed and studied.

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9.Resporation rate monitoring

AIM:

To measure the respiration rate of a subject and plot the waveform.

Apparatus Required:

Battery, Respiration Amplifier, LPF, DSO, and Respiration sensor.

Theory:

The primary function of the respiratory system are to supply oxygen and remove Co2 from
the tissues. The action of breathing is controlled by a molecular action a causing the volume of
the lung to increase and decrease and to control the Co2 content in the arterial blood

This rhythmic action provides a fairly good respiration rate. The respiration cycle is
accompanied by changes in the thoracle volume. These changes can be sensed by means a
displacement transducer interpolating a strain gauge (or) a variable resistive element. The
respiratory moments results in resistance changes in the gauge element.

Block Diagram:

Battery Respiration Low pass filter DSO

amplifier

Respiration
Sensor

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Observations:

Amplitude Time Frequency

Waveform

Procedure:

Connect the modules according to the block diagram

Place the Sensor on the diaphragm of the subject

The subject is instructed to breathe normally.

The respiratory waveforms are observed on the DSO.

The various parameters are measured.

Plot the waveform.

Result:

The respiratory rate waveform is plotted. The respiration rate of the subject is breathes/min.

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10.Telemetry System
AIM:

To study medical telemetry system for transmitting and receiving bio signals.

Apparatus Required:

Ring electrode, ECG Amplifier, LPF, PM Modulation, Demodulation, FM Transmitter

and receiver.

Theory:

Medical telemetry is used to remotely track the vital science of ambulatory patient using
wireless telemetry physiological signal can be transported during transportation within the
hospital or outside. The system consists of several components including sensor, transmitters
and receiver

The 2 parts of ECG telemetry system and ECG amplifier and oscillator or modulator and an
ultra high frequency transmitter and the telemetry receiver with the demodulator to which a
recording device is connected.

The ECG Telemetry system operates in 450-470 Mhz ban which is well suitable for transmission
within a hospital.

Block Diagram:

Battery ECG LPF FM FM

Amplifier Modulator Transmitter
r

FM receiver
Battery Demodulator LPF DSO

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Procedure:

Connect the different module as per the block diagram

Observation the output waveform at different stages

Plot the various waveforms on the time axis.

Result:

Medical telemetry system was studied .Waveforms in transmitter and receiver are
compared and verified and the output Waveforms is generated.

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11. Electroocculogram
AIM:

To study the movement of the electrical activity associated with eye movements. It is
useful for monitoring eyeball movement in REM and Non-REM sleep.

Apparatus Required:

Data Acquisition unit, software to view physiography, EOG Amplifier, EOG Sensor,
LPF, PC, Power Supply

Theory:

It is a measure of various in the cornea, retinal potential as affected by position and

moment of the eyes. Two pairs of electrodes are used to obtain the ECG potential. One pair of
disc like skin electrode are placed on other side of the eye for recording the horizontal moment
and other pair on the forehead and the cheeks for vertical moment of the eyes. The output are
given separately to horizontal and vertical pre-amplifier and recording.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Battery EOG Low Pass Display

Amplifier Filter

EOG
Amplifier

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Waveform:

Procedure:

Place EOC sensor on the skin near the eye .

Connect the EOG amplifier to battery and to the LPF.

Connect the LPF to the ADC unit of the physiograph kit.

The output is viewed in the system.

Result:

Thus the waveform of the movement of eye is observed.

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12.Study of spirometer
AIM:

To measure the lung capacity and volume and to record the spirogram obtained from the
device

Apparatus Required:

Spirometer device, spirometer software, mouthpiece ,RS 232 cable

Theory:

To measure the lung capacity & volume a instrument called a spirometer is used.
Basically the recorder obtained from the device is called a spirogram. Spirometer are calibrated
that can collect gas & make measurement of lung volume & capacity that can be expired by
adding a flow base dependent quantity can be measured. The addition of gas analyzer makes the
laboratory.

The different type of spirometer are as follows.

1 Base spirometer, 2 Wedge spirometer, 3 ultrosonic spirometer

A numbers of force breathing test are carried out that uses the muscle power associated
with breathing & resistance of the airway among these are:

Forced vital capacity:

This is the total amount of air that can be forcibly expired as quickly as possible breath

Slow vital volume:

This is the amount of air that can be exhaled slowly after slow maximum inhalation.

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Maximum vital volume:

This is the total amount of air to measure the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled &
inhaled in one min, measure in lit/min

Procedure:

Connect the spirometer device to the system with the help of es232 connector cable.

Connect the mouth pieces to the sensor cable

Now place the mouth piece in your mouth & proceed the various test like

Finally various test like PVC,SVV,

Finally take the printer of the waveform.

Result:

Thus the entire three took has been performed & the functioning of the lung is analysed

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