Guide For Physics Lists

Release 10.6

Geant4 Collaboration

Rev4.0: December 6th, 2019

 CONTENTS:

1 Physics List Guide 3

2 Reference Physics Lists 7

2.1 FTFP_BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 QBBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 QGSP_BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 QGSP_BIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 Electromagnetic physics constructors 21

3.1 EM physics constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 EM Opt0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 EM Opt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 EM Opt2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 EM Opt3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 EM Opt4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7 EM Liv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.8 EM Pen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.9 EM GS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.10 EM LE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.11 EM WVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.12 EM SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.13 EM DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.14 Tables by constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.15 Tables by particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4 Status of this Document 59

Bibliography 61

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 Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

Scope of this Manual

This guide is a description of the physics lists class which is one of the mandatory user classes for a GEANT4 appli-
cation. For the most part the “reference” physic lists included in the source distribution are described here as well the
modularity and electronic options. Some use cases and areas of application are also described.

CONTENTS: 1
Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

2 CONTENTS:
 CHAPTER

ONE

PHYSICS LIST GUIDE

The Physics List is one of the three mandatory user classes of the GEANT4 toolkit. In this class all GEANT4
particles and their interaction processes should be instantiated. This class should inherit from the base class
G4VUserPhysicsList and should be given to G4RunManager:
G4MTRunManager* runManager = new G4MTRunManager;
runManager->SetUserInitialization(physicsList);

Here physicsList is a pointer to the user defined class. Initially [eal03], it was proposed for users to create
custom class based on variants of PhysicsList in GEANT4 example applications. After first GEANT4 official releases, a
conception of reference Physics Lists was introduced [eal06]. In the beginning, the default GEANT4 Physics List was
QGSP_BERT [eal09]. Since the GEANT4 release 10.0 the default Physics List becomes FTFP_BERT [eal16]. The
main advantage of working with the reference Physics List is in common method of instantiation of physics objects in
GEANT4 tests, in GEANT4 examples, and in user applications. GEANT4 developers develop and validate these physics
configurations and any user or group of users may reproduce the same physics in their GEANT4 applications. GEANT4
developers establish various tests and benchmarks, which are used for validation and verification of the GEANT4
toolkit before making a new public version. Users may compare results obtained in the same conditions in different
setups.
Number of reference Physics Lists is not small, because there are many alternative physics models in the toolkit appli-
cable for simulation of very different problems. Reference Physics Lists are available in GEANT4 physics_list
sub-library. All these classes inherit from virtual interface G4VModularPhysicsList (which is an extention of
the base class G4VUserPhysicsList. The advantages of the modular design are in maintenence of modules by dif-
ferent GEANT4 working groups, independent development of particular modules, possibility for combining of various
modules (following G4VPhysicsConstructor interface) in reference Physics Lists and in user custom Physics
Lists. There are following types of modules:
• electromagnetic physics;
• extra physics processes for gamma and leptons;
• decay;
• hadron elastic;
• hadron inelastic;
• stopping particles capture processes;
• ion nuclear interactions;
• step limiters;
• others.
The last category may include any type of physics processes, for example, optical, exotic physics, thermal neu-
tron transport model, and others. A user may customise reference Physics List using following interfaces of the
G4VModularPhysicsList class:
• void RegisterPhysics(G4VPhysicsConstructor* );
• void ReplacePhysics(G4VPhysicsConstructor* );
• void RemovePhysics(G4VPhysicsConstructor* );

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The following reference Physics Lists are available in the physics_lists sub-library:
• FTFP_BERT
• FTFP_BERT_ATL
• FTFP_BERT_HP
• FTFP_BERT_TRV
• FTFP_INCLXX
• FTFQGSP_BERT
• FTF_BIC
• QBBC
• QGSP_BERT
• QGSP_BERT_HP
• QGSP_BIC
• QGSP_BIC_AllHP
• QGSP_BIC_HP
• QGSP_FTFP_BERT
• QGSP_INCLXX
• QGS_BIC
• Shielding
• ShieldingLEND
• LBE
• NuBeam
These Physics List classes may be included directly to the user code. It is also possible instantiate reference Physics
List by name using helper class G4PhysListFactory. Variants of usage of this helper class are demonstrated in
GEANT4 extended examples:
• geant4/examples/extended/hadronic/Hadr00.cc - for multi-threaded mode;
• geant4/examples/extended/hadronic/Hadr01.cc - for sequential mode.
In the case of usage of this helper class, an additional possibility does exist to extend electromagnetic physics config-
uration by simply adding an extention to a physics list name, for example FTFP_BERT_EMZ means , that the default
electromagnetic physics is substituted by the configuration providing the most accurate simulation of electromagnetic
physics (see details in EM physics constructors). Following extentions are available:
• EMV EM Opt1 less precise, but faster set of electromagnetic physics is used. Otherwise known as electromag-
netic option 1.
• EMX EM Opt2 less precise, but faster set of electromagnetic physics is used. Otherwise known as electromag-
netic option 2.
• EMY EM Opt3 it uses a set of EM processes with accurate simulation of gamma and charged particle transport.
Only the Urban multiple scattering model is used for all charged particles and all energies. Also known as
electromagnetic option 3, the detailed physics causes longer execution times than the standard package.
• EMZ EM Opt4 the best set of electromagnetic physics models selected from the low energy and standard pack-
ages. With its concentration on the best possible physics, electromagnetic option 4 is slower than the standard
EM package.
• LIV EM Liv is made on top of electromagnetic option 3 by substitution of standard models for gamma and
electrons from Livermore set of models.
• PEN EM Pen is made on top of electromagnetic option 3 by substitution of standard models for gamma, electrons
and positrons from Penelope-2008 set of models.
• _GS EM GS is made on top of the default electromagnetic configurations by substitution of the Urban multiple
scattering model for electrons and positrons by the Goudsmit-Saunderson model.
• _LE EM LE is made on top of the default electromagnetic configurations by substitution of the Urban multiple
scattering model for electrons and positrons by the LowEWentzelVI model. Also, using 5D gamma conversion
model and Lindhard-Sorensent model for ion ionisation.
• WVI EM WVI is made on top of the default electromagnetic configurations by substitution of the Urban multiple
scattering model for electrons and positrons by the WentzelVI model and ATIMA ion ionisation model.

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• _SS EM SS is made on top default electromagnetic configurations by substitution of all multiple scattering
models by single scattering models.

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 CHAPTER

TWO

REFERENCE PHYSICS LISTS

A detailed description of key reference physics lists which are included within the source tree of the GEANT4 toolkit.
A an incomplete selection of diverse lists is described here in terms of the components within the list and possible use
cases and application domains.

2.1 FTFP_BERT

It is the current GEANT4 default [eal16].

2.1.1 Hadronic Component

The purely hadronic part of this physics list consists of elastic, inelastic, capture and fission processes. Each process
is built from a set of cross section sets and interaction models which provide the detailed physics implementation.

Inelastic models

The inelastic hadron-nucleus processes are implemented by the Fritiof parton model (FTF),
Bertini and Precompound models. The Bertini intranuclear cascade is responsible for
𝑝, 𝑛, 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , Λ, Σ+ , Σ− , Σ0 , Ξ− , Ξ0 and Ω− interactions between 0 to 6 GeV. The
FTF model handles these same particles, but over the range 3 GeV to 100 TeV. It also handles anti-protons,
anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He, anti-alphas and anti-hyperons from 0 to 100 TeV/n.
Where Bertini and FTF overlap in particle type and energy range, Bertini is invoked with a probability that decreases
linearly from 1.0 to 0.0, and FTF is invoked with the complementary probability.
When the FTF model is used, the Precompound model (P) is also invoked to de-excite the remnant nucleus after
the initial high energy interaction. The precompound model in turn calls the Fermi breakup, neutron and light ion
evaporation and photon evaporation models as needed. When the Bertini model is used, its own, simpler precompound
and de-exciation models are invoked.
Inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering for all incident A is handled by the Binary Light Ion Cascade (BIC) between 0 and
6 GeV/n, and by the FTF model between 3 GeV/n and 100 TeV/n. The scheme for choosing models in overlapping
energy regions is the same as that for FTFP and BERT.
The hadronic interaction of gammas is handled by the photo-nuclear process in which gammas below 6 GeV are
interacted using the Bertini cascade, and above 3 GeV by the Quark-gluon String (QGS) model. Muons, electrons and
positrons alos interact via transfer of virtual photons. These interactions are handled by G4MuonVDNuclearModel
and G4ElectroVDNuclearModel which are applied at all energies.

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Inelastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonInelasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronInelasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionInelasticXS for
pions. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons and anti-hyperons the Glauber-Gribov set (G4ComponentGGHadronNucleusXsc) is used at all
energies.
All nucleus-nucleus cross sections are provided by G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc at all projectile energies. This
class is the Glauber-Gribov nucleus-nucleus cross section parameterization. When the projectile is an anti-proton,
anti-neutron, anti-deuteron, anti-triton, anti-3 He or anti-alpha, the G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS class provides
the cross sections using the Glauber-Gribov parameterization.
Hadronic gamma interaction cross sections are supplied by G4PhotoNuclearCrossSection which is used at all gamma
energies. G4ElectroNuclearCrossSection is used at all energies for 𝑒+ and 𝑒− , while G4KokoulinMuonNuclearXS is
used for 𝜇+ and 𝜇− at all energies.

Elastic models

Elastic scattering of protons and neutrons use G4ChipsElasticModel from 0 to 100 TeV. This model uses the Kossov
parameterized cross sections.
For almost all other hadrons the G4HadronElastic model is used for some or all of the energy range. This model is
a two-exponential momentum transfer model updated from the old Gheisha code. It is used at all energies by kaons,
hyperons, deuterons, tritons, 3 He, alphas and anti-neutrons.
Elastic 𝜋 + and 𝜋 − scattering is implemented by the G4ElasticHadrNucleusHE coherent scattering model for all ener-
gies.
For anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He and anti-alphas, G4HadronElastic is used from 0
to 100 MeV/n. Above 100 MeV/n these particles are handled by the G4AntiNuclElastic model.
There is currently no elastic scattering model for nuclear projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Elastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonElasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronElasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionElasticXS for pi-
ons. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons, anti-hyperons and light ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used.
anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He and anti-alpha use the Glauber model cross section in G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS
at all energies.
No elastic cross sections are available for projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Capture and stopping

Neutron capture uses the G4NeutronRadCapture model with the G4NeutronCaptureXS cross sections. Muon capture
or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.
The capture of negative pions and kaons once they have stopped is handled by the BertiniCaptureAtRest model which
uses the Bertini cascade. The capture of anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He, anti-alpha is handled by the FritiofCapture-
AtRest model which uses the Fritiof string model.

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2.1.2 Electromagnetic Component

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor.
It is implemented for 𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , and all stable charged hadrons/ion (see details in EM physics
constructors).
There is no treatment of optical photons in this physics list, optical physics should be added on top of any reference or
user custom physics.

2.1.3 Decay Component

The decay of all long-lived hadrons and leptons is handled by the G4Decay process. It does not handle the decay of
hadronic resonances like deltas, which should be decaied within hadronic models and heavy-flavor particles like D
and B mesons or charmed hyperons.

2.1.4 Neutron tracking cut

Neutrons may be killed by energy cut (zero by default) or by time cut (10 microsecond by default). These cuts may be
modified via UI commands.

2.1.5 Recommended Use Cases

FTFP_BERT is recommended for collider physics applications. It usually produces the best agreement with test beam
calorimeter data, including shower shape, energy response and resolution.
It is also recommended for cosmic ray applications where good treatment of very high energy particles is required.
Note, however, that is not suited to very high energy collisions of order 10 TeV or more.

2.1.6 Related Physics Lists

• FTFP_BERT_HP: identical to FTFP_BERT except that neutrons of 20 MeV and lower use the High Precision
neutron models and cross sections to describe elastic and inelastic scattering, capture and fission. The G4NDL
database is required for this physics list. Moreover, RadioactiveDecay is activated.
• FTFP_BERT_ATL: identical to FTFP_BERT except that transition between the FTF model and the Bertini
cascade is changed: [9, 12] GeV. This was a requirement from the ATLAS experiment at LHC.
• FTFP_BERT_TRV: identical to FTFP_BERT except that several electromagnetic and hadronic models are
substituted by their alternative.
• FTFP_INCLXX: identical to FTFP_BERT except that the Bertini cascade is substituted by the INCL++ cas-
cade.
• FTFQGS_BERT: identical to FTFP_BERT except that QGS string model is used.
• FTF_BIC: identical to FTFP_BERT except that the Binary cascade is used as by the FTF model instead of
internal FTF cascade code for rescattering of secondary particles within nucleus.
• Electromagnetic options: different configurations of electromagnetic physics are availble EM physics con-
structors), which may be used instead of the default electromagnetic physics.

2.2 QBBC

It is recommended for medical and space physics simulations [eal11].

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Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

2.2.1 Hadronic Component

The purely hadronic part of this physics list consists of elastic, inelastic, and capture processes. Each process is built
from a set of cross section sets and interaction models which provide the detailed physics implementation.

Inelastic models

The inelastic hadron-nucleus processes are implemented by the FTF, Bertini, Binary and Precompound models. The
Bertini intranuclear cascade is responsible for 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , Λ, Σ+ , Σ− , Σ0 , Ξ− , Ξ0 and Ω−
interactions between 0 to 6 GeV. For protons and neutrons the Binary cascade is applied between 0 and 1.5 GeV, the
Bertini cascade is applied from 1 to 6 GeV. The Fritiof parton model (FTF) handles these same particles, but over the
range 3 GeV to 100 TeV. It also handles anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He, anti-alphas
and anti-hyperons from 0 to 100 TeV/n.
Where Bertini and FTF overlap in particle type and energy range, Bertini is invoked with a probability that decreases
linearly from 1.0 to 0.0 and FTF is invoked with the complementary probability.
When the FTF model or the Binary cascade are used, the Precompound model (P) is also invoked to de-excite the
remnant nucleus after the initial high energy interaction. The precompound model in turn calls the Fermi breakup,
neutron and light ion evaporation and photon evaporation models as needed. When the Bertini model is used, its own,
simpler precompound and de-exciation models are invoked.
Inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering for all incident A is handled by the Binary Light Ion Cascade (BIC) between 0 and
6 GeV/n, and by the FTF model between 3 GeV/n and 100 TeV/n. The scheme for choosing models in overlapping
energy regions is the same as that for FTFP and BERT.
The hadronic interaction of gammas is handled by the photo-nuclear process in which gammas below 6 GeV are
interacted using the Bertini cascade, and above 3 GeV by the Quark-gluon String (QGS) model. Muons, electrons and
positrons alos interact via transfer of virtual photons. These interactions are handled by G4MuonVDNuclearModel
and G4ElectroVDNuclearModel which are applied at all energies.

Inelastic cross sections

G4ParticleInelasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronInelasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionInelasticXS for pions.
In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons and anti-hyperons the Glauber-Gribov set (G4ComponentGGHadronNucleusXsc) is used at all
energies.
Nucleus-nucleus cross sections for ions with 𝐴 > 4 are provided by G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc at all projectile
energies. This class is the Glauber-Gribov nucleus-nucleus cross section parameterization.
For d, t, 3 He, 4 He G4ParticleInelasticXS is used.
When the projectile is an anti-proton, anti-neutron, anti-deuteron, anti-triton, anti-3 He or anti-alpha, the
G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS class provides the cross sections using the Glauber-Gribov parameterization.
Hadronic gamma interaction cross sections are supplied by G4PhotoNuclearCrossSection which is used at all gamma
energies. G4ElectroNuclearCrossSection is used at all energies for 𝑒+ and 𝑒− , while G4KokoulinMuonNuclearXS is
used for 𝜇+ and 𝜇− at all energies.

Elastic models

Elastic scattering of protons and neutrons use G4ChipsElasticModel from 0 to 100 TeV. This model uses the Kossov
parameterized cross sections.

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For almost all other hadrons the G4HadronElastic model is used for some or all of the energy range. This model is
a two-exponential momentum transfer model updated from the old Gheisha code. It is used at all energies by kaons,
hyperons, deuterons, tritons, 3 He, alphas and anti-neutrons.
Elastic 𝜋 + and 𝜋 − scattering is implemented by the G4ElasticHadrNucleusHE coherent scattering model for all ener-
gies.
For anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He and anti-alphas, G4HadronElastic is used from 0
to 100 MeV/u. Above 100 MeV/u these particles are handled by the G4AntiNuclElastic model.
There is currently no elastic scattering model for nuclear projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Elastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonElasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronElasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionElasticXS for pi-
ons. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons, anti-hyperons and light ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used.
anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He and anti-alpha use the Glauber model cross section in G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS
at all energies.
No elastic cross sections are available for projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Capture and stopping

Neutron capture uses the G4NeutronRadCapture model with the G4NeutronCaptureXS cross sections. Muon capture
or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.
The capture of negative pions and kaons once they have stopped is handled by the BertiniCaptureAtRest model which
uses the Bertini cascade. The capture of anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He, anti-alpha is handled by the FritiofCapture-
AtRest model which uses the Fritiof string model.

2.2.2 Electromagnetic Component

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor.
It is implemented for 𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , and all stable charged hadrons/ion (see details in EM physics
constructors).
There is no treatment of optical photons in this physics list, optical physics should be added on top of any reference or
user custom physics.

2.2.3 Decay Component

The decay of all long-lived hadrons and leptons is handled by the G4Decay process. It does not handle the decay of
hadronic resonances like deltas, which should be decaied within hadronic models and heavy-flavor particles like D
and B mesons or charmed hyperons.
Muon capture or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.

2.2.4 Neutron tracking cut

Neutrons may be killed by energy cut (zero by default) or by time cut (10 microsecond by default). These cuts may be
modified via UI commands.

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2.2.5 Recommended Use Cases

QBBC is recommended for applications where accurate simulation for low-energy transport of protons and neutrons
is needed. It usually produces the best agreement in the energy range below 1 GeV for thin target experiments. For
higher energies it is the same as the default FTFP_BERT physics FTFP_BERT. It is recommended for medical and
space applications [eal11].

2.2.6 Related Physics Lists

• Electromagnetic options: different configurations of electromagnetic physics are availble EM physics con-
structors), which may be used instead of the default electromagnetic physics.

2.3 QGSP_BERT

It is the former GEANT4 default [eal09].

2.3.1 Hadronic Component

The purely hadronic part of this physics list consists of elastic, inelastic, capture and fission processes. Each process
is built from a set of cross section sets and interaction models which provide the detailed physics implementation.

Inelastic models

The inelastic hadron-nucleus processes are implemented by the quark-gluon model (QGS), the Fritiof par-
ton model (FTF), Bertini and Precompound models. The Bertini intranuclear cascade is responsible for
𝑝, 𝑛, 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , Λ, Σ+ , Σ− , Σ0 , Ξ− , Ξ0 and Ω− interactions between 0 to 6 GeV. The QGS
model handles protons, neutrons, pions and kaons above 12 GeV. The FTF model handles these same particles, but
over the range 3 GeV to 25 GeV, it also handles anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He,
anti-alphas and anti-hyperons from 0 to 100 TeV/n.
Where Bertini and FTF overlap in particle type and energy range, Bertini is invoked with a probability that decreases
linearly from 1.0 to 0.0 and FTF is invoked with the complementary probability. Similar algorithm is applied in
common energy area for FTF and QGS.
When the FTF and QGS models are used, the Precompound model (P) is also invoked to de-excite the remnant nucleus
after the initial high energy interaction. The precompound model in turn calls the Fermi breakup, multi-fragmentation,
neutron evaporation and photon evaporation models as needed. When the Bertini model is used, its own, simpler
precompound and de-excitation models are invoked.
Inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering for all incident A is handled by the Binary Light Ion Cascade (BIC) between 0 and
6 GeV/n, and by the FTF model between 3 GeV/n and 100 TeV/n. The scheme for choosing models in overlapping
energy regions is the same as that for FTFP and BERT.
The hadronic interaction of gammas is handled by the photo-nuclear process in which gammas below 6 GeV are
interacted using the Bertini cascade, and above 3 GeV by the Quark-gluon String (QGS) model. Muons, electrons and
positrons alos interact via transfer of virtual photons. These interactions are handled by G4MuonVDNuclearModel
and G4ElectroVDNuclearModel which are applied at all energies.

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Inelastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonInelasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronInelasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionInelasticXS for
pions. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons and anti-hyperons the Glauber-Gribov set (G4ComponentGGHadronNucleusXsc) is used at all
energies.
All nucleus-nucleus cross sections are provided by G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc at all projectile energies. This
class is the Glauber-Gribov nucleus-nucleus cross section parameterization. When the projectile is an anti-proton,
anti-neutron, anti-deuteron, anti-triton, anti-3 He or anti-alpha, the G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS class provides
the cross sections using the Glauber-Gribov parameterization.
Hadronic gamma interaction cross sections are supplied by G4PhotoNuclearCrossSection which is used at all gamma
energies. G4ElectroNuclearCrossSection is used at all energies for 𝑒+ and 𝑒− , while G4KokoulinMuonNuclearXS is
used for 𝜇+ and 𝜇− at all energies.

Elastic models

Elastic scattering of protons and neutrons use G4ChipsElasticModel from 0 to 100 TeV. This model uses the Kossov
parameterized cross sections.
For almost all other hadrons the G4HadronElastic model is used for some or all of the energy range. This model is
a two-exponential momentum transfer model updated from the old Gheisha code. It is used at all energies by kaons,
hyperons, deuterons, tritons, 3 He, alphas and anti-neutrons.
Elastic 𝜋 + and 𝜋 − scattering is implemented by the G4ElasticHadrNucleusHE coherent scattering model for all ener-
gies.
For anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He and anti-alphas, G4HadronElastic is used from 0
to 100 MeV/n. Above 100 MeV/n these particles are handled by the G4AntiNuclElastic model.
There is currently no elastic scattering model for nuclear projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Elastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonElasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronElasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionElasticXS for pi-
ons. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons, anti-hyperons and light ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used.
anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He and anti-alpha use the Glauber model cross section in G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS
at all energies.
No elastic cross sections are available for projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Capture and stopping

Neutron capture uses the G4NeutronRadCapture model with the G4NeutronCaptureXS cross sections. Muon capture
or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.
The capture of negative pions and kaons once they have stopped is handled by the BertiniCaptureAtRest model which
uses the Bertini cascade. The capture of anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He, anti-alpha is handled by the FritiofCapture-
AtRest model which uses the Fritiof string model.

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2.3.2 Electromagnetic Component

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor.
It is implemented for 𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , and all stable charged hadrons/ion (see details in EM physics
constructors).
There is no treatment of optical photons in this physics list, optical physics should be added on top of any reference or
user custom physics.

2.3.3 Decay Component

The decay of all long-lived hadrons and leptons is handled by the G4Decay process. It does not handle the decay of
hadronic resonances like deltas, which should be decaied within hadronic models and heavy-flavor particles like D
and B mesons or charmed hyperons.
Muon capture or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.

2.3.4 Neutron tracking cut

Neutrons may be killed by energy cut (zero by default) or by time cut (10 microsecond by default). These cuts may be
modified via UI commands.

2.3.5 Recommended Use Cases

QGSP_BERT can be used for collider physics applications, as an alternative to the recommended physics list
FTFP_BERT.
It is can also be used for cosmic ray applications where good traetment of very high energy particles is required. Note,
however, that is not suited to very high energy collisions of order 10 TeV or more.

2.3.6 Related Physics Lists

• QGSP_BERT_HP: identical to QGSP_BERT except that neutrons of 20 MeV and lower use the High Precision
neutron models and cross sections to describe elastic and inelastic scattering, capture and fission. The G4NDL
database is required for this physics list. Moreover, RadioactiveDecay is activated.
• QGSP_FTFP_BERT: currently identical to QGSP_BERT (it was different before and it might change in the
future).
• QGSP_INCLXX: identical to QGSP_BERT except that the Bertini cascade is substituted by the INCL++ cas-
cade.
• QGSP_INCLXX_HP: identical to QGSP_BERT_HP except that the Bertini cascade is substituted by the
INCL++ cascade.
• Electromagnetic options: different configurations of electromagnetic physics are available EM physics con-
structors), which may be used instead of the default electromagnetic physics.

2.4 QGSP_BIC

2.4.1 Hadronic Component

The purely hadronic part of this physics list consists of elastic, inelastic, and capture processes. Each process is built
from a set of cross section sets and interaction models which provide the detailed physics implementation.

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Inelastic models

The inelastic hadron-nucleus processes are implemented by the Quark-gluon String (QGS), the Fritiof parton
model (FTF), Bertini, Binary, and Precompound models. The Bertini intranuclear cascade is responsible for
𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , Λ, Σ+ , Σ− , Σ0 , Ξ− , Ξ0 and Ω− interactions between 0 to 6 GeV. The
Binary cascade is applied for neutrons and protons between 0 and 6 GeV. The QGS model is applied for
𝑝, 𝑛, 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , above 12 GeV. The FTF model handles these same particles, but over the range 3
GeV to 25 GeV. For hyperons, FTF is applied from 3 GeV to 100 TeV. FTF also handles anti-protons, anti-neutrons,
anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He, anti-alphas and anti-hyperons from 0 to 100 TeV/n.
When the QGS, FTF, and Binary models are used, the Precompound model (P) is also invoked to de-excite the remnant
nucleus after the initial high energy interaction. The precompound model in turn calls the Fermi breakup, neutron and
light ion evaporation and photon evaporation models as needed. When the Bertini model is used, its own, simpler
precompound and de-exciation models are invoked.
Inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering for all incident A is handled by the Binary Light Ion Cascade (BIC) between 0 and
6 GeV/n, and by the FTF model between 3 GeV/n and 100 TeV/n. The scheme for choosing models in overlapping
energy regions is the same as that for FTFP and BERT.
The hadronic interaction of gammas is handled by the photo-nuclear process in which gammas below 6 GeV are
interacted using the Bertini cascade, and above 3 GeV by the Quark-gluon String (QGS) model. Muons, electrons and
positrons alos interact via transfer of virtual photons. These interactions are handled by G4MuonVDNuclearModel
and G4ElectroVDNuclearModel which are applied at all energies.

Inelastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonInelasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronInelasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionInelasticXS for
pions. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons and anti-hyperons the Glauber-Gribov set (G4ComponentGGHadronNucleusXsc) is used at all
energies.
All nucleus-nucleus cross sections are provided by G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc at all projectile energies. This
class is the Glauber-Gribov nucleus-nucleus cross section parameterization. When the projectile is an anti-proton,
anti-neutron, anti-deuteron, anti-triton, anti-3 He or anti-alpha, the G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS class provides
the cross sections using the Glauber-Gribov parameterization.
Hadronic gamma interaction cross sections are supplied by G4PhotoNuclearCrossSection which is used at all gamma
energies. G4ElectroNuclearCrossSection is used at all energies for 𝑒+ and 𝑒− , while G4KokoulinMuonNuclearXS is
used for 𝜇+ and 𝜇− at all energies.

Elastic models

Elastic scattering of protons and neutrons use G4ChipsElasticModel from 0 to 100 TeV. This model uses the Kossov
parameterized cross sections.
For almost all other hadrons the G4HadronElastic model is used for some or all of the energy range. This model is
a two-exponential momentum transfer model updated from the old Gheisha code. It is used at all energies by kaons,
hyperons, deuterons, tritons, 3 He, alphas and anti-neutrons.
Elastic 𝜋 + and 𝜋 − scattering is implemented by the G4ElasticHadrNucleusHE coherent scattering model for all ener-
gies.
For anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He and anti-alphas, G4HadronElastic is used from 0
to 100 MeV/n. Above 100 MeV/n these particles are handled by the G4AntiNuclElastic model.
There is currently no elastic scattering model for nuclear projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

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Elastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonElasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronElasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionElasticXS for pi-
ons. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons, anti-hyperons and light ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used.
anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He and anti-alpha use the Glauber model cross section in G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS
at all energies.
No elastic cross sections are available for projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Capture and stopping

Neutron capture uses the G4NeutronRadCapture model with the G4NeutronCaptureXS cross sections. Muon capture
or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.
The capture of negative pions and kaons once they have stopped is handled by the BertiniCaptureAtRest model which
uses the Bertini cascade. The capture of anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He, anti-alpha is handled by the FritiofCapture-
AtRest model which uses the Fritiof string model.

2.4.2 Electromagnetic Component

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor.
It is implemented for 𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , and all stable charged hadrons/ion (see details in EM physics
constructors).
There is no treatment of optical photons in this physics list, optical physics should be added on top of any reference or
user custom physics.

2.4.3 Decay Component

The decay of all long-lived hadrons and leptons is handled by the G4Decay process. It does not handle the decay of
hadronic resonances like deltas, which should be decaied within hadronic models and heavy-flavor particles like D
and B mesons or charmed hyperons.

2.4.4 Neutron tracking cut

Neutrons may be killed by energy cut (zero by default) or by time cut (10 microsecond by default). These cuts may be
modified via UI commands.

2.4.5 Recommended Use Cases

QGSP_BIC can be used for collider physics applications, as an alternative to the recommended physics list
FTFP_BERT.
It is can also be used for cosmic ray applications where good traetment of very high energy particles is required. Note,
however, that is not suited to very high energy collisions of order 10 TeV or more.

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2.4.6 Related Physics Lists

• QGSP_BIC_HP: identical to QGSP_BIC except that neutrons of 20 MeV and lower use the High Precision
neutron models and cross sections to describe elastic and inelastic scattering, capture and fission. The G4NDL
database is required for this physics list. Moreover, RadioactiveDecay is activated.
• QGSP_BIC_AllHP: identical to QGSP_BIC_HP except that for protons and light ions (d, t, He3, and alpha),
ParticleHP is used below 200 MeV.
• Electromagnetic options: different configurations of electromagnetic physics are availble EM physics con-
structors), which may be used instead of the default electromagnetic physics.

2.5 Shielding

It is recommended for simulation of deep shielding. Neutrons of 20 MeV and lower use the High Precision neutron
models and cross sections to describe elastic and inelastic scattering, capture and fission. The G4NDL database is
required for this physics list.

2.5.1 Hadronic Component

The purely hadronic part of this physics list consists of elastic, inelastic, capture and fission processes. Each process
is built from a set of cross section sets and interaction models which provide the detailed physics implementation.

Inelastic models

The inelastic hadron-nucleus processes are implemented by the Fritiof parton model (FTF),
Bertini and Precompound models. The Bertini intranuclear cascade is responsible for
𝑝, 𝑛, 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾𝐿 , 𝐾𝑆 , Λ, Σ+ , Σ− , Σ0 , Ξ− , Ξ0 and Ω− interactions between 0 to 6 GeV. The
FTF model handles these same particles, but over the range 3 GeV to 100 TeV. It also handles anti-protons,
anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He, anti-alphas and anti-hyperons from 0 to 100 TeV/n.
Where Bertini and FTF overlap in particle type and energy range, Bertini is invoked with a probability that decreases
linearly from 1.0 to 0.0, and FTF is invoked with the complementary probability.
When the FTF model is used, the Precompound model (P) is also invoked to de-excite the remnant nucleus after
the initial high energy interaction. The precompound model in turn calls the Fermi breakup, neutron and light ion
evaporation and photon evaporation models as needed. When the Bertini model is used, its own, simpler precompound
and de-exciation models are invoked.
Inelastic nucleus-nucleus scattering for all incident A is handled by the Binary Light Ion Cascade (BIC) between 0 and
6 GeV/n, and by the FTF model between 3 GeV/n and 100 TeV/n. The scheme for choosing models in overlapping
energy regions is the same as that for FTFP and BERT.
The hadronic interaction of gammas is handled by the photo-nuclear process in which gammas below 6 GeV are
interacted using the Bertini cascade, and above 3 GeV by the Quark-gluon String (QGS) model. Muons, electrons and
positrons alos interact via transfer of virtual photons. These interactions are handled by G4MuonVDNuclearModel
and G4ElectroVDNuclearModel which are applied at all energies.

Inelastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonInelasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronInelasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionInelasticXS for
pions. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons and anti-hyperons the Glauber-Gribov set (G4ComponentGGHadronNucleusXsc) is used at all
energies.

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All nucleus-nucleus cross sections are provided by G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc at all projectile energies. This
class is the Glauber-Gribov nucleus-nucleus cross section parameterization. When the projectile is an anti-proton,
anti-neutron, anti-deuteron, anti-triton, anti-3 He or anti-alpha, the G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS class provides
the cross sections using the Glauber-Gribov parameterization.
Hadronic gamma interaction cross sections are supplied by G4PhotoNuclearCrossSection which is used at all gamma
energies. G4ElectroNuclearCrossSection is used at all energies for 𝑒+ and 𝑒− , while G4KokoulinMuonNuclearXS is
used for 𝜇+ and 𝜇− at all energies.

Elastic models

Elastic scattering of protons and neutrons use G4ChipsElasticModel from 0 to 100 TeV. This model uses the Kossov
parameterized cross sections.
For almost all other hadrons the G4HadronElastic model is used for some or all of the energy range. This model is
a two-exponential momentum transfer model updated from the old Gheisha code. It is used at all energies by kaons,
hyperons, deuterons, tritons, 3 He, alphas and anti-neutrons.
Elastic 𝜋 + and 𝜋 − scattering is implemented by the G4ElasticHadrNucleusHE coherent scattering model for all ener-
gies.
For anti-protons, anti-neutrons, anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3 He and anti-alphas, G4HadronElastic is used from 0
to 100 MeV/n. Above 100 MeV/n these particles are handled by the G4AntiNuclElastic model.
There is currently no elastic scattering model for nuclear projectiles with 𝐴 > 4.

Elastic cross sections

G4BGGNucleonElasticXS is used for protons, G4NeutronElasticXS for neutrons, and G4BGGPionElasticXS for pi-
ons. In these cross sections Barashenkov parameterisation is used below 91 GeV and Glauber-Gribov above.
For kaons, hyperons, anti-hyperons and light ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used.
For all ions the G4ComponentGGNuclNuclXsc elastic cross section is used. anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He and anti-
alpha use the Glauber model cross section in G4ComponentAntiNuclNuclearXS at all energies.

Capture and stopping

Neutron capture uses the G4NeutronRadCapture model with the G4NeutronCaptureXS cross sections. Muon capture
or decay at rest is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.
The capture of negative pions and kaons once they have stopped is handled by the BertiniCaptureAtRest model which
uses the Bertini cascade. The capture of anti-p, anti-d, anti-t, anti-3 He, anti-alpha is handled by the FritiofCapture-
AtRest model which uses the Fritiof string model.

2.5.2 Electromagnetic Component

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor.
It is implemented for 𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , and all stable charged hadrons/ion (see details in EM physics
constructors).
There is no treatment of optical photons in this physics list, optical physics should be added on top of any reference or
user custom physics.

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2.5.3 Decay Component

The decay of all long-lived hadrons and leptons is handled by the G4Decay process. It does not handle the decay of
hadronic resonances like deltas, heavy-flavor particles like D and B mesons or charmed hyperons.
This physics list does invoke the G4RadioactiveDecay process, so unstable ions will be decayed.
Muon capture is handled by the G4MuonMinusCapture process.

2.5.4 Recommended Use Cases

Shielding is recomdended for applications for neutron transport.

2.5.5 Related Physics Lists

• ShieldingM: different transition from the Bertini model to the FTF model: from 9.5 to 9.9 GeV.
• ShieldingLEND: different configurations of low-energy neutron transport with LEND option.
• Electromagnetic options: different configurations of electromagnetic physics are availble EM physics con-
structors), which may be used instead of the default electromagnetic physics.

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20 Chapter 2. Reference Physics Lists

 CHAPTER

THREE

ELECTROMAGNETIC PHYSICS CONSTRUCTORS

A description of the various electromagnetic physics constructors and their effects on the simulation performance both
in terms of computation (CPU) and physics precision.

3.1 EM physics constructors

Electromagnetic physics constructors were first published in [eal09], were extended in [eal11] and become stable in
recent releases of GEANT4 [eal16]. The default electromagnetic physics is built by the G4EmStandardPhysics
constructor (see details in EM Opt0).
Electromagnetic physics in all physics constructors is implemented for the following particles:
𝛾, 𝑒− , 𝑒+ , 𝜇− , 𝜇+ , 𝜏 − , 𝜏 + , 𝜋 + , 𝜋 − , 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝑝, Σ+ , Σ− , Ξ− , Ω− , anti( 𝑝, Σ+ , Σ− , Ξ− , Ω− ),
𝑑, 𝑡, 3 𝐻𝑒, 𝛼, anti( 𝑑, 𝑡, 3 𝐻𝑒, 𝛼), and G4GenericIon.
Several charmed mesons are also treated, 𝐷+ , 𝐷− , 𝐷𝑠+ , 𝐷𝑠− , Λ+ + ++ + + + ++ +
𝑐 , Σ𝑐 , Σ𝑐 , Ξ𝑐 , anti(Λ𝑐 , Σ𝑐 , Σ𝑐 , Ξ𝑐 ), as
well as two bottom mesons, 𝐵 + , 𝐵 − , 𝐵𝑐+ , 𝐵𝑐− , Ω−
𝑏 , Σ +
𝑏 , Σ −
𝑏 , Ξ−
𝑏 anti( Ω −
𝑏 , Σ +
𝑏 , Σ −
𝑏 , Ξ−
𝑏 ).
Internal tables for energy loss, range and cross sections are built from 100 eV to 100 TeV. These limits are defined
based on LHC experiments requirements. Upper limits of applicability of various electromagnetic processes are larger
and are process dependent. For example, muon models are valid up to 1 PeV. In order to provide particle transport
for all use-cases, the operational energy range goes down to zero but below 1 keV the accuracy of the default set of
models is degraded substantially.
The GEANT4 toolkit includes many alternative physics models, especially, for electromagnetic physics. There are
several well established configurations recommended for different applications:
• G4EmStandardPhysics_option1 EM Opt1 - extention name EMV;
• G4EmStandardPhysics_option2 EM Opt2 - extention name EMX;
• G4EmStandardPhysics_option3 EM Opt3 - extention name EMY;
• G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 EM Opt4 - extention name EMZ;
• G4EmLivermorePhysics EM Liv - extention name LIV;
• G4EmPenelopePhysics EM Pen - extention name PEN;
• G4EmStandardPhysicsGS EM GS - extention name _GS;
• G4EmLowEPPhysics EM LE - extention name _LE;
• G4EmStandardPhysicsWVI EM WVI - extention name WVI;
• G4EmStandardPhysicsSS EM SS - extention name _SS;
• G4EmDNAPhysics EM DNA.

3.2 EM Opt0

The default electromagnetic physics is built by the G4EmStandardPhysics constructor (see details in EM Opt0).

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For each particle type Standard EM models implement several processes. Processes cover physics from 0 to 100 TeV
for gamma, 𝑒− and 𝑒+ and up to 1 PeV for muons. EM interactions of charged hadrons and ions cover the range
0 to 100 TeV. Though the operational energy range goes down to zero, below 1 keV accuracy of these models is
substantially lower.
Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies and
Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina model. Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both
handled by the Livermore models.
Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Urban model from 0 to 100 MeV and by the
WentzelVI model from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, which is combined with the single Coulomb scattering model, which
is applied for large angle scattering. UseSafety step limitation is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung is
implemented by the eBremSB model and the eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high
energies. Ionization is modeled by the Moller-Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the
eplus2gg model.
Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the WentzelVI model combined with the single scattering model
at all energies, and by the eCoulombScattering model at all energies. Bremsstrahlung is handled by the MuBrem
model. Ionization is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0 to 200 keV, the
Bragg model is used for 𝜇+ and the ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜇− . Between 200 keV and 1 GeV the
BetheBloch model is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− , and from 1 GeV to 100 TeV, the MuBetheBloch model is used for both
𝜇+ and 𝜇− . The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either 𝜇+ or 𝜇− .
Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the WentzelVI model and
Coulomb scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair
production by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionization is handled by several models de-
pending on energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionization is used for 𝜋 + , and the
ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜋 − . Above this energy BetheBloch ionization is used. For kaons, the same
ionization models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons,
the Bragg model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV
and BetheBloch above.
alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the
Urban model at all energies. For alphas Bragg ionization is performed below 7.9 MeV and BetheBloch ionization
above. For generic ions, Bragg is used below 2 MeV/u and BetheBloch above.

3.3 EM Opt1

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the
G4EmStandardPhysics_option1 constructor.
For each particle type several processes are implemented. Processes cover physics from 0 to 100 TeV for gamma, 𝑒−
and 𝑒+ and up to 1 PeV for muons. EM interactions of charged hadrons and ions cover the range 0 to 100 TeV. Though
the operational energy range goes down to zero, below 1 keV accuracy of these models is substantially lower.
Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies and
Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina model. Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both
handled by the Livermore models. ApplyCuts option is use to cut out low-energy 𝑒− , produced by gamma processes.
Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Urban model from 0 to 100 MeV and by
the WentzelVI model from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, which is combined with the single Coulomb scattering model,
which is applied for large angle scattering. Minimal step limitation is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung
is implemented by the eBremSB model and the eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high
energies. Ionization is modeled by the Moller-Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the
eplus2gg model.

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Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the WentzelVI model combined with the single scattering model
at all energies, and by the eCoulombScattering model at all energies. Bremsstrahlung is handled by the MuBrem
model. Ionization is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0 to 200 keV, the
Bragg model is used for mu+ and the ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for mu-. Between 200 keV and 1 GeV the
BetheBloch model is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− , and from 1 GeV to 100 TeV, the MuBetheBloch model is used for both
𝜇+ and 𝜇− . The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either 𝜇+ or 𝜇− .
Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the WentzelVI model and
Coulomb scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair
production by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionization is handled by several models de-
pending on energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionization is used for 𝜋 + , and the
ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜋 − . Above this energy BetheBloch ionization is used. For kaons, the same
ionization models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons,
the Bragg model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV
and BetheBloch above.
Alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the
Urban model at all energies. For alphas Bragg ionization is performed below 7.9 MeV and BetheBloch ionization
above. For generic ions, Bragg is used below 2 MeV/u and BetheBloch above.

3.4 EM Opt2

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the
G4EmStandardPhysics_option2 constructor.
For each particle type several processes are implemented. Processes cover physics from 0 to 100 TeV for gamma, 𝑒−
and 𝑒+ and up to 1 PeV for muons. EM interactions of charged hadrons and ions cover the range 0 to 100 TeV. Though
the operational energy range goes down to zero, below 1 keV accuracy of these models is substantially lower.
Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies and
Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina model. Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both
handled by the Livermore models.
Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Urban model from 0 to 100 MeV and by
the WentzelVI model from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, which is combined with the single Coulomb scattering model,
which is applied for large angle scattering. Simple step limitation is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung
is implemented by the eBremSB model and the eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high
energies. Ionization is modeled by the Moller-Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the
eplus2gg model.
Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the WentzelVI model combined with the single scattering model
at all energies, and by the eCoulombScattering model at all energies. Bremsstrahlung is handled by the MuBrem
model. Ionization is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0 to 200 keV, the
Bragg model is used for mu+ and the ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for mu-. Between 200 keV and 1 GeV the
BetheBloch model is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− , and from 1 GeV to 100 TeV, the MuBetheBloch model is used for both
𝜇+ and 𝜇− . The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either 𝜇+ or 𝜇− .
Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the WentzelVI model and
Coulomb scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair
production by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionization is handled by several models de-
pending on energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionization is used for 𝜋 + , and the
ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜋 − . Above this energy BetheBloch ionization is used. For kaons, the same
ionization models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons,
the Bragg model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV
and BetheBloch above.

3.4. EM Opt2 23
Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

Alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the
Urban model at all energies. For alphas Bragg ionization is performed below 7.9 MeV and BetheBloch ionization
above. For generic ions, Bragg is used below 2 MeV/u and BetheBloch above.

3.5 EM Opt3

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the
G4EmStandardPhysics_option3 constructor.
Processes cover physics from 0 to 100 TeV for gamma, 𝑒− and 𝑒+ and up to 1 PeV for muons. EM interactions of
charged hadrons and ions cover the range 0 to 100 TeV. Though the operational energy range goes down to zero, below
1 keV accuracy of these models is substantially lower.
For each particle type several processes are implemented. Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the
BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies and Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina
model. Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both handled by the Livermore models.
Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Urban model from 0 to 100 TeV. UseDistance-
ToBoundary step limitation is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung is implemented by the eBremSB model
and the eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high energies. Ionization is modeled by the
Moller-Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the eplus2gg model.
Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the the Urban model from 0 to 100 TeV. Bremsstrahlung is handled
by the MuBrem model. Ionization is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0
to 200 keV, the Bragg model is used for 𝜇+ and the ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜇− . Between 200 keV
and 1 GeV the BetheBloch model is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− , and from 1 GeV to 100 TeV, the MuBetheBloch model
is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− . The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either 𝜇+ or 𝜇− .
Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the Urban model and Coulomb
scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production
by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionization is handled by several models depending on
energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionization is used for 𝜋 + , and the ICRU73Q0
parameterization is used for 𝜋 − . Above this energy BetheBloch ionization is used. For kaons, the same ionization
models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons, the Bragg
model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV and
BetheBloch above.
alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the
Urban model at all energies. For alphas Bragg ionization is performed below 7.9 MeV and BetheBloch ionization
above. For generic ions, Bragg is used below 2 MeV/u and BetheBloch above. Nuclear stopping model is used below
1 MeV.

3.6 EM Opt4

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the
G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 constructor.
Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the BetheHeitler model with the LPM effect at high energies
and Compton scattering is implemented by the Klein-Nishina model above 20 MeV. Below 20 MeV the Monarsh
University model (G4LowEPComptonModel) for Compton scattering and Penelope pair production models are used.
Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both handled by the Livermore models.
Electrons and positrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the Goudsmit-Sounderson model from 0 to 100
MeV and by the WentzelVI model from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, which is combined with the single Coulomb scatter-
ing model, which is applied for large angle scattering. UseSafetyPlus step limitation with error free approach near

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 Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

geometry boundaries is used for multiple scattering. Bremsstrahlung is implemented by the eBremSB model and the
eBremLPM model which takes into account the LPM effect at high energies. Ionization is modeled by the Moller-
Bhabha formulation, and positron annihilation is implemented by the eplus2gg model. The process of 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair
production by electrons and positrons is also used.
Muons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the WentzelVI model combined with the single scattering model
at all energies, and by the eCoulombScattering model at all energies. Bremsstrahlung is handled by the MuBrem
model. Ionization is implemented by several models depending on energy and particle type. From 0 to 200 keV, the
Bragg model is used for 𝜇+ and the ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜇− . Between 200 keV and 1 GeV the
Bethe-Bloch model is used for both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− , and from 1 GeV to 100 TeV, the MuBetheBloch model is used for
both 𝜇+ and 𝜇− . The muPairProduction model handles e+/e- pair production caused by either 𝜇+ or 𝜇− .
Pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons: multiple Coulomb scattering is performed by the WentzelVI model and
Coulomb scattering by the eCoulombScattering model. Bremsstrahlung is handled by hBrem model. 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair
production by hadrons is implemented by the hPairProduction model. Ionization is handled by several models de-
pending on energy and particle type. For pions below 298 keV, Bragg model ionization is used for 𝜋 + , and the
ICRU73Q0 parameterization is used for 𝜋 − . Above this energy Bethe-Bloch ionization is used. For kaons, the same
ionization models are used, but the change from low energy to high energy models occurs at 1.05 MeV. For protons,
the Bragg model is used below 2 MeV and the BetheBloch above. For anti-protons ICRU73Q0 is used below 2 MeV
and BetheBloch above.
alpha and G4GenericIon: only two EM processes are applied. Multiple Coulomb scattering in implemented by the Ur-
ban model at all energies. For alphas Bragg ionization is performed below 7.9 MeV and Bethe-Bloch ionization above.
For generic ions, For ion ionisation of ions below 1 GeV/u ICRU73 model (G4IonParametrisedLossModel) is
used, above 1 GeV/u the Bethe-Bloch model is applied. Nuclear stopping model is used below 1 MeV.

3.7 EM Liv

This physics list uses “Livermore” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmLivermorePhysics
constructor.
For each particle type, EM models implement several processes. Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by
the Bethe-Heitler 5D model below 80 GeV and relativistic Bethe-Heitler model above. The Compton scattering are
implemented by the Livermore models up to 1 GeV and at high energies by the Klein-Nishina models, respectively.
Photo-electric effect and Rayleigh scattering are both handled by Livermore models.
Electrons: multiple Coulomb scattering is handled by the GS model at low energy and by the WentzelVI model at
higher energies, which is combined with the single Coulomb scattering model, which is applied for large angle scatter-
ing. Bremsstrahlung is implemented by the Seltzer-Berger model below 1 GeV and by the eBremsstrahlungRelModel
model at high energies. Ionization is modeled by the Livermore model.
Other interactions are configured identically as in the G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 constructor.

3.8 EM Pen

This physics list uses “Penelope” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmPenelopePhysics con-
structor.
Specific low-energy Penelope models are used for gamma, 𝑒− , and 𝑒+ below 1 GeV. Above 1 GeV and for all other
charged particles the configuration is the same as in the G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 constructor.

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Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

3.9 EM GS

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysicsGS
constructor. This configuration is same as in the default G4EmStandardPhysics constructor, except multiple
scattering of 𝑒− and 𝑒+ , which is handled by the Goudsmit-Sounderson model from 0 to 100 MeV.

3.10 EM LE

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmLowEPPhysics constructor.
This configuration is same as in the default G4EmStandardPhysics constructor, except several additions.
Photons: 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production is implemented by the Bethe-Heitler 5D model below 80 GeV and relativis-
tic Bethe-Heitler model above. The Compton scattering are implemented by the Monarsh University model
(G4LowEPComptonModel) up to 20 MeV and by the Klein-Nishina model above 20 MeV.
For all charged particle and energies G4LowEWentzelVIModel is used for simulation of multiple scattering. The
BS generator is used for simulation of bremsstrahlung angular distribution.
For protons and alpha ICRU90 data for 3 materials is used.
For ion ionisation of ions below 10 MeV/u ICRU73 model (G4IonParametrisedLossModel) is used,
above 10 MeV/u the Lindhard-Sorensen model is applied (G4LindhardSorensenIonModel). Additionally,
bremsstrahlung and 𝑒− /𝑒+ pair production are implemented for ions.

3.11 EM WVI

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysicsWVI
constructor. This configuration is same as in the default G4EmStandardPhysics constructor, except multiple
scattering
For 𝑒− and 𝑒+ at all energies G4WentzelVIModel is used for simulation of multiple scattering combined with
single elastic at large angles.
For ion ionisation of ions below 2 MeV/u the Bragg model is used, above 2 MeV/u the ATIMA model is applied
(G4AtimaEnergyLossModel) with ATIMA fluctuation model (G4AtimaFluctuations).

3.12 EM SS

This physics list uses “standard” GEANT4 electromagnetic physics as built by the G4EmStandardPhysicsSS
constructor. This configuration is same as in the default G4EmStandardPhysics constructor, except multiple
scattering is not used and only elastic scattering process is applied for all changed particles.

3.13 EM DNA

The currently recommended Geant4-DNA physics lists are assembled in three constructors,
G4EmDNAPhysics_option2, G4EmDNAPhysics_option4 and G4EmDNAPhysics_option6.
These physics lists handle the discrete electromagnetic interactions of: photons, electrons, protons, neutral hydrogen,
alpha particles and their charged states and a few ions : Li (3,7), Be (4,9), B (5,11), C (6,12), N (7,14), O (8,16), Si
(14,28), Fe (26,56).

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Physical interactions for electrons are: ionisation, electronic excitation, elastic scattering, and, for
G4EmDNAPhysics_option2, vibrational excitation and attachment. Different models are adopted in the three
recommended constructors. For example, inelastic interactions are described by the dielectric function theory or by
alternative semi-empirical approaches.
Physical interactions of protons, neutral hydrogen, alpha particles and their charged states, heavier ions, and photons
are handled identically by all three constructors. They are nuclear scattering, electronic excitation, ionisation, electron
capture and electron loss. For ions heavier than alpha particles, only the ionisation process is available.
All details including energy ranges of applicability and performance comparison are presented in the Geant4-DNA web
site (http://geant4-dna.in2p3.fr/styled-3/styled-8/index.html) or in this publication: Med. Phys. 45 (2018) e722-e739
(https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13048)
Other alternative construtors are available but we currently recommend the usage of the above constructors.

3.14 Tables by constructor

Tables of electromagnetic processes for several common constructors. To generate these tables (in reStructuredText
format), call:
G4LossTableManager::Instance()->DumpHtml()

For example, use example extended/electromagnetic/TestEm0, and set the environment variables G4PhysListName
to be the name of the file to write (extension .rst will be added), and G4PhysListDocDir to be the name of the
directory to write the file. Set the physics list in the macro file. Also set:
/process/em/verbose 1

3.14.1 emstandard_opt0

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 61 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermorePhElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 56 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Klein-Nishina : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 18 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
BetheHeitler : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

Rayleigh scattering
Rayl: SubType= 11 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 100 keV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 0
LambdaPrime table from 100 keV to 100 TeV in 63 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermoreRayleigh : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV CullenGenerator

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e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.04, stepLimitType: 1, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.04, stepLimitType: 1, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
(continues on next page)

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(continued from previous page)

WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

proton
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV
(continues on next page)

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(continued from previous page)

CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
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(continued from previous page)

msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

3.14.2 emstandard_opt1

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 61 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermorePhElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 56 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Klein-Nishina : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Gamma conversion
conv: , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 18 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
BetheHeitler : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
(continues on next page)

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scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.8, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

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Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.8, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

proton
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu+

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Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering

events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 , applyCuts: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV (continues on next page)

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Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

3.14.3 emstandard_opt2

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 61 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PhotoElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 56 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Klein-Nishina : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 18 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
BetheHeitler : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
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eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.8, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 42 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 1, dRoverRange= 0.8, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
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MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

proton
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
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RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 0,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 84 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
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Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 84 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 7 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 49 bins

3.14.4 emstandard_opt3

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 174 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermorePhElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 10 eV to 1 MeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 160 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
KleinNishina : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV FluoActive

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
BetheHeitler : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

Rayleigh scattering
Rayl: SubType= 11 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 10 eV to 100 keV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 0
LambdaPrime table from 100 keV to 100 TeV in 180 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermoreRayleigh : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV CullenGenerator

e-
Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering
at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.04, stepLimitType: 3, latDisplacement: 1, skin= 1, geomFactor= 2.5
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
(continues on next page)

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Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 160 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

e+
Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.04, stepLimitType: 3, latDisplacement: 1, skin= 1, geomFactor= 2.5
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.1, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 160 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

proton

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Nuclear stopping
nuclearStopping: SubType= 8 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU49NucStopping : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 MeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 160 bins

mu+
Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic
scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

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Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 160 bins

mu-
Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic
scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 10 eV to 100 TeV in 260 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 160 bins

3.14.5 emstandard_opt4

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 174 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermorePhElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
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Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 160 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LowEPComptonModel : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 20 MeV FluoActive
KleinNishina : Emin= 20 MeV Emax= 100 TeV FluoActive

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenConversion : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 20 MeV
BetheHeitler : Emin= 20 MeV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

Rayleigh scattering
Rayl: SubType= 11 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 100 keV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 0
LambdaPrime table from 100 keV to 100 TeV in 180 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermoreRayleigh : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV CullenGenerator

e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LowEnergyIoni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 keV deltaVI
MollerBhabha : Emin= 100 keV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
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Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenIoni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 keV
MollerBhabha : Emin= 100 keV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

proton
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
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scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.02, dRoverRange= 0.1, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
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muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.02, dRoverRange= 0.1, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
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Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.02, dRoverRange= 0.1, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

3.14.6 Livermore

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 174 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermorePhElectric : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 160 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermoreCompton : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV FluoActive
KleinNishina : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV FluoActive

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
BetheHeitler5D : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

Rayleigh scattering
Rayl: SubType= 11 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 100 keV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 0
LambdaPrime table from 100 keV to 100 TeV in 180 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LivermoreRayleigh : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV CullenGenerator

e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV
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Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
LowEnergyIoni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 keV deltaVI
MollerBhabha : Emin= 100 keV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eplus2gg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
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eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MollerBhabha : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eBremSB : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV AngularGen2BS
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGen2BS

proton
Nuclear stopping
nuclearStopping: SubType= 8 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU49NucStopping : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 MeV

Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering

events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV deltaVI
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BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV deltaVI
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
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combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV deltaVI
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV deltaVI
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

3.14.7 Penelope

gamma
Photoelectric effect
phot: SubType= 12 BuildTable= 0
LambdaPrime table from 200 keV to 100 TeV in 174 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenPhotoElec : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV FluoActive
PhotoElectric : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
˓→AngularGenSauterGavrila FluoActive

Compton scattering
compt: SubType= 13 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 1 MeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LambdaPrime table from 1 MeV to 100 TeV in 160 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenCompton : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV FluoActive
KleinNishina : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV FluoActive

Gamma conversion
conv: SubType= 14 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 1.022 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenConversion : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
BetheHeitler : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 80 GeV AngularGenUrban
BetheHeitlerLPM : Emin= 80 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

Rayleigh scattering
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Rayl: SubType= 11 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 eV to 100 keV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 0
LambdaPrime table from 100 keV to 100 TeV in 180 bins
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenRayleigh : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 GeV

e-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenIoni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
MollerBhabha : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

e+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from 100 MeV to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
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===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Positron annihilation
annihil: integral: 1 SubType= 5 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenAnnih : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
eplus2gg : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV

Multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic scattering

at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be combined with
Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 2, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
GoudsmitSaunderson : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 MeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 MeV
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 120 bins
˓→Emin= 100 MeV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
ePairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 25x1001; from 0.1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ePairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
eIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.01, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenIoni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
MollerBhabha : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

Bremsstrahlung
eBrem: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
LPM flag: 1 for E > 1 GeV, VertexHighEnergyTh(GeV)= 100000
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
PenBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 GeV
eBremLPM : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV AngularGenUrban

proton
Nuclear stopping
nuclearStopping: SubType= 8 BuildTable= 0
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU49NucStopping : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 1 MeV

Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering

events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

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scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May
be combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, stepLimitType: 0, latDisplacement: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
UrbanMsc : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron bremsstrahlung
hBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Hadron pair production

hPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 17x1001; from 7.50618 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
hPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Ionisation
hIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 2 MeV
BetheBloch : Emin= 2 MeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu+
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
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Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
Bragg : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

mu-
Coulomb scattering. Simulation of elastic scattering
events individually. May be used in combination with multiple
scattering, where Coulomb scattering is used for hard (large angle)
collisions and multiple scattering for soft collisions.
CoulombScat: integral: 1 SubType= 1 BuildTable= 1
Lambda table from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
ThetaMin(p) < Theta(degree) < 180; pLimit(GeV^1)= 0.139531
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
eCoulombScattering : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon multiple scattering. Simulates combined effects of elastic

scattering at the end of the step, to save computing time. May be
combined with Coulomb scattering in a 'mixed' scattering algorithm.
msc: SubType= 10
RangeFactor= 0.2, step limit type: 0, lateralDisplacement: 1,
˓→polarAngleLimit(deg)= 180
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
WentzelVIUni : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV Table with 240 bins
˓→Emin= 100 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon bremsstrahlung
muBrems: SubType= 3
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
MuBrem : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Pair production
muPairProd: SubType= 4
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
Sampling table 21x1001; from 1 GeV to 100 TeV
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
muPairProd : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 100 TeV

Muon ionisation
muIoni: SubType= 2
dE/dx and range tables from 100 eV to 100 TeV in 240 bins
Lambda tables from threshold to 100 TeV, 20 bins per decade, spline: 1
finalRange(mm)= 0.05, dRoverRange= 0.2, integral: 1, fluct: 1, linLossLimit= 0.01
===== EM models for the G4Region DefaultRegionForTheWorld ======
ICRU73QO : Emin= 0 eV Emax= 200 keV
BetheBloch : Emin= 200 keV Emax= 1 GeV
MuBetheBloch : Emin= 1 GeV Emax= 100 TeV
CSDA range table up to 1 GeV in 140 bins

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3.15 Tables by particle

3.15.1 Gamma

Table 3.1: Models used for gamma processes for different EM physics
constructors.
title Rayleigh Photoelectric Compton Gamma conversion
Opt0 Livermore- Livermore- KleinNishina 0-100 TeV BetheHeitler 0-80 GeV;
Rayleigh PhElectric 0-100 BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV
0-100 TeV TeV
Opt1 none Livermore- KleinNishina 0-100 TeV BetheHeitler 0-80 GeV;
PhElectric 0-100 BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Opt2 none PhotoElectric 0-100 KleinNishina 0-100 TeV BetheHeitler 0-80 GeV;
TeV BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV
Opt3 Livermore- Livermore- KleinNishina 0-100 TeV BetheHeitler 0-80 GeV;
Rayleigh PhElectric 0-100 BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV
0-100 TeV TeV
Opt4 Livermore- Livermore- LowEPComptonModel PenConversion 0-20 MeV;
Rayleigh PhElectric 0-100 0-20 MeV; KleinNishina BetheHeitler 20 MeV-80 GeV;
0-100 TeV TeV 20 MeV-100 TeV BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV
Livermore Livermore- Livermore- LivermoreCompton 0-1 BetheHeitler5D 0-1 GeV;
Rayleigh PhElectric 0-100 GeV; KleinNishina 1 BetheHeitlerLPM 1 GeV-100 TeV
0-100 TeV TeV GeV-100 TeV
Penelope Pen- PenPhotoElec 0-1 PenCompton 0-1 GeV; PenConversion 0-1 GeV;
Rayleigh GeV; PhotoElectric 1 KleinNishina 1 GeV-100 BetheHeitler 1 GeV-80 GeV;
0-100 GeV GeV-100 TeV TeV BetheHeitlerLPM 80 GeV-100 TeV

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3.15.2 Electron

Table 3.2: Models used for electron processes for different EM physics
constructors.
Coulomb Multiple scattering Pair Ionisation Bremsstrahlung
scattering pro-
duction
Opt0 eCoulombScat- UrbanMsc 0-100 MeV; none MollerBhabha 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
tering 100 WentzelVUni 100 TeV GeV; eBremLPM
MeV-100 TeV MeV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 TeV
Opt1 eCoulombScat- UrbanMsc 0-100 MeV; none MollerBhabha 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
tering 100 WentzelVIUni 100 TeV GeV; eBremLPM
MeV-100 TeV MeV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 TeV
Opt2 eCoulombScat- UrbanMsc 0-100 MeV; none MollerBhabha 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
tering 100 WentzelVIUni 100 TeV GeV; eBremLPM
MeV-100 TeV MeV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 TeV
Opt3 none UrbanMsc 0-100 TeV ePair- MollerBhabha 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
Prod TeV GeV; eBremLPM
0-100 1 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Opt4 eCoulombScat- Goudsmit-Saunderson ePair- LowEnergyIoni 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
tering 100 0-100 MeV; WentzelVIUni Prod keV; MollerBhabha 100 GeV; eBremLPM
MeV-10 TeV 100 MeV-100 TeV 0-100 keV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Livermore eCoulombScat- Goudsmit-Saunderson ePair- LowEnergyIoni 0-100 eBremSB 0-1
tering 100 0-100 MeV; WentzelVIUni Prod keV; MollerBhabha 100 GeV; eBremLPM
MeV-100 TeV 100 MeV-100 TeV 0-100 keV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Penelope eCoulombScat- Goudsmit-Saunderson ePair- PenIoni 0-1 GeV; PenBrem 0-1 GeV;
tering 100 0-100 MeV; WentzelVIUni Prod MollerBhabha 1 eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 TeV 100 MeV-100 TeV 0-100 GeV-100 TeV GeV-100 TeV
TeV

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3.15.3 Positron

Table 3.3: Models used for positron processes for different EM physics
constructors.
Coulomb Multiple scattering Pair Ionisation Annihilation Bremsstrahlung
scattering pro-
duc-
tion
Opt0 eCoulomb- UrbanMsc 0-100 TeV; none MollerBhabha eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Scattering WentzelVIUni 100 0-100 TeV 0-100 TeV GeV;
100 MeV-100 TeV eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Opt1 eCoulomb- UrbanMsc 0-100 none MollerBhabha eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Scattering MeV; WentzelVIUni 0-100 TeV 0-100 TeV GeV;
100 100 MeV-100 TeV eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Opt2 eCoulomb- UrbanMsc 0-100 none MollerBhabha eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Scattering MeV; WentzelVIUni 0-100 TeV 0-100 TeV GeV;
100 100 MeV-100 TeV eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Opt3 none UrbanMsc 0-100 TeV ePair- MollerBhabha eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Prod 0-100 TeV 0-100 TeV GeV;
0-100 eBremLPM 1
TeV GeV-100 TeV
Opt4 eCoulomb- GoudsmitSaunderson ePair- PenIoni 0-100 eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Scattering 0-100 MeV; Prod keV; 0-100 TeV GeV;
100 WentzelVIUni 100 0-100 MollerBhabha eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 MeV-100 TeV TeV 100 keV-100 GeV-100 TeV
TeV TeV
Livermore eCoulomb- GoudsmitSaunderson ePair- MollerBhabha eplus2gg eBremSB 0-1
Scattering 0-100 MeV; Prod 0-100 TeV 0-100 TeV GeV;
100 WentzelVIUni 100 0-100 eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 MeV-100 TeV TeV GeV-100 TeV
TeV
Penelope eCoulomb- GoudsmitSaunderson ePair- PenIoni 0-1 GeV; PenAnnih 0-1 PenBrem 0-1
Scattering 0-100 MeV; Prod MollerBhabha 1 GeV; eplus2gg GeV;
100 WentzelVIUni 100 0-100 GeV-100 TeV 1 GeV-100 eBremLPM 1
MeV-100 MeV-100 TeV TeV TeV GeV-100 TeV
TeV

58 Chapter 3. Electromagnetic physics constructors

 CHAPTER

FOUR

STATUS OF THIS DOCUMENT

Guide describing Physics Lists and their possible application in more detail.
• Rev 1.0: First sphinx version implemented for GEANT4 Release 10.4, 8th Dec 2017
• Rev 2.0: Updates and fixes in documentatio for GEANT4 Release 10.4, 15th May 2018
• Rev 3.0: GEANT4 Release 10.5, 11th December 2018
• Rev 3.1: GEANT4 Updates and fixes - especially to search functionality, 5th March 2019
• Rev 4.0: GEANT4 Release 10.6, 6th December 2019

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Guide For Physics Lists, Release 10.6

60 Chapter 4. Status of this Document

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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