2nd Term

SCRIPTED
LESSONS
2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

PHYSICS
SS 2 WEEK 3
 PHYSICS
ND
2 TERM WEEK 3
SS 2
PERIOD 1
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Temperature and its measurement
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Define temperature.
Ii Distinguish between temperature and heat .
Iii Construct a device for measuring the temperature of a body
Instructional Materials – Physics textbooks, chalkboard
– Cardboard showing types of thermometer

Teacher Preparation for Teacher provide thermometer as instructional materials

Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Discussion method
Time

Lesson Procedures Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Step1: Identification 5 Ask the student to Provide varied – Critical thinking

of Prior Ideas mins 1. Define temperature responses – Communication

Step 2: Main Lesson 20 Distinguish between – Listen – Critical thinking

mins temperature and heat Attentively – Communication
– Participate in class
discussion
– Take down board
summary in their note
books

Step 3: Application in 8 Construct a device for Student participate in – Critical thinking

Class Exercise mins measuring the temperature solving the problem – Communication
of a body – Collaboration

Step 4: Evaluation 5 Ask the student Students gives varied – Critical thinking
mins the following responses – Communication
question:
1. Define
temperature
2. Distinguish
between
temperature and
heat

Step 5: Assignment 3 Describe how

mins thermometer can
constructed
 BOARD SUMMARY

Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. it is also a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the molecules in a body. It is a scalar quantity. The S.I unit of temperature is kelvin (k). Other units of
temperature are Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F). Temperature is a fundamental physical property that describes the
thermal state of a system.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Temperature and heat are related but distinct physical quantities. Temperature is a measure of the thermal state
of a system, while heat is a measure of the energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.
When heat is transferred to or from a body, its temperature changes. If heat is added to a body, its temperature
increases, and if heat is removed from a body, its temperature decreases. This is known as temperature change.
When two bodies at different temperatures are in contact, heat flows from the body at the higher temperature to the
body at the lower temperature. This process is called heat transfer.
Although temperature and heat are related, there are distinct differences which include; Temperature is a
measure of thermal state while heat is a measure of energy in transit. Temperature is a scalar quantity while heat
is a vector quantity. Temperature is measured in units of Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin*, while heat is measured in
units of joules or calories

HOW TO CONSTRUCT A THERMOMETER

The thermometer is an instrument for measuring the temperature of a body. In the construction of a thermometer
the variation in the the physical property of a substance with temperature is considered. The substance whose physical
property is use is known as thermometric substance. There are various types of thermometer such as liquid in glass
thermometer, gas thermometer, resistance thermometer, thermocouple, bimetallic thermometer, infrared thermometer,
thermistor thermometer, digital thermometer etc.
In the construction of liquid in glass thermometer, the Materials needed are;
- A sealed glass tube (capillary tube)
- A liquid with a high coefficient of thermal expansion (e.g., mercury or ethanol)
- A metal bulb or reservoir
- A scale or calibration markings
- Adhesives and supporting materials (e.g., cork, wood, or plastic)
The Construction Steps are:
1. Prepare the Glass Tube: Cut the glass tube to the desired length and clean it thoroughly. The tube should be narrow
and uniform in diameter.
2. Create the Bulb: Attach the metal bulb or reservoir to one end of the glass tube. This will serve as the temperature-
sensing element.
3. Fill the Tube with Liquid: Fill the glass tube with the chosen liquid (mercury or ethanol), leaving a small air space at
the top.
4. Seal the Tube: Seal the open end of the glass tube using a flame or a specialized sealing technique.
5. Calibrate the Thermometer: Calibrate the thermometer by marking the scale on the glass tube. This can be done by
determining the lower fixed point and the upper fixed. The thermometer is place in a pure melting ice to determine the
lower fixed point. The thermometer is place upright in pure melting ice contain in glass funnel. When the mercury
level remains steady within a period of time a mark is made on the stem of the thermometer to indicate the level for
lower fixed point.
The upper fixed-point is determined by the use of a hypsometer. It is copper vessel with a double constructed to fit the
size of the thermometer which inserted inside. The stern of the thermometer hang above the boiling water with the
mercury thread visible to eye. A manometer is place inside the hypsometer to ensure the pressure is 760mmHg. When
the water is 100 degree and the mercury thread level in the sterm is steady. The point is mark and it represent the upper
fixed point. care must be taken to ensure that the bulb of the thermometer does not come in contact with the boiling
water and error due to parallax avoided.
The space between the upper fixed point and lower fixed point is divided equally with uniform scale such as meter
rile.
PERIOD 2
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Temperature and its measurement ; types of thermometer
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to ;
i state the types of thermometers.
Ii state the thermometric properties of a substance.
Iii state the thermometric substance of a thermometer
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks, chalkboard, calorimeter, stirrer etc.
Teacher Preparation for Lesson Teacher makes available the instructional materials beforehand.

Teaching Method – Discussion method

– Participatory and interactive
Time

Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification of mins 1. State the the types of thermometer – Provide varied – Communication
Prior Ideas responses

Step 2: Main 20 Teacher Explain the thermometric – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins substance and physical properties as – Participate in – Communication
it changes with temperature class discussion
– Take down board
summary in their
note books
Step 3: 8 Share student into groups to discuss Participate in – Critical thinking
Application in mins the various types of thermometer carryout the – Communication
Class Exercise thermometric substance and experiment – Collaboration
thermoduric properties.
Step 4: Evaluation 5 Ask the student the following
mins question:
1. State five types of
thermometers.
2. State the thermometric
substance and properties with
change in temperature.

Step 5: 2 1) Describe the difference and

Assignment mins similarity between mercury in
glass thermometer and alcohol
in glass thermometer.
2) Use the internet to search the
working principls of a digital
thermometer.
 BOARD SUMMARY
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
Temperature is a measure of the thermal state of a system. It is measured with a thermometer. . There are various
types of thermometer such as liquid in glass thermometer, gas thermometer, resistance thermometer,
thermocouple, bimetallic thermometer, infrared thermometer, thermistor thermometer, digital thermometer etc.
The thermometer, thermometric substance and physical property is discuss below;

1. MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER: Uses mercury as the

liquid substance and its volume changes with temperature. It is
commonly used in laboratories and hospitals e.g. clinical
thermometer.
2. DIGITAL THERMOMETER: Uses electronic sensors and
displays the temperature on an LCD screen.
3. ALCOHOL THERMOMETER: Uses ethanol or another alcohol
as the liquid substance and its volume changes with temperature. it
is often used in outdoor or industrial applications.
4. INFRARED THERMOMETER: Uses infrared radiation to
measure temperature and is commonly used in non-contact
applications.
5. GAS THERMOMTER; Uses gas as its substance, the property is
change in gas pressure at constant volume with temperature. It is the
most accurate thermometer but cubersom.
6. RESISTANCE THERMOMETER; uses resistance wire as
thermometric substance. The property is change in electrical
resistnce of wire with temperature.
7. THERMOCOUPLE; Uses two dissimilar metals e.g copper and
constantan, the thermometric property is change in electric potential
difference or current between two metal junction at different
temperatures
8. BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER; ; Uses two dissimilar metals
e.g copper and iron. The property is the difference in the expansion
the two metals of the bimetallic strip.

PERIOD 3
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Temperature and its measurement ; temperature scales
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to
i state the various temperature scales
ii covert temperature reading from one scale to another
iii solve simple problem base on temperature scale
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks, chalkboard, thermometer, plastic stirrer, the ammeter,
voltmeter, wooden lid, plastic container etc.
Teacher Preparation for Lessonmakes available beforehand the instructional materials.
Teacher

Teaching Method – Discussion method

– Participatory and interactive
 Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Time
Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student to defined a Provide vared responses – Critical thinking
Identification of mins scale – Communication
Prior Ideas
Step 2: Main 20 i. Teacher Explain how to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins determine temperature – Participate in class – Communication
scale of thermometer discussion
ii. Lead student to solve – Take down board
simple problem. summary in their note
books
Step 3: 8 Give the students class work Participate in carryout the – Critical thinking
Application in mins base on temperature scales experiment – Communication
Class Exercise – Collaboration

Step 4: 5 The solve the corrections to

Evaluation mins the classwork

Step 5: 2 1) A thermometer which

Assignment mins was not accurately
calibrated indicates – 0.5
degree at the lower fixed
point and 106 degree at the
upper fixed point. What
temperature does the
thermometer register when
the true temperature is 60
degree.2)

BOARD SUMMARY

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Temperature scales uniform scale used to measure the thermal energy of a system. There are several temperature
scales, each with its own units and reference points.

TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SCALE

1. Celsius Scale
The Celsius scale is the most widely used temperature scale. It is defined such that:

- 0°C is the freezing point of water

- 100°C is the boiling point of water

2. Fahrenheit Scale
The Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in the United States. It is defined such that:

- 32°F is the freezing point of water

- 212°F is the boiling point of water

3. Kelvin Scale
The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale, meaning it has a fixed zero point. It is defined such that:
- 0 K is absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion ceases
- 273.15 K is the freezing point of water

CONVERSION BETWEEN TEMPERATURE SCALES

The conversion formulas between temperature scales are:

- Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32

- Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9
- Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273
- Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K – 273

EXAMPLE 1
A temperature of 20 °C is the same as what valu in the fahrenhelt scale

Solution
using

°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32

C = 20 °C
°F =(20 × 9/5) + 321
°F = (20 × 1.8) + 32
°F = 36 + 32
°F = 68 °F

EXAMPLE 2
The ice and steam point of an ungraduated thermometer are 200mm apart. Calculate the length above the steam point
which will correspond to a temperature of of 30 °C.

solution

100 A D 200mm

30 B E 𝜃

0 C F 0
𝐴−𝐶 𝐷−𝐹
=
𝐵−𝐶 𝐸−𝐹

100−0 200−0
= 30−0 = 𝜃−0

100 200
= =
30 𝜃
=100 X 𝜃 = 30 X 200
100 𝜃 = 6000
6000
𝜃 = 100
 𝜃 = 60 mm

EXAMPLE 3
Ω
The resistance of a platinum wire at the ice and steam point is 075 ohm and 1.05 ohm respectively. Determine the
temperature at which the resistance of the wire is 0.90 ohm.

Solution

100 A D 1.05 Ω

𝜃 B E 0.9 Ω

0 C F 0.75 Ω
𝐴−𝐶 𝐷−𝐹
= 𝐸−𝐹
𝐵−𝐶

100−0 1.05−0.75
=
𝜃−0 0.9−0.75

100 0.3
= 0.15
𝜃

100 x 0.15 = 0.3 𝜃

15 = 0.3𝜃
15
𝜃 =
0.3

𝜃 = 50 °C

PERIOD 4
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Molecular explanation of temperature
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i defined tem perature using kinectic theory
ii explain temperature using molecular theory.
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks by M.W. Anyakoha Ph.D. (New School
Physics), chalkboard, items made with low or high heat capacity.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher makes available instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson
 Teaching Method – Discussion method
– Participatory and interactive

Time
Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill
Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification of mins I defined matter – Provide varied – Communication
Prior Ideas Ii list the constituent particles responses
that makes up matter

Step 2: Main 20 Teacher explain the – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking

Lesson mins molecular explanation of – Participate in class – Communication
matter discussion
– Take down board
summary in their
note books
Step 3: 8 Share students into groups. Participate in class – Critical thinking
Application in mins Each group to present a discussion. – Communication
Class Exercise representative to explain the – Collaboration
kinetic theory of gasses and
relate it to temperature.

Step 4: Evaluation 5 Ask the student the following

mins question:
1. State two application of
kinetic theory of gas in
relation o temperature

Step 5: 2 Describe the molecular model

Assignment mins of temperature

BOARD SUMMARY

MOLECULAR EXPLANATION OF TEMPERATURE

The molecular explanation of temperature is based on the kinetic theory of gases, which describes the behavior of
molecules in a substance. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules, and it affects the
motion of molecules, phase changes, and the behavior of substances. The kinetic energy the molecule is the energy it
possesses due to its motion. In a substance, molecules are in constant motion, vibrating, rotating, and translating. The
motion ofb the molecules is random and chaotic, with each molecule moving independently. The kinetic energy of the
molecule is directly proportional to its velocity. As the temperature of the substance increases, the molecules gain
kinetic energy and move faster.
The temperature of the substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules. As the temperature
increases, the molecules move faster and have more kinetic energy.