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Carbon

The document discusses the properties and significance of carbon, highlighting its presence in various forms and its role in living structures. It explains covalent bonding, allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerenes), and concepts like catenation and tetravalency. The differences between diamond and graphite, as well as the stability of carbon compounds, are also outlined.

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Gourav Chauhan
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12 views15 pages

Carbon

The document discusses the properties and significance of carbon, highlighting its presence in various forms and its role in living structures. It explains covalent bonding, allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerenes), and concepts like catenation and tetravalency. The differences between diamond and graphite, as well as the stability of carbon compounds, are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Gourav Chauhan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,

Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133

Class-10th Chapter- Carbon and its compounds Science

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS


• Carbon is a versatile element.

• In earth's crust, carbon is 0.02% and found in form of minerals.

• Atmosphere has 0.03% of Carbon dioxide.

• All living structures are carbon based.

• Carbon is present in paper, plastic, leather and rubber.

COVALENT BOND IN CARBON


• The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic con_iguration is 2,

4. To attain a noble gas con_iguration it can

1. Gain 4 electrons: But it would be dif_icult for nucleus to hold 4

extra electrons, and is highly energy requiring process

2. Lose 4 clectrons: But it would require a large amount of energy to

remove 4 electrons.

• It is dif_icult thus for an atom of carbon to either gain or lose electrons.

• Carbon attains the noble gas con_iguration by sharing its valence

electrons, with other atoms. Atoms of other elements like hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine also show sharing of valence electrons.

• Shared electrons belong to the outer shells of both atoms, which

thereby achieve noble gas con_iguration.

• Formation of H , O and N is shown as below: 222


NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133

• It is
evident that the number of shared pair of electrons can be one, two

or three.

• Bond formed by the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms is

called covalent bond.

• Covalently bonded molecules have low melting and boiling points

because of comparatively weaker intermolecular forces, unlike ionic

compounds.

• These molecules are generally poor conductor of electricity since no

charged particles are formed.

Allotropes of carbon:
(i) Diamond: Each of the carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms of

carbon.

(ii) Graphite: Each of the carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms of

carbon. The fourth valence electron can move, thus graphite becomes a

good conductor of electricity.

(iii) Fullerenes: Smallest fullerene has 60 carbon atoms.


NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133

Use of (i) Diamnd — making jewellery, thermometers.

(ii) Graphite — pencil leads, electrondes, dry lubricant.

These allotropes have same chemical properties. Difference between

diamond and graphite

Diamond Graphite

• It is hardest natural substance • It is soft.

• It is an insulator of electricity • It is good conductor of both

but good conductor of heat. heat and electrcity

• It is transparent • It is opaque

CATENATION: (self-linking)property of carbon atom to form bond with other atoms of

carbon is called catenation. Like. carbon, silicon forms compounds with

hydrogen upto seven or eight atoms of silicon.

TETRAVALENCY: Having a valency of 4, carbon atom is capable of

bonding with atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and

other elements.

The smaller size of carbon atom enables nucleus to hold the shared pair

of electrons strongly, thus carbon compounds are stable in general.


NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133

• To have a double/triple bond in chain, at least two carbon atoms are

required. So, first member of alkene and alkyne have two-carbon

atoms.

• Electron dot structure of a saturated carbon compound, ethane (C 2H 6):


NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133
NH 1A, Kaunterpur, Pathankot,
Punjab – 145101
Contact No: 9878667133

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