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L01. A Review To Statistics and Probability

The document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics, including variables, populations, samples, and types of data. It explains descriptive and inferential statistics, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and basic probability concepts such as experiments and outcomes. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying data types and calculating statistical measures.

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Naize Jann sentones
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9 views27 pages

L01. A Review To Statistics and Probability

The document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics, including variables, populations, samples, and types of data. It explains descriptive and inferential statistics, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and basic probability concepts such as experiments and outcomes. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying data types and calculating statistical measures.

Uploaded by

Naize Jann sentones
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REVIEW TO

STATISTICS
Variable
A variable is a characteristic or condition
that can change or take on different values.
Most research begins with a general
question about the relationship between
two variables for a specific group of
individuals.
Population
The entire group of individuals is called the
population.
For example, a researcher may be interested in
the relation between class size (variable 1) and
academic performance (variable 2) for the
population of third-grade children.
Sample
Usually populations are so large that a
researcher cannot examine the entire
group. Therefore, a sample is selected to
represent the population in a research study.
The goal is to use the results obtained from
the sample to help answer questions about
the population.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are methods for organizing
and summarizing data.
For example, tables or graphs are used to
organize data, and descriptive values such as
the average score are used to summarize data.
A descriptive value for a population is called a
parameter and a descriptive value for a sample
is called a statistic.
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics are methods for using
sample data to make general conclusions
(inferences) about populations.
Because a sample is typically only a part of the whole
population, sample data provide only limited information
about the population. As a result, sample statistics are
generally imperfect representatives of the corresponding
population parameters.
Data
 GATHERING AND ORGANIZING DATA
 REPRESENTING DATA USING GRAPHS AND CHARTS
 INTERPRET DATA
Data
The measurements obtained in a research
study are called the data.
The goal of statistics is to help researchers
organize and interpret the data.
Test yourself:
Identify the data whether it is grouped or ungrouped.

A. My friends in biology get a grade of 92, 84,


65, 76, 88, and 90.
B. Allan 2nd semester’s grade
Course Name Course Grade No. of Units
Biology 87 5
Statistics 90 3
Psychology 88 3
Two Types of Data
Quantitative Data
-deals with numbers and things you can measure
objectively: such as height, width, and length.
Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and
volume.
Qualitative Data
-deals with characteristics and descriptors that
can’t be easily measured, but can be observed
subjectively – such as smells, tastes, and textures.
Types of
Quantitative Data
Discrete data
- is a count that can’t be made more precise
- typically it involves integers
- example: the number of children in your family
Continuous data
- could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels.
- example: height (precise scales – meters, centimeters,
millimeters, and beyond)
Measures of
Central Tendency
MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE
Mean
The mean of 𝑛 numbers is the sum of the
numbers divided by 𝑛.

𝑥
𝜇=
𝑛
43,750 + 39,500 + 38,000 + 41,250 + 44,000
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
5

206,500
=
5

= 𝟒𝟏, 𝟑𝟎𝟎
Exercise:
Solve for the mean:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
c. 14, 27, 3, 82, 64, 34, 8, 51
d. 21.3, 37.4, 11.6, 82.5, 17.2
Median
The middle number or the mean of two
middle numbers in a list of numbers that have
been arranged in numerical order from
smallest to largest or largest to smallest.
Example:
A. 92, 84, 65, 76, 88
-Arrange in numerical order (65, 76, 84, 88, 92)

B. 245, 235, 220, 210


-Arrange (210, 220, 235, 245)
-Get the mean of two middle numbers
220+235
Exercise:
Find the median:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
c. 14, 27, 3, 82, 64, 34, 8, 51
d. 21.3, 37.4, 11.6, 82.5, 17.2
Mode
The mode is a list of numbers that occurs most
frequently.
Note:
Some list of numbers do not have a mode. For
instance, in the list 1, 6, 8, 10, 32, 15, 49, each number
occurs exactly once.
Mode
Note:
Some list of numerical data can have more than one
mode. For instance, in the list 4, 2, 2, 6, 2, 4, 7, 4 the
number 2 occurs three times and so does number 4.
Exercise:
Identify the mode:
a. 4, 8, 1, 12, 9, 21, 12
b. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21
c. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
d. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 8
e. 12, 34, 12, 71, 48, 39, 71
REVIEW TO
PROBABILITY
Experiment
Experiment is a chance process that leads to
a well-defined result called an outcome.

For example: Flipping a coin


Rolling a die
Outcome
Outcome is the result of a single trail of an experiment.
Experiment Outcome
Flipping a coin Head (H) , Tail (T)
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
In flipping a coin the possible outcome is either a head or
a tail. While in rolling a die the possible outcome is either
1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6.
Sample Space
Sample space is the set of all the possible outcome
or sample points.

Experiment Sample space


Flipping two coins HH, HT, TH, TT
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
LIST the

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