Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Hryhoriy Kochur Department of Translation Studies and Contrastive Linguistics

ACADEMIC WRITING

within the courses “Main Foreign Language (English)”

(for 3rd- and 4th-year students)

Course by Prof. Dr. Taras Shmiher

The course was modernized in the framework of

the project „ Learning Bridge Chemnitz-Lviv 2024”
supported by German Academic Exchange Service DAAD
under the supervision of
Prof. Dr. Josef Schmied (Chemnitz University of Technology)

Lviv – 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

0. EXPLANATION............................................................................................3
1. UKRAINIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY.........................................................4
OF PHRASES FOR ACADEMIC WRITING...................................................4
2. EXEMPLARY PHRASES...........................................................................22
FOR WRITING A COHERENT TEXT..........................................................22
3. RULES OF PUNCTUATION......................................................................34
3.1. COMMA................................................................................................34
3.2. SEMICOLON.........................................................................................49
3.3. COLON..................................................................................................60
3.4. DASH (en dash –)..................................................................................69
3.5. HYPHEN................................................................................................78
3.6. QUOTATION MARKS.........................................................................85
3.7. SLASH (diagonal)..................................................................................94
3.8. APOSTROPHE......................................................................................99
3.9. PARENTHESES, BRACKETS AND THE ELLIPSIS MARK..........105
4. SAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS.........................118
5. A LIST OF RECOMMENDED DICTIONARIES....................................154
6. RULES OF TRANSLITERATION...........................................................157
7. STYLISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL TIPS..............................................184
7.1. RHETORICAL TIPS...........................................................................184
7.2. GRAMMATICAL TIPS.......................................................................190
7.3. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM.......................................................193
8. VIDEOS DEDICATED TO THE MASTERY OF ACADEMIC WRITING
........................................................................................................................195

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 0. EXPLANATION

The course “Main Foreign Language (English)” is taught during 4 years

and provides 48 ECTS credits, but the component of Academic Writing in the
spring semester of 2024 for 3rd- and 4th-year BA students took 52 hours of the
classroom learning phase and 104 hours of self-learning phase. It is designed as
a major course for BA in English-Ukrainian translation.
The course components are designed to provide students with the
necessary knowledge required to learn and use the academic style of English.
Therefore, it is connected with the mechanics of writing academic papers and
projects. The students are to learn formal academic phrases and sentence parts,
to deal with stylistic difficulties and punctuation, to implement professional
jargon and euphemisms, which are necessary for mastering the academic style of
English speech. Its objectives are: to master the lexical trends and features of
modern academic speech in the English-speaking world, taking into account the
genre features of language use; to acquire practical information about registers
and functions of lexical and grammatical units of the English language.
As parts of the development of the modernisation of the existing course in
the framework of the project „Learning Bridge Chemnitz-Lviv 2024” supported
by German Academic Exchange Service DAAD under the supervision of Prof.
Dr. Josef Schmied (Chemnitz University of Technology), it was necessary to
compile list of beneficial and handy vocabulary for writing annual research
papers, to offer assistance in designing a proper bibliography, to provide
practical grammatical, rhetorical and stylistic tips which are to construct a
student’s proper vision of academic writing.
The modernization of the course was boosted by a public lecture – or a
master class – by Prof. Dr. Josef Schmied on 13 May 2024. The lecture was
entitled “Large Language Models for University Students Learning English?”.
Its focus was to present brand new technologies as well as to provide the
practical teaching of how to use them. The lecture was precious as students and
teachers could ask questions. The video recording of the lecture will be used for
other generations of students.

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 1. UKRAINIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
OF PHRASES FOR ACADEMIC WRITING

1. абсолютно відрізнятися від be totally different from; be vastly

different
2. абсолютно точно знати know beyond doubt that
3. аналогічно in a similar/like manner; along similar
lines; in a manner like; in much the
same way/manner/fashion
4. багато людей вважають, що there is much speculation that
5. бажана ціль the purpose to be achieved
6. без зміни intact; with no change of; unaffected,
unaltered, unchanged
7. без розбору/все, без винятку indiscriminately
8. без сумніву it is beyond question that
9. без явної причини for no apparent reason
10. безпосередньо стосуватися have a direct bearing on/bears a direct
до relation to/is directly relevant to/is
directly concerned with
11. бере початок from this point (ward) forward
12. більш, ніж достатньо be by no means lacking, be more than
sufficient
13. більш-менш точно with some degree of accuracy
14. бути в центрі уваги, be the major focus of interest / attention,
a central preoccupation of
15. бути відомим завдяки is famed of
16. бути за межами fall outside of
17. бути на порозі be on the threshold of
18. бути одним з головних be a controlling consideration
факторів
19. бути про deal with; discuss; concern; be
concerned with
20. бути схильним до помилок be subject to errors
21. в іншому випадку, (з двох) in the latter case,
22. в обох випадках in either case

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23. вагомий приклад notable example
24. важко переоцінити difficult to overestimate

25. важливий the most salient, critical, to be a key,

paramount, essential, major, to be
of significance
26. важливо it is of value, it is important, what counts
is, it is vital
27. вартий уваги be especially noteworthy; be worthy of
special attention
28. ведуться суперечки щодо there is some controversy as to whether
29. велика заслуга належить a lot of the credit must go to
30. велика кількість a rich variety of, a great quantity of, a
great deal of, in great numbers
31. велика кількість даних ample/considerable/abundant evidence, a
great body of information/data
32. велика кількість праці a considerable body of work
33. великий вплив a dramatic effect on, a profound effect
on
34. весь накопичений досвід the totality of experience
35. вже стало звичним it has become customary
36. взаємно mutually contradictory
протилежні/суперечні
37. взаємозамінно are used interchangeably
38. взаємоліквідувати cancel out/annihilate each other
39. взяти на себе завдання take over the task
40. вивчати питання we turn to these processes
41. вивчати питання address oneself to the questions
42. видно неозброєним оком visible to the unaided (or naked) eye
43. використовувати put to use/ advantage is taken of/ have
been applied in/ depend upon/
draw on/ employ/ follow/ harness
for/rely on/ has been turned to
useful account in/ are being
utilized/ was picked up/ invoke to/
put into service
44. вилучений removed by

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45. виняток з правил exception to this rule
46. випливати з be implicit in
47. виправляти помилки errors can be rectified
48. виходити за рамки be beyond the scope of
49. виходячи з from / based upon/ on the basis
that/reasoning from/ starting from
50. виходячи з теорії on theoretical ground
51. виявлятись, проявлятись to come to light
52. від мінімуму до максимуму peak to peak
53. віддалено нагадувати resemble vaguely
54. відігравати важливу роль go a long way toward/ do much toward/
add extensively to/ play a large
part in/ enters in an important
manner into/ play a leading role in
55. відносно висока точність fair (reasonable) accuracy
56. відображатися на is reflected in the way something
зовнішньому вигляді appears to the eye
57. відомий під різними is variously known as
назвами
58. відомо що it is common knowledge that/ it has been
known that/it is matter of general
experience that
59. відповідно до in line with, in response to, according to,
depending on, in keeping with, in
accordance/conformity/compliance
with, in terms of, in relation to
60. відсувати на задній план relegate to the background
61. він вивчив питання he addressed himself to the question
стосовно whether
62. вказаний indicated by; stated / specified; listed in

63. вказаний в літературі reported in the literature

64. вказівка на clues to; evidence for

65. вказувати на те, що be indicative of; allude (or point) to;
bear witness to the fact that; testify
to the fact that
66. вказувати на широкі suggest broad potentials for application

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 можливості застосування to
67. вказувати шляхи розвитку point the way for

68. вказувати шляхи guide the way to improvements

удосконалення
69. внести правку introduce a correction
70. вносити зміни make alterations
71. володіти властивостями to exhibit characteristics
72. впиратися в meet
73. вплив/наслідок (поганий) the repercussion of
74. впливати exert some action/effect/influence on
75. впродовж більшої частини during much of/ a major point of
76. все частіше і частіше in increasing frequency
77. глибше вникнути в to delve deeper into
78. грубо кажучи roughly; approximately; broadly
speaking; roughly speaking;
loosely; as a rough guide
79. дати зрозуміти provide insight into
80. детально вивчати investigate more closely(thoroughly)/to
take a further look at
81. детально вивчатися be studied comprehensively
82. дивовижно, що the surprising thing is that

83. дізнаватись become aware of; determine whether

84. для запобігання помилок ensure against error
85. для кращого розуміння gain a better understanding of; gain a
better insight into
86. для прикладу as a case in point, by way of
example/illustration, as an
example/illustration
87. до них належать among these are
88. до початку (xx) сторіччя by the early (20th) century
89. доведений метод proven way/method/technique
90. доволі детально in considerable detail
91. доки не доведено until proven otherwise
протилежне
92. доповнювати одне одного complement each other
93. доречно it is not unreasonable to; it makes sense

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94. доречно зазначити, що it is pertinent to note that

95. досить зазначити suffice it to say that

96. досить перспективний shows considerable promise
97. досліджувана проблема the problem in hand/under study/under
investigation/under discussion
98. досліджувати deal with/treat of/ be addressed by
99. дотримання compliance

100. дотримуватися підходу be in line with

101. дотримуватися правила confirm to the rules of
102. дуже відрізнятися vary widely in; differ in significant ways
from; widely disparate from
103. дуже допомагати give a strong clue
104. дуже корисний has considerable utility in
105. дуже різноманітні are of a great variety; are highly
diversified
106. дуже яскраво виражений stand out conspicuously
107. думки вчених сходяться на the consensus (presently) is; there is
тому, що general agreement that
108. є велика ймовірність, що in all likelihood
109. є підстави вважати, що there is good reason to believe that; there
is good reason to think that; there
are strong grounds for believing
that; there are strong grounds to
believe that
110. є підстави стверджувати it seems reasonable to say
111. з більшим is most advantageous
успіхом/перевагою
112. з вищесказаного розуміємо, from the above, it might be assumed that
що
113. з допомогою through the agency of
114. з достатньою впевненістю one can say with a fair degree of
можна сказати, що confidence that
115. з запасом with a safety margin of
116. з особливим нахилом на with particular reference to/ with
particular emphasis on
117. з повним правом можна it is valid to say
сказати
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118. з покоління в покоління across the generations
119. з таким ж успіхом the same treatment may be applied to
120. з тієї ж причині by the same token
121. з упевненістю можна it is safe to say; it can be said with
сказати confidence; it can be said with
assurance; we can state with
assurance
122. з усією визначеністю indicate conclusively (or convincingly);
стверджувати strongly suggest (or intimate)
123. з цього витікає, що from these facts, it transpires that
124. з часом in due course/with the passage of time
125. з... робимо висновок a consequence of... is the fact that
126. з’ясовувати become aware of; to determine whether
127. за гіпотезою by hypothesis; on hypothesis; under this
hypothesis
128. за домовленістю by convention
129. за інтерпретацією on interpretation
130. за найскромнішими by the most conservative estimate
підрахунками
131. за нашими стандартами by our standards
132. за тією ж логікою by a similar argument
133. за цими критеріями by these criteria, according to these
criteria
134. завдяки for/because of/owing to/in view of
135. загострювати, ускладнювати to aggravate
136. задовго до well before; well in advance of
137. задовільно описувати describe adequately

138. задовольняти вимоги comply with the requirements;

fill/fit/match/meet the requirements
139. зазвичай буває is apt to be
140. зазнавати негативного be adversely affected
впливу
141. закласти основу для lay the groundwork for; lay the
foundation for; be responsible for
the development of
142. залишатись go unrewarded
безрезультатним
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143. залишатись в силі remain valid
144. замість in lieu of
145. заперечувати reject
146. заперечувати існування rule out
147. запускати (в дію) bring into operation (or actuates)/throw
on/turn on/trigger/flip on
148. зародилася думка conceive the idea of
149. заслуговує детального merit detailed consideration
розгляду
150. заслуговує на увагу be worthy of notice
151. заявлено, що it has been claimed that
152. зважаючи на relying on, based on
153. зважаючи на … автори … led the authors to suggest that …
припустили, що …
154. звертати/приділяти our principal concern will be with
особливу увагу
155. звичайним шляхом in the normal fashion
156. звідси одразу випливає, що it immediately follows that
157. звіряти з check against
158. згадувати touch (up) on, mention about, cite, refer
to
159. згадувати лише кілька з них mention just a few
160. згадуватись receive mention (be mentioned)
161. згадуватись окремо receive individual mention
162. згідно з розрахунками або according to the calculation or estimates
оцінками
163. згідно з сучасними in the modern view, according to present
поглядами / концепціями view, according to current
concepts
164. згідно з цими принципами with these principles in mind,
165. згідно з цією інтерпретацією according this interpretation
166. знайомити з be introduced to
167. знаходити багато find many applications
застосувань
168. значний виклик/досить a considerable challenge (or extremely
складно complicated)
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169. значні зміни profound alterations
profound changes
170. значні успіхи a notable advance
171. значно краще is a great improvement over
172. значно перевершувати far exceed
173. значно покращувати enhance/ gain in performance through

174. значно покращувати yield a large dividend in

175. значно раніше well before
176. значною мірою appreciably, substantially, by a
large/considerable margin, to /in a
large measure, to a large
extent/degree, largely, to a
great/marked extent, in great/large
part
177. значною мірою is highly susceptible to
підлягає/піддається
(схильний)
178. знаючи given/ knowing/ with the knowledge of
179. знову пробуджує have rekindled interest in
зацікавлення
180. зовсім інша справа it is quite another matter
181. зручний handy for; amenable to; convenient
for/suitable

182. зручний спосіб a handy (or convenient) way of

183. зручно висловлювати conveniently express

184. зручно користуватися be convenient to use

185. зручно розділити на be conveniently split into

186. зумовлений stemming from

187. з'ясовано, що it has been found that; it has been
established that; it has been
ascertained that; it turns out that; it
appears that
188. з'ясувати питання clear up a question; elucidate a question;
clarify a question
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189. і багато інших to name but a few
190. і в цьому випадку here, too,
191. і навпаки and conversely, to put it in reverse
192. і наступні et seq., and further
193. і тому which is why
194. і, відповідно and hence/ consequently/ therefore/ and
thus
195. інформація щодо evidence for; data for; evidence on; the
record of
196. інша справа з a different situation arises(obtains)
with/not so with/it is different with
197. іншими словами to put it differently/in other words
198. іншими словами another way of putting it is that; in other
words; to put it differently; to put
this another way
199. існує багато прикладів examples of this abound
цьому
200. істотно залежить від essentially depends on
201. іти нога в ногу з keep pace with
202. йдеться про be taken to mean that
203. ймовірно stand a good chance of
204. кілька точок цієї діаграми several points in this diagram are worthy
заслуговують на увагу of notice
205. класифікуватися як, bear a name, identified/ classified as,
називатися як termed/referred to as
206. компонент constituent; component; component part
207. конкретний приклад specific example
208. корисний may be of advantage
209. коротко кажучи in brief; in short; in a word
210. ледь помітний be barely perceptible
211. має багато спільного з bear close similarity to
212. майже нічого спільного не has a little in common with
мати
213. мало відомо про not much (little) is known about
214. маловивчений, недостатньо poorly known/studied/investigated
вивчений
215. мати всі підстави have every reason to/is justified in
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216. мати практичне значення is in practical use/ is of practical
significance
217. мати фундаментальне be vitally important in; be vital to; be of
значення для vital importance in
218. мати чітке уявлення про have a clear notion (idea) of
219. можна поділити на дві be divisible into
групи
220. можна продовжувати до (this) may be continued endlessly
безкінченности
221. на відміну від as differentiated/distinguished/distinct
from, as opposed to, in distinction
to, in contradiction to, in contrast
to/with, as contrasted to, unlike, by
contrast, contrary to, to set sth
apart from
222. на перший погляд at first glance; at first sight; on the face
of it
223. на початковому етапі early in; in the initial stage of; in the
opening stage of
224. на цьому at this point
225. на цьому етапі at this juncture; at this point
226. наближатися be in a close agreement, agree closely
with, closely matched, coincide
very closely with, correspond
closely with
227. навести аргумент adduce an argument
228. навпаки, натомість in contrast, on the other hand, quite the
reverse, the other way (a)round,
conversely, to the contrary
229. навряд чи потрібно it hardly needs saying that
нагадувати, що
230. нагадувати в кожній деталі resemble in every detail
231. надавати погану послугу do a disservice
232. надати достатнє уявлення provide reason enough to
щодо
233. надати підстави lead one to; give grounds to
234. надати приблизне уявлення be but a rough index of; give but a rough
щодо idea of

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235. надійний критерій a rigorous criterion
236. наділити endow with
237. належати до вивчення enter into the treatment of
238. належати до категорії come under the heading of
239. наполягати на there is considerable pressure from
240. направляти на правильний set on the right track
шлях
241. наприклад among other things, as an example, by
way of example, to cite an
example, to take an illustration
242. нас цікавить лише our concern is only with
243. насамперед ми зацікавлені в our prime (main) interest here is with
244. наскільки відомо as far as is known
245. наскільки можна встановити as far as could be determined
246. настільки, що to an extent that
247. націлений на is aimed at/seeks to/is intended to/is
designed to
248. наштовхувати на, спонукати be led to
до
249. не варто й казати it is axiomatic that/it goes without saying
250. не видно/не є видимим/не do not show on the/is not evident
відображається
251. не викликає сумнівів this fact is beyond question
252. не виключено, що it is not inconceivable (improbable)
that…, be not ruled out
253. не залежати від be unaffected by, independent of,
invariant with
254. не має значення it makes no difference whether
255. не мати значення be immaterial, play no part in, of no
concern, make no difference
whether… or…
256. не мати сенсу it is (of) no use, it serves no purpose, it is
useless
257. негативно впливати have an adverse effect
258. незбагненний для incomprehensible to
259. непереконливо звучати have little force
260. низка переконливих доказів a body of compelling evidence that
того, що
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261. обговорімо let us take up
262. обґрунтування the whys and wherefores
263. об’єднувати в схему piece into a pattern
264. обмежений circumscribed
265. обстоювати теорію champion the theory
266. обходитись без dispense with
267. один єдиний a solitary one
268. один з поглядів полягає в one view holds that
тому, що
269. озираючись назад in retrospect
270. ознайомившись з with a knowledge of
271. ознайомлюватися з become acquainted with
272. описувати загально sketch the broad outline for
273. основна ціль the prime object
274. основу… складає at the heart of…are
275. особливо варто підмітити of special note
276. отже, їх розглядають як they are thus seen to be
277. отримав свою назву від takes its name from the fact that

278. отримати глибше розуміння obtain further insight into the problem
проблеми
279. охоплювати engulf; bracket
280. оцінювати make an estimate of
281. переважна більшість the great bulk of, the preponderance of,
the overwhelming majority
282. переважно (незрівнянно) overwhelmingly (incomparably) greater
більше, ніж than
283. переглядати briefly review
284. перед тим, як розглянути ці before addressing oneself to the
процеси questions
285. перефразувати restate in a different way
286. переходити до суті bring to the point
287. перш за все as a preliminary; to start with; to begin
with
288. пильний погляд на a close look at
289. під питанням be open to question
290. під час роботи in the course of operation
291. підготувати підґрунтя для set the stage for
292. піддавати вагомим сумнівам is subject to serious question
15
293. піддаватися критиці come under criticism
294. підключився в роботу got into the act
295. підсилити аргументи strengthen the case
296. підтверджувати be evidence in favour of, lend credence
297. підтверджувати гіпотезу strengthen the case for
298. підтверджувати lend support to the validity of the
правильність методу method
299. підходити до кінця near completion
300. підходити до проблеми з handle the problem in two ways
двох сторін
301. після того, як in the wake of
302. піти далеко вперед come a long way
303. поглиблене дослідження in-depth study
304. поглиблене розуміння a fundamental understanding; a deep
insight into; a keen insight into;
provide insight into;
a sophisticated understanding of
305. погляд на mode of thought (or view, concept)
306. поділяти на / be separated into; be classed into; be
307. класифікувати як classified in; fall into categories
308. поетапно stepwise
309. поза сумнівом beyond question/doubt
310. показати, що make it apparent that
311. покращення порівняно з improvement in … over (or compared
to)
312. покращувати perfect, enhance, gain in, improve
(upon), make for good
313. покрокова процедура a step-by-step procedure
314. помилка полягає у тому, що the fallacy in… is that
315. помітно відрізнятися від differ noticeably from
316. помітно впливати на have a pronounced effect on; have a
marked effect on; have a tangible
effect on
317. послаблення зацікавлення the erosion of interest in
до
318. послідовно in series with

16
319. постати перед питанням be confronted with a question
320. потрібно з'ясувати, чи it needs to be ascertained if
321. потрібно підкреслити it is necessary to stress, it must be
emphasized
322. потрібно роз’яснити some explanation must be invoked to
account for
323. пояснюється то одним, то is attributed to … and to…
іншим
324. приділяти основну увагу prominence is given to; most attention
has been concentrated on; must be
kept (or held) at a minimum
325. призвести до найбільших have its greatest impact
наслідків
326. призводити до give rise to
bring into existence
327. приклад взято з the example is drawn from
328. припускаючи allowing for
329. приречений на невдачу doomed to failure
330. притримуватися високих be kept at a high level
стандартів
331. проблема актуальна the problem is acute
332. проблема виникає через the problem springs/stems from
333. проводити дослідження make/conduct/carry out investigation;
perform/carry on research on
334. проілюстровано is illustrated with
335. прорив у a boon to
336. радше правило, аніж is the rule rather than the exception for
виняток
337. разом з/спільно з in concert with
338. режим роботи the mode of operation/the operating
condition
339. рідко траплятися to be rare in occurrence/ to be few and
far between
340. розглядати turn to
341. розглядати (вникати) go into
342. розрахований на/спеціально tailored for/designed for/to/intended
для for/meant for/ rated at/accept/can
be built into
17
343. скрізь у цій роботі throughout this paper
344. слідкувати за to keep close track of

345. слово вживається у the word… is used (somewhat) loosely

ширшому значенні
346. спільна думка the consensus
347. споріднені show close kinship
348. спостережено an observed in
349. спостерігається аналогічна a similar situation holds
ситуація
350. спостерігається тенденція the trend has been toward
351. спочатку at the outset
352. спрямований до directed toward
353. спрямований протилежно до be in opposition to
354. ставити під сумнів cast doubt on
355. стало основою provided the basis
356. станом на (дата) as of
357. створити потенціал to generate a potential
358. стосуватися до bearing on/having to do with/ relating to/
associated with
359. суворий severe
360. судячи з as judged from
361. схвалювати або відхиляти validate or disapprove
362. схилятися до is likely to/have a tendency to/is prone
to/tends to/is apt to
363. таблиця містить the table lists
364. так само легко, як as easily as
365. те, що відомо як as it called
what is known as
what is termed
366. теорія стверджує, що theory holds that
367. термін .... – помилковий the term …. is a misnomer
368. точка відліку the initial point of
369. точніше називається be more appropriately known as, be
more properly referred to
370. точно сформульований precisely worded
371. точно/до кінця не доведений not certainly/conclusively proved
372. триматись на рівні be held (or kept/maintained)
18
373. тут (в цьому контексті) is herein taken to mean that
означає, що
374. тут доречний короткий a note of historical interest is appropriate
екскурс в історію here
375. тут доречно нагадати про те, it is appropriate at this point to recall that
що
376. тут показано presented (shown) here are
377. у всіх аспектах in every respect
378. у деяких випадках in specific/individual cases, in some
instances, on occasion
379. у деякому розумінні in some (a) sense, in a sense, in a way
380. у міру so far as is practicable
можливостей/наскільки
можливо
381. у науковця зародилася ідея the researcher conceived the idea of
382. у палкій дискусії be hotly debated
be furiously debated
383. у цій ситуації in the present state of affairs, in this
context
384. у цьому полягає therein lies
385. у широкому діапазоні over a wide range of
386. уже з цієї причини for this reason alone
387. уже коротко згадувалось а brief mention has already been made
про of
388. уже не за горами just around the corner
389. узгодити теорію з даними make the theory fit the data
390. укріпляти віру в те, що strengthen the belief that
391. уникати помилок за the use of… will avoid the errors
допомогою
392. універсальний general-purpose (or all-purpose); multi-
purpose; universal; be versatile
393. унікальний в тому сенсі, що unique in
394. уніфікований unified
395. уподібнювати like to
396. ускладнювати становище stand in the way
19
397. утворюватись як результат to arise by
чогось
398. утримуватись від be kept from; abstain from
399. фрагменти відомостей smatterings of
400. це підштовхує на сумнів this casts some doubt on
щодо
401. цей факт не викликає this fact is beyond question
сумнівів
402. ці особливості надто добре these features are too well known to
відомі, щоб заслуговувати merit detailed consideration here
на детальний розгляд тут
403. цілком аналогічно in perfect analogy on
404. цілком можливо, що it is conceivable/not improbable that
405. цілком очевидно, що it should be readily (clearly) apparent
that
406. ця думка добре this view is well-substantiated
обґрунтована
407. ця проблема виникає this problem crops up
408. ця робота розглядає this paper turns to
409. часто on frequent occasions
410. чітко визначений sharply outlined/defined
411. ще можна вдосконалювати there is room for development
(improvement)
412. ще не проаналізовано have yet to be analysed
413. щоб запобігти надмірного keep from becoming too involved
ускладнення
414. щодо while on the subject of
415. як зазначено вище as defined above
416. як приклад by way of example; by way of
illustration
417. якщо говорити конкретніше to be specific
418. якщо припустити if it is granted that
419. якщо серйозно on second thought

20
 2. EXEMPLARY PHRASES
FOR WRITING A COHERENT TEXT

Starters

1. Although the area remains completely undiscussed by translation scholars,

we must consider
2. Another manifestation of translation which shows the extent to
3. Contrary to widely held assumptions
4. Many of these issues need more in-depth studies, especially in
5. The author shows the extent to which research in this area of study is
currently informed by
6. The main body of this chapter provides
7. The set of notions explored here is
8. The stumbling block for most of these research areas is
9. This chapter explores how
10. This course paper provides substantial evidence that
11. This paper therefore aims to deliver
12. This theory has allowed researchers to address important questions
13. Unlike X examined in the previous chapter,
14. With the increasing number of
15. In this and the next section we will show how
16. This chapter will examine… and highlight…
17. before confronting the questions I want to
18. We begin with an overview of…, the turn to …, followed by…
19. Opening the discourse on language diversity, translation emerges as
20. At the onset of this coursework, we aim to...
21. Initiating our investigation, this coursework seeks to
22. Commencing with a thorough examination, this coursework explores
23. Embarking on this exploration, our primary objective is to
24. Setting the stage for our analysis, this coursework starts with
25. The preamble of this coursework involves an in-depth exploration of
26. Commencing our inquiry, this coursework endeavours to
27. Opening the dialogue, this coursework sets out to
28. Introducing our study, we aim to delve into
29. Marking the beginning of our investigation, this coursework focuses on
30. Pioneering our analysis, this coursework initiates by examining
21
Reviewing past literature

1. In their seminal / ground-breaking / cutting edge paper of 2001, Peters and

Jones...
2. Initial / Preliminary work in this field focused primarily on
3. Some preliminary work was carried out in the early 1990s / several years
ago...
4. Doyle in 2000 was among / one of the first to ...
5. The first investigations into / studies on X found that ...
6. The first systematic study / report on X was carried out / conducted
performed in 1995 by
7. Based on a comprehensive survey of previous research,
8. An increase in X was first noted / reported / found by
9. Drawing from classical and contemporary rhetorical and stylistic theory, the
authors explain
10. In the present chapter, I will first provide a critical overview of
11. Research in the field of (…) has already given us an understanding of the
role of
12. Reviewing the existing literature
13. Explaining the key terminology in this field
14. Reporting what specific authors have said
15. Mentioning positive aspects of others’ research
16. Expanding upon our previous discussion, we now turn to
17. Building on our initial findings, it is important to consider
18. Transitioning to the next aspect, it is essential to delve into
19. In contrast to earlier findings
20. Current solutions to … are over-simplified
21. Many hypotheses regarding … appear to
22. This study is the first step towards enhancing our understanding of
23. are among the most commonly investigated types of
24. It has been conclusively shown that
25. Few researchers have addressed the issue of
26. The increased number of research studies on interpreter education, together
with those on translator education, have stimulated the publication of
academic Journals with a clear focus on training.
27. It outlines the historical aspects of this domain of research and practice, it
examines current studies and pedagogical practices, and points to future
directions.
22
28. In this sense, subtitling can be said to contribute to and go hand in hand with
the current processes of internetization, digitalization and audiovisualization
of communication (Díaz-Cintas 2015).
29. When addressing aspects concerning translation and education in early
years, the viewpoint is necessary quite transversal
30. One line of this research explores
31. The past decades have witnessed a multilingual turn
32. These sources suggest that from the fifth century onwards
33. In order to develop this understanding of (…), we draw on several different
theoretical traditions.

Speaking about methods

1. Another interesting methodological approach is that

2. Another strategy eschewing translation as such consisted in
3. This method is consequently applied to
4. The scholar debated on pros and cons of both methods as discussed in
5. From a more theoretical-methodological viewpoint, several observations can
be made here.
6. In order to develop this understanding of (…), we draw on several different
theoretical traditions.
7. However sensitive, interest in the history of translation methods has been
and is still rare, and yet method is precisely one of the most widely discussed
topics in LIT studies.
8. By synthesizing different perspectives, we can see that
9. The notion of (…) allows for an understanding of how
10.The concept of (…) refers to
11.Historically, there has been a prevailing perception among interpretation
users and even interpreters, that the only requirement to become an
interpreter is to be bilingual, and that no training is required
12.This study builds on … and contributes to
13.It is straightforward to verify that
14.This method represents valuable alternative to
15.These observations have many implications for research into

Research object

1. This brings us to a focus both on (…) and (…)

23
2. We are interested not only in…, but also in…
3. What we are able to observe here, then, is one part of a longer chain of
4. While the notion of boundary objects is intended to point to their
intersectional adaptability, we have nonetheless sought to go beyond this
framing of the role of objects through the notion of assembling artefacts
drawing attention to the active role of artefacts in assembling other objects
and resources.
5. The notion of (…) allows for an understanding of how
6. The concept of (…) refers to
7. The question remains whether
8. Most attention will be given to
9. With special attention to convergent translation practices of different
communities sharing the city space, I will illustrate that
10. Although the topic of translations from and into these languages still remains
underresearched, it deserves special attention as
11. Considering current controversies about (…), we can say that
12. In what follows, I focus on
13. What I aim to show is
14. In this section we will explore
15. In this chapter I wish to consider
16. This chapter will set out
17. This chapter provides some insights
18. In this chapter I will review and bring to light
19. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive account of
20. The objective of this work is to reconcile
21. Additionally, delving deeper into the subject, we will explore
22. Furthermore, it is imperative to consider
23. The aims of an AVT module, regardless of whether it focuses on subtitling
or revoicing, ought to be to develop translation skills in a variety of registers
and styles
24. While beyond the scope of this chapter
25. While the notion of boundary objects is intended to point to their
intersectional adaptability, we have nonetheless sought to go beyond this
framing of the role of objects through the notion of assembling artefacts
drawing attention to the active role of artefacts in assembling other objects
and resources.
26. What we are able to observe here, then, is one part of a longer chain of

24
Main idea

1. [Power differentials across regions] stand as a key issue

2. Those are key questions addressed by the authors
3. Among various issues, we present
4. Relevant to this paper is…
5. The author brings the focus from … to
6. Bearing witness to the fact that … the author sets about examining….
7. In this chapter, I take the issue of…
8. The objective of the authors, in discussing two seemingly different case
studies, is to draw attention to…
9. Turning to contemporary themes, in this chapter, I explore…
10. This part is centred on the…
11. Although the paper as a whole considers… this part focuses on…
12. Besides providing a compelling discussion on…, she introduces…
13. Focusing on … the author showcase debates on…
14. The theme of … is revisited by … in chapter…
15. The final section of my paper does not aim to present… . However I would
like to…
16. The first chapter in this section takes us to the key issue in
17. This chapter goes beyond … and addresses…
18. She addresses a not so well-known aspect of
19. On this premise, I address…
20. The author moves the focus away from… to…
21. A number of definitions focus on the fact that
22. is also key in the attempt to
23. This brings us to a focus both on (…) and (…)
24. We are interested not only in…, but also in…
25. there has furthermore been a strong focus on
26. it must always be remembered that
27. we come to understand this point
28. One line of this research explores how smth is used as perceived in smth
29. Unveiling the significance of smth
30. In this sense, the focus should not be primarily place on …, but on…
31. The focus is primarily placed on

25
32. This chapter focuses on the main particularities and challenges that, from a
didactic perspective, characterize audiovisual translation (AVT), with
special emphasis on subtitling and revoicing.
33. is an crucial component of
34. is increasingly becoming a vital factor in
35. is the leading cause of
36. shifts our attention to both … and …
37. The focus is primarily placed on
38. Elaborating further on the topic, we now explore
39. Shifting our focus, it is pertinent to discuss
40. Turning our attention to another key aspect, we will now investigate
41. In a similar vein, it is important to explore
42. Extending our investigation, we now turn our attention to
43. Moreover, as we progress, it is crucial to
44. These sorts of problems affecting the language of international organisations
are precisely those which ‘neutral’ formulations (Šarčevič 1990) or
recontextualisation (Hickey 1998) are supposed to solve.
45. The issue is indeed significant when considering

Prospective research

1. Outlining the possible future of

2. The need to conduct more research on the subject emerges here as
challenges to be tackled in
3. is also a central concern for the future of research
4. This gap in research and method remains to be filled
5. These would need to be investigated more thoroughly
6. Remaining issues are subject of
7. Researching the history of this particular form of translation may also
contribute to a better understanding of
8. To further elaborate on this point, it is essential to consider
9. In contrast to traditional views
10. This leads us to the next critical question about

Argumentation

1. Drawing on a carefully chosen set of examples, the researcher testifies

26
2. Using concepts drawn from discourse and conversation analysis, the
researcher illustrates the changes in
3. Drawing on her own fieldwork, she delivers
4. Drawing on the findings of her own research on
5. From a technical point of view, two major methods proved relatively
satisfactory (proved to be…)
6. Thus, challenging existing means of analysis and critique
7. The reason for this is that
8. The three historical perspectives described in this section lead into the
pedagogic approach that will be described in what follows and specified in a
number of strategies that, if followed, can helped a setting turn into a
plurilingual setting.
9. The following examples will illustrate
10. This observation pushes us in two directions of significance for the
arguments we make in this chapter. On the one hand,
11. Taking their discussion on literature a step further, I would argue that
12. As I shall argue in more details below
13. This argument builds upon the earlier discussion
14. While some may argue otherwise, the evidence suggests
15. On one hand, there is the claim that
16. Transitioning from theory to practice
17. This observation pushes us in two directions of significance for the
arguments we make in this chapter. On the one hand,
18. This chapter will take (…) as an example of (…)
19. A challenging area in the field of
20. It is possible to hypothesise that

Connector

1. Ultimately, any attempt to appraise the vitality of a given research domain in

terms of its
2. For her part, she shifts the focus towards
3. On the one hand, it is increasingly envisioned and funded to
4. Taking a look at the interplay between
5. The generative power of this phenomenon cannot be underestimated
by researchers in our field
6. is conceptualized as a genre in its own right
7. as defined in the field of
27
8. though as is explained elsewhere in this chapter
9. although there are many points of convergence
10. at the heart of these debates
11. It covers a set of major issues which would help us understand better how
12. in addressing these questions/issues
13. in his study on translation, he identified the need to pay attention to
14. the most contentious points relate to.
15. it is an issue that has been to the fore.
16. it has been common practice in
17. a necessary and emerging element in the study is
18. these questions imply an engagement with
19. Before addressing the issue
20. Before we move on, it must be stated
21. What I have in mind is
22. In what follows, I focus on
23. This chapter has been concerned with unveiling evidence of
24. The most significant point is
25. Drawing from a wide array of
26. The introductory chapter lays out the central themes
27. Thus, we must consider the implications of
28. Ultimately demonstrating that
29. The concluding chapter synthesizes these diverse perspectives
30. This comprehensive approach underscores
31. In addition, connecting our findings, it is essential to
32. Furthermore, as we transition, it is pertinent to
33. Moving forward, we will analyse
34. Drawing connections between concepts, it is crucial to examine
35. This inconsistency may be due to
36. When compared to other modes, the fact that subtitling is relatively fast and
inexpensive to produce makes it the perfect ally of globalization and “the
preferred mode of AVT on the world wide web” (Díaz-Cintas 2012, p. 288).
37. The expansion of AVT tuition in tertiary institutions seems to have
coincided with the graduation of the first generation of AVT trainers
38. As we move forward it becomes evident that
39. There is no doubt that the spread of knowledge from one civilisation to
another has been a driving force in civilization throughout its history, and
that this transfer would not have been possible, nor would it be today, if not
for the figure of the translator.
28
40. The most critical issue in LIT is the performative character of the law.
41. Taking culture-specificity a step further, de Groot posits that no translation
can be attained for different legal systems at the same time even if they share
the same general language (de Groot 2000).
42. Assuming that translation is ‘a site through which we can observe the
operations and implications of language power’ (Lee 2013: 19), one of the
best perspectives for examining interconnections between communities
might be focusing on translation practices: not only those of ‘translation
proper’ understood in the narrower sense of the term, but also a variety of
transfer practices such as transliteration, rewriting and retranslation…
43. For our purpose, it is imperative to note that
44. Two questions come immediately to mind when reflecting on
45. It is helpful in this context to recall how
46. We note in this context that
47. We have been trying to grasp instead the ways in which translation occurs
across languages and objects, and to suggest that it may be important to try
to achieve some balance here within the dynamic interactions of a semiotic
assemblage.

Assessment

1. all of which might be detrimental in terms of reception and enjoyment by the

target audience.
2. It is complex and requires cross-disciplinary input
3. In the following, we will have a closer look at
4. This chapter will take (…) as an example of (…)
5. It seems fair to say that
6. There is general agreement on
7. Given the lack of formal AVT training in many countries, the situation is
likely to worsen in the short term
8. Yet, what is certain is that the demand for
9. Reflection in academic and professional settings on AVT-related issues has
led to the building of a substantial body of literature that has helped
demarcate the potential and the boundaries of audiovisual translation the
discipline.
10.Scholarly endeavours have been, and will continue to be, crucial in order to
fine-tune and improve the teaching of a particular discipline

29
11.Despite the multiple challenges encountered when teaching and learning
AVT in the context of higher education, the reality is that training in this
field has developed substantially in recent years,
12.Even though there was interest from the very start of anthropology in
studying health matters, it was not until the twentieth century that these
concepts were studied independently and in a more academic setting.

Referencing

1. as I noted three paragraphs back,

2. as I have indicated
3. an idea behind… is…
4. As I remarked earlier
5. in using a term coined by
6. as shown by
7. This can be seen in the case of
8. A good example of this can be found in
9. This classification has the advantage of
10. One of the key figures in this process of

Conclusions

1. I conclude this section by

2. to summarize what I have said so far
3. From a more theoretical-methodological viewpoint, several observations can
be made here.
4. Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that
5. Together these studies provide important insights into
6. On this basis, we conclude that
7. Broadly translated our findings indicate that
8. This is an important finding in the understanding of
9. More generally, these basic findings are consistent with research showing
that
10. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that
11. The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.
12. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that
30
13. Conclusively, this coursework underscores the importance of
14. To sum up, this coursework prompts reflection on
15. In essence, this coursework contributes to our understanding of
16. In conclusion, the findings of this coursework warrant further investigation
into
17. Wrapping up our discussion, it is evident that
18. Ultimately, this paper provides valuable insights into
19. In summary, this paper has shed light on
20. In closing, the implications of this coursework suggest
21. To conclude, the analysis presented in this coursework highlights
22. Closing our exploration, it is clear that
23. Conclusively, this coursework provides a comprehensive understanding of
24. In summation, the insights gained from this coursework highlight
25. In final analysis, this coursework prompts further investigation into
26. To wrap up, the implications of this coursework suggest
27. In closing remarks, it is evident that
28. To conclude this…, I want to consider
29. Therefore, it can be convincingly argued that
30. In closing, the importance of
31. The paper’s conclusion ties together the various strands of the argument
32. given this assumption, it is natural to conclude
33. One of the most noteworthy outcomes of smth is
34. A collateral result from this fast-growing global demand
35. The most remarkable result to emerge from
36. In general, therefore, the results show
37. Although the study did not show..., it did substantiate...
38. An implication of these findings is that
39. The results show that there is a strong correlation between
40. To bring things to a close
41. Now that we have reached the end
42. This research has investigated

31
 USED SOURCES

The Routledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation / ed. by L. Pérez-González.

London; New York: Routledge, 2019. xvi, 553 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture / ed. by S.-A. Harding and O.
Carbonell Cortés. London; New York: Routledge, 2018. xvi, 643 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Globalization / ed. by E. Bielsa and D.
Kapsaskis. London; New York: Routledge, 2021. xvi, 548 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Linguistics / ed. by K. Malmkjaer.
London; New York: Routledge, 2018. xvi, 449 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Media / ed. by E. Bielsa. London; New
York: Routledge, 2022. xvi, 550 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Media / ed. by E. Bielsa. London; New
York: Routledge, 2022. xvi, 550 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Methodology / ed. by F. Zanettin and
CH. Rundle. London; New York: Routledge, 2022. xvi, 510 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Philosophy / ed. by P. Rawling and Ph.
Wilson. London; New York: Routledge, 2019. xvi, 495 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics / ed. by J. Evans and F.
Fernandez. London; New York: Routledge, 2018. xvi, 524 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology / ed. by M. O’Hagan.
London; New York: Routledge, 2020. xvi, 535 p.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Theory and Concepts / ed. by R. Meylaerts
and K. Marais. London; New York: Routledge, 2023. xvi, 502 p.

32
 3. RULES OF PUNCTUATION

3.1. COMMA

1. Use commas after introductory (parenthetical) phrases.

e.g. To appreciate the pleasures of driving in snow, you have to live in
Michigan or Wisconsin.
2. Use commas with subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are signalled by
words such as although, if, when, because, as, after, before, since, unless, and
while.
NB: Commas are not used, however, when the additional clause is closely
related to the main idea of the sentence and used after a conjunction.
e.g. We drove on to Detroit even though the roads were crowded.
Although the vote was close, we passed the motion.
3. Use commas after conjunctive adverbs (consequently, nevertheless, however
and so on).
e.g. However, he found no evidence of perjury.
4. Use commas to mark contrast.
e.g. Owning a car in most cities is a necessity, not a luxury.
On the other hand, a car in a place like New York City is not practical.
5. Put commas to separate words and prevent repetition, in the instances
where verbs or predicates were removed.
e.g. Arika once worked as a teacher; David, as a pilot; Andrew, as a
doctor.
6. Put commas to define a sentence's intonation and maintain the clarity of
thoughts.
e.g. Those who can, do; those who can’t, teach.
7. Put commas between conversational expressions and the main sentence.
e.g. Well, I suppose that is the end of our discussion.
8. Put commas to separate nonessential information. A nonessential informa-
tion is one that can be removed from the sentence without changing its meaning
significantly.
e.g. With nonessential information: Jan, the second of three children,
always feels left out.
Without: Jan always feels left out.

33
 When the sentence loses its meaning without modifying expression, it is
an essential information, which is not surrounded by commas.
e.g. Students trying out for the team must sign up by Friday.
[Not all students, but those who are trying out for the team].

 Any clause introduced by that will be essential and doesn't need to have
commas around it.
e.g. The medications that were prescribed by a doctor have been effective
so far.
9. Put commas to enclose interrupting words and phrases. Such words as
however, nevertheless, moreover etc. should be marked with commas when they
stand in the middle of a sentence.
e.g. He was, of course, extremely convincing in his statement.
10. Put commas before conjunctions and, nor, or, but, yet and so when they
stand before independent clauses. Independent clauses are those that can stand
alone as a complete sentence.
e.g. However, we shouldn’t put commas in these types of sentences when
there is no conjunction.
I just wanted to get home and relax, but I had to stay longer at work.
My husband agreed with me, but was very intimidated to speak up
11. Use commas to link more than two items or coordinate adjectives in
series.
e.g. The mapmaker had omitted the capital cities of Idaho, New York, and
Delaware!
Drew is a hapless, flustered, underappreciated manager.
12. Use commas to introduce quotations or to follow them.
e.g. "Don't tell me he can't be held responsible," bellowed Judge Carver.
Ms. Rice said, "I'm not sure about the motion on the floor."
13. Use commas correctly to separate dates and units of three figures (op-
tional in four-digit numbers).
e.g. 99,890
World War II began on September 1, 1939.
14. Use commas correctly in addresses.
Commas ordinarily separate street addresses, cities, states, and countries.
e.g. The prime minister lives at No. 10 Downing Street, Westmin-ster,
London, England.
NB: Commas aren't used between states and zip codes.
e.g. Austing Texas 78712
34
15. Use commas correctly to separate proper names from titles and degrees
that follow.
e.g. Tonya Galvin, Ph.D, has been chosen to replace Howard Brill, M.D.
16. Don't use a comma to separate a subject from a verb.
This common error usually occurs when the full subject of a sentence is more
complex than usual-perhaps a noun clause or a verb phrase.
WRONG: What happened to the team since last season, isn't clear.
RIGHT: What happened to the team since last season isn't clear.
17. Don’t use commas around modifiers that are essential to the meaning of a
sentence.
WRONG: What Asha observed, as a civic volunteer, changed her opinion of
journalists.
RIGHT: What Asha observed as a civic volunteer changed her opinion of
journalists.
WRONG: Journalists, who say they are dedicated to community service, often
have political agendas of their own.
RIGHT: Journalists who say they are dedicated to community service often have
political agendas of their own.

35
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. According to the speaker her parents have extremely high expectations for
her.
2. The speaker in “Suicide Note” tried to please her parents but they always
expected more of her.
3. Janice Mirikitani has studied creative writing edited a literary magazine
and published several books of poetry.
4. In “Just Walk On By,” Brent Staples says, “I was surprised embarrassed
and dismayed all at once”.
5. The poem’s speaker who is female thinks her parents would like her to be a
son.
6. The Family, The Best Friend, The Evils of Dorm Life, The Evils of
Technology and The Totally Bizarre
7. In determining the application of this rule the committee will balance the
competing factors.
8. The director the assistant chief and the chairperson held a confidential
meeting.
9. It is going to be a long hot summer.
10. Our new neighbour Mr. Johnson owns a cute little dog.
11. His experience, as a firefighter, taught him invaluable lessons about
courage and sacrifice.
12. Since they had already made plans they couldn't attend the concert.
13. She accepted the job offer, even though the salary was lower than expected.
14. So what do you think about the new proposal?
15. The supervisor reported the misbehaviour but the personnel committee
ignored the evidence and refused to terminate the employee.
16. How he managed to accomplish such a feat, is still a mystery.
17. We should study the committee’s discussion of “discrimination in the
workplace” which occurred early in its official report.
18. "I can't believe you did that" she exclaimed.
19. Furthermore she has years of experience in the field.
20. Exhilarated by the morning’s work she skipped lunch and headed for the
ocean.
21. On the other hand his vices could be considered virtues.
22. In Illinois there are seventeen such schools; in Ohio twenty; in Indiana
thirteen.
36
23. Ursula’s husband Jan is also a writer.
24. A truly efficient gasoline-powered engine remains however a pipe dream.
25. Wait for me at the bottom of the hill on Buffalo Street or walk up to Eddy
Street and meet me next to the yield sign.
26. I want no ifs ands or buts.
27. It was Thoreau who wrote “One generation abandons the enterprises of
another like stranded vessels.”
28. The performance took place on February 2 2006 at the State Theatre in
Ithaca.
29. I prefer to share the road with drivers who focus on the road rather than on
what they happen to be reading.
30. The rain soaked the soil and the mud buried the road.
31. The windows’ beauty touches all of us not just the church members.
32. Recall friends of beauty that every gift helps.
33. By six boats began showing up.
34. Their band which performs in small clubs has gotten fine reviews.
35. Although Jewel lost her luggage she had her laptop.
36. Forgetting to alert the media before the rally Jessica rushed to the park.
37. We’ll contribute won’t we?
38. In addition the hail caused damage.
39. It broke I think a dozen church windows.
40. Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon we discovered an
abandoned shelter.
41. Nearly everyone has heard of love the first sight but I fell in love at first
dance.
42. Knowing that he couldn’t outrun a car Sy took to the fields.
43. Excited about the move Alice and Don begin packing their books.
44. Because it rained all Labour Day our picnic was rather soggy.
45. Uncle willed me all of his property houses and warehouses.
46. The activities include a search for lost treasure dubious financial dealings
much discussion of ancient heresies and midnight orgies.
47. Robert is a warm gentle affectionate father.
48. We gathered or essentials took off for the great outdoors and ignored the
fact that it was Friday the 13th.
49. The helicopter with its 100,000-candlepower spotlight illuminating the area
circled above.
50. Before we take up that problem however we should be wise to finish with
this one.
37
51. The girl in the blue dress on the other hand dances very well.
52. Mrs. Henderson who lives next door but who is seldom at home is the per-
son you want to see.
53. The first of these problems is very simple and should give you no trouble.
54. The house was large handsome and imposing.
55. Carlos said “Last one in is a rotten egg” and dived into the pool.
56. He lived in Boston Massachusetts for 3 years.
57. Dr. John Doe president of Blanks College made the principal address of the
evening.
58. The things that cause me joy, may also cause me pain.
59. The old man, in the chair by the window suddenly, laid upon his knees the
illustrated magazine that he had been reading.
60. Robert blushed in embarrassment but the girls giggled in laughter.
61. You’ll agree however that Wagner’s music is better than it sounds.
62. You know ma’am that flight is cancelled.
63. Hey Bobby got a spare jersey?
64. She is old enough to see her parents’ faults however she is not old enough
to forgive them.
65. Bob wanted to leave early he had a date later that night.
66. But Bill had been given scarcely a month to invent a new house and the
plans Jim bid on though nice-looking were sketchy.
67. In the beginning there was light.
68. Even though I had work in the morning I travelled 3,500 miles to see the
Grateful Dead in Copenhagen.
69. My dog, the muddy one on the carpet loves to dig holes.
70. Although Susan called John did not get the message.
71. Arriving very early for work she found the parking lot empty.
72. The big hairy monster glared down at me.
73. In the beginning there was light.
74. I love vanilla ice cream but my brother prefers chocolate.
75. I'd suggest you stay quiet or you can leave this class immediately.
76. He was a complete bully yet he was convinced to have plenty of real
friends.
77. The Nobel Fund which prizes are awarded each year was established by
Alfred B. Nobel.
78. Nobel who was the inventor of dynamite died on December 10 1896.
79. Prominent persons including a number of Americans are among those who
have received the Nobel Prize.
38
80. It was designed to reward those persons who in the opinion of the board
had contributed most during the previous year to the service of mankind.
81. Although the Nobel Prize for Peace was not awarded in 1924 it was awar-
ded the next year to Charles G. Dawes an American and to Sir Austen
Chamberlain an Englishman.
82. Previously in 1919 it had been awarded to Woodrow Wilson.
83. The discoverer of insulin Dr. Banting shared the prize in 1923 with Dr.
Macleod.
84. She aced the exam surprisingly having barely studied for it.
85. The aroma of freshly baked bread wafting from the kitchen window enticed
me inside.
86. Confused by the instructions I reread them carefully.
87. Red yellow and orange leaves blanketed the ground in a vibrant display.
88. "Don't forget your lunch!" she called after me waving goodbye.
89. Exhausted after a long day I collapsed onto the couch.
90. My favorite movie released in 1998 is a timeless classic.
91. An expert in marine biology Dr. Jones led the research expedition.
92. The answer though seemingly complex is actually quite simple.
93. With a mischievous grin the child snatched the cookie and ran.
94. The Monroe Doctrine one of the important documents of history was incor-
porated in President Monroe's message to Congress on December 2, 1823.
95. Originally according to the provisions of the will two scholarships at Ox-
ford were established for eligible young men in each of the states in this
country.
96. Normally a Rhodes Scholar remains at Oxford for two years but he may ap-
ply for an additional third year.
97. In addition scholarships were made available to the several states and
provinces in Canada Australian New Zealand and Malta.
98. Sinclair Lewis who has written many novels of distinction was the first
American to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.
99. The chocolate pie whooshed through the air and it landed in Lyman’s face.
100.The pie whooshed with deadly aim but the agile Lyman ducked.
101.Weeping Lydia stumbled down the stairs.
102.Before that Arthur saw her reading an old love letter.
103.If he knew who the writer was he didn’t tell.
104.Your dog may have sharp teeth but my lawyer can bite
105.When Verity gets to Paris I hope she'll drop me a line.

39
106.Beethoven's deafness kept him from hearing his own music yet he contin-
ued to compose.
107.Adrian plans to apply for a grant and if her application is accepted she in-
tends to spend a year in Venezuela.
108.The cherries are overripe for picking has been delayed.
109.Country ham sweet corn tacos bratwurst and Indian pudding weighted Aunt
Gertrude’s table.
110.Joel prefers music that shakes rattles and rolls.
111.In one afternoon we rode a Mississippi riverboat climbed the Matterhorn
voyaged beneath the sea and flew on a rocket through space.
112.Ruth was a clever vibrant persuasive speaker.
113.Life is nasty brutish and short.
114.My economics professor was a wonderful brilliant caring teacher.
115.Mrs. Carver looks like a sweet little old lady but she plays a wicked electric
guitar.
116.Her bass player her drummer and her keyboard player live at the same rest
home.
117.They practice individually in the afternoon rehearse together at night and
play at the home's Saturday night dances.
118.Mrs. Carver has two Fender guitars a Stratocaster and a Telecaster and she
also has an acoustic twelve-string Gibson.
119.Potts Alley which runs north from Chestnut Street is too narrow and
crowded for cars to get through.
120.At the end of the alley where the street fair book sale was held last summer
a getaway car waited.
121.Chocolate which I love is not on my diet.
122.My third ex-husband Hugo? will be glad to meet you.
123.We were bringing dessert a blueberry pie to follow your wonderful dinner.
124.Hugo created the recipe for his latest cookbook Pies!
125.The aye-aye which is a member of the lemur family is threatened with ex-
tinction.
126.The party a dismal occasion ended earlier than we had expected.
127.Although both of Don's children are blond his daughter Sharon has darker
hair than his son Jake.
128.Herbal tea which has no caffeine makes a better after-dinner drink than cof-
fee.
129.Using lead paint in homes has been illegal however, since 1973.
130.Builders indeed gave it up some twenty years earlier.
40
131.Professional home inspectors for this reason are often asked to test for lead
paint.
132.The idea of course is to protect small children who might eat flaking paint.
133.The Cosmic Construction Company never used lead paint or so their
spokesperson says even when it was legal.
134.It was Rudolph not Dasher who had a red nose,
135.Our worst fears drawing us together we huddled over the telegram.
136.Luke his knife being the sharpest slit the envelope.
137.I want to warn you however that we are experiencing some problems with
our public address system
138.Our speaker listed in your program as a professor tells us that on the con-
trary she is a teaching assistant.
139.Alex insisted that predestination not free will shapes human destiny.
140.Shirley on the other hand who looks so calm passionately defended the role
of choice.
141.Shakespeare wrote “Some are born great some achieve greatness and some
have greatness thrust upon them”.
142.“The best thing that can come with success” commented the actress Liv
Ullmann “is the knowledge that it is nothing to long for.”
143.Yes I would like to own a Rolls-Royce but no I didn’t place an order for
one.
144.Well don’t blame it on me.
145.It would be fun to drive down Main Street in a Silver Cloud wouldn’t it?
146.Drive us home James.
147.On June 6 1969 Ned Shaw was born.
148.East Rutherford New Jersey seemed like Paris France to him.
149.Shortly after his tenth birthday his family moved to 11 Maple Street
Middle-town Ohio.
150.On October 2 1969 the future discoverer of antigravity tablets was born.
151.Corwin P. Grant entered the world while his parents were driving to a hos-
pital in Costa Mesa California.
152.Today ladies and gentlemen Corwin enjoys worldwide renown.
153.Schoolchildren from Augusta Maine to Azuza California can recite his
famous comment "It was my natural levity that led me to overcome grav-
ity."
154.We had to see my mother’s doctor my father’s lawyer and my dog’s veter-
inarian in one afternoon.
155.He told us “You shouldn’t have done it.”
41
42
 Keys

1. According to the speaker, her parents have extremely high expectations for
her.
2. The speaker in “Suicide Note” tried to please her parents, but they always
expected more of her.
3. Janice Mirikitani has studied creative writing, edited a literary magazine,
and published several books of poetry.
4. In “Just Walk On By,” Brent Staples says, “I was surprised, embarrassed,
and dismayed all at once”.
5. The poem’s speaker, who is female, thinks her parents would like her to be
a son.
6. The Family, The Best Friend, The Evils of Dorm Life, The Evils of
Technology, and The Totally Bizarre
7. In determining the application of this rule, the committee will balance the
competing factors.
8. The director, the assistant chief, and the chairperson held a confidential
meeting.
9. It is going to be a long, hot summer.
10. Our new neighbour, Mr. Johnson, owns a cute little dog.
11. His experience as a firefighter taught him invaluable lessons about courage
and sacrifice.
12. Since they had already made plans, they couldn't attend the concert.
13. She accepted the job offer even though the salary was lower than expected.
14. So, what do you think about the new proposal?
15. The supervisor reported the misbehaviour, but the personnel committee
ignored the evidence and refused to terminate the employee.
16. How he managed to accomplish such a feat is still a mystery.
17. We should study the committee’s discussion of “discrimination in the
workplace,” which occurred early in its official report.
18. "I can't believe you did that," she exclaimed.
19. Furthermore, she has years of experience in the field.
20. Exhilarated by the morning’s work, she skipped lunch and headed for the
ocean.
21. On the other hand, his vices could be considered virtues.
22. In Illinois there are seventeen such schools; in Ohio, twenty; in Indiana,
thirteen.
23. Ursula’s husband, Jan, is also a writer.
43
24. A truly efficient gasoline-powered engine remains, however, a pipe dream.
25. Wait for me at the bottom of the hill on Buffalo Street, or walk up to Eddy
Street and meet me next to the yield sign.
26. I want no ifs, ands, or buts.
27. It was Thoreau who wrote, “One generation abandons the enterprises of
another like stranded vessels.”
28. The performance took place on February 2, 2006, at the State Theatre in
Ithaca.
29. I prefer to share the road with drivers who focus on the road rather than on
what they happen to be reading.
30. The rain soaked the soil, and the mud buried the road.
31. The windows’ beauty touches all of us, not just the church members.
32. Recall, friends of beauty, that every gift helps.
33. By six, boats began showing up.
34. Their band, which performs in small clubs, has gotten fine reviews.
35. Although, Jewel lost her luggage, she had her laptop.
36. Forgetting to alert the media before the rally, Jessica rushed to the park.
37. We’ll contribute, won’t we?
38. In addition, the hail caused damage.
39. It broke, I think, a dozen church windows.
40. Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, we discovered an
abandoned shelter.
41. Nearly everyone has heard of love the first sight, but I fell in love at first
dance.
42. Knowing that he couldn’t outrun a car, Sy took to the fields.
43. Excited about the move, Alice and Don begin packing their books.
44. Because it rained all Labour Day, our picnic was rather soggy.
45. Uncle willed me all of his property, houses, and warehouses.
46. The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings,
much discussion of ancient heresies, and midnight orgies.
47. Robert is a warm, gentle, affectionate, father.
48. We gathered or essentials, took off for the great outdoors, and ignored the
fact that it was Friday the 13th.
49. The helicopter, with its 100,000-candlepower spotlight illuminating the
area, circled above.
50. Before we take up that problem, however, we should be wise to finish with
this one.
51. The girl in the blue dress, on the other hand, dances very well.
44
52. Mrs. Henderson, who lives next door but who is seldom at home, is the per-
son you want to see.
53. The first of these problems is very simple, and should give you no trouble.
54. The house was large, handsome, and imposing.
55. Carlos said, “Last one in is a rotten egg,” and dived into the pool.
56. He lived in Boston, Massachusetts, for 3 years.
57. Dr. John Doe, president of Blanks College, made the principal address of
the evening.
58. The things that cause me joy may also cause me pain.
59. The old man in the chair by the window suddenly laid upon his knees the
illustrated magazine that he had been reading.
60. Robert blushed in embarrassment, but the girls giggled in laughter.
61. You’ll agree, however, that Wagner’s music is better than it sounds.
62. You know, ma’am, that flight is cancelled.
63. Hey Bobby, got a spare jersey?
64. She is old enough to see her parents’ faults, however, she is not old enough
to forgive them.
65. Bob wanted to leave early, he had a date later that night.
66. But Bill had been given scarcely a month to invent a new house and the
plans Jim bid on, though nice-looking, were sketchy.
67. In the beginning, there was light.
68. Even though I had work in the morning, I travelled 3,500 miles to see the
Grateful Dead in Copenhagen.
69. My dog, the muddy one on the carpet, loves to dig holes.
70. Although Susan called, John did not get the message.
71. Arriving very early for work, she found the parking lot empty.
72. The big, hairy monster glared down at me.
73. In the beginning, there was light.
74. I love vanilla ice cream, but my brother prefers chocolate.
75. I'd suggest you stay quiet, or you can leave this class immediately.
76. He was a complete bully, yet he was convinced to have plenty of real
friends.
77. The Nobel Fund, which prizes are awarded each year, was established by
Alfred B. Nobel.
78. Nobel, who was the inventor of dynamite, died on December 10, 1896.
79. Prominent persons, including a number of Americans are among those,
who have received the Nobel Prize.

45
80. It was designed to reward those persons who, in the opinion of the board,
had contributed most during the previous year to the service of mankind.
81. Although the Nobel Prize for Peace was not awarded in 1924, it was awar-
ded the next year to Charles G. Dawes, an American, and to Sir Austen
Chamberlain, an Englishman.
82. Previously, in 1919, it had been awarded to Woodrow Wilson.
83. The discoverer of insulin, Dr. Banting, shared the prize in 1923 with Dr.
Macleod.
84. She aced the exam, surprisingly, having barely studied for it.
85. The aroma of freshly baked bread, wafting from the kitchen window, en-
ticed me inside.
86. Confused by the instructions, I reread them carefully.
87. Red, yellow, and orange leaves blanketed the ground in a vibrant display.
88. "Don't forget your lunch!" she called after me, waving goodbye.
89. Exhausted after a long day, I collapsed onto the couch.
90. My favourite movie, released in 1998, is a timeless classic.
91. An expert in marine biology, Dr. Jones led the research expedition.
92. The answer, though seemingly complex, is actually quite simple.
93. With a mischievous grin, the child snatched the cookie and ran.
94. The Monroe Doctrine, one of the important documents of history, was in-
corporated in President Monroe's message to Congress on December 2,
1823.
95. Originally, according to the provisions of the will, two scholarships at Ox-
ford were established for eligible young men in each of the states in this
country.
96. Normally, a Rhodes Scholar remains at Oxford for two years, but he may
apply for an additional third year.
97. In addition, scholarships were made available to the several states and
provinces in Canada, Australian, New Zealand, and Malta.
98. Sinclair Lewis, who has written many novels of distinction, was the first
American to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.
99. The chocolate pie whooshed through the air, and it landed in Lyman’s face.
100.The pie whooshed with deadly aim, but the agile Lyman ducked.
101.Weeping, Lydia stumbled down the stairs.
102.Before that, Arthur saw her reading an old love letter.
103.If he knew who the writer was, he didn’t tell.
104.Your dog may have sharp teeth, but my lawyer can bite
105.When Verity gets to Paris, I hope she'll drop me a line.
46
106.Beethoven's deafness kept him from hearing his own music, yet he contin-
ued to compose.
107.Adrian plans to apply for a grant, and if her application is accepted, she in-
tends to spend a year in Venezuela.
108.The cherries are overripe, for picking has been delayed.
109.Country ham, sweet corn, tacos, bratwurst, and Indian pudding weighted
Aunt Gertrude’s table.
110.Joel prefers music that shakes, rattles, and rolls.
111.In one afternoon, we rode a Mississippi riverboat, climbed the Matterhorn,
voyaged beneath the sea, and flew on a rocket through space.
112.Ruth was a clever, vibrant, persuasive speaker.
113.Life is nasty, brutish, and short.
114.My economics professor was a wonderful, brilliant, caring teacher.
115.Mrs. Carver looks like a sweet little old lady, but she plays a wicked elec-
tric guitar.
116.Her bass player, her drummer, and her keyboard player live at the same rest
home.
117.They practice individually in the afternoon, rehearse together at night, and
play at the home's Saturday night dances.
118.Mrs. Carver has two Fender guitars, a Stratocaster and a Telecaster, and she
also has an acoustic twelve-string Gibson.
119.Potts Alley, which runs north from Chestnut Street, is too narrow and
crowded for cars to get through.
120.At the end of the alley, where the street fair book sale was held last sum-
mer, a getaway car waited.
121.Chocolate, which I love, is not on my diet.
122.My third ex-husband, Hugo? will be glad to meet you.
123.We were bringing dessert, a blueberry pie, to follow your wonderful din-
ner.
124.Hugo created the recipe for his latest cookbook, Pies!
125.The aye-aye, which is a member of the lemur family, is threatened with ex-
tinction.
126.The party, a dismal occasion, ended earlier than we had expected.
127.Although both of Don's children are blond, his daughter, Sharon, has darker
hair than his son, Jake.
128.Herbal tea, which has no caffeine, makes a better after-dinner drink than
coffee.
129.Using lead paint in homes has been illegal, however, since 1973.
47
130.Builders, indeed, gave it up some twenty years earlier.
131.Professional home inspectors, for this reason, are often asked to test for
lead paint.
132.The idea, of course, is to protect small children who might eat flaking
paint.
133.The Cosmic Construction Company never used lead paint, or so their
spokesperson says, even when it was legal.
134.It was Rudolph, not Dasher, who had a red nose,
135.Our worst fears drawing us together, we huddled over the telegram.
136.Luke, his knife being the sharpest, slit the envelope.
137.I want to warn you, however, that we are experiencing some problems with
our public address system
138.Our speaker, listed in your program as a professor, tells us that, on the con-
trary, she is a teaching assistant.
139.Alex insisted that predestination, not free will, shapes human destiny.
140.Shirley, on the other hand, who looks so calm, passionately defended the
role of choice.
141.Shakespeare wrote, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and
some have greatness thrust upon them”.
142.“The best thing that can come with success,” commented the actress Liv
Ullmann, “is the knowledge that it is nothing to long for.”
143.Yes, I would like to own a Rolls-Royce, but, no, I didn’t place an order for
one.
144.Well, don’t blame it on me.
145.It would be fun to drive down Main Street in a Silver Cloud, wouldn’t it?
146.Drive us home, James.
147.On June 6, 1969, Ned Shaw was born.
148.East Rutherford, New Jersey, seemed like Paris, France, to him.
149.Shortly after his tenth birthday his family moved to 11 Maple Street,
Middle-town, Ohio.
150.On October 2, 1969, the future discoverer of antigravity tablets was born.
151.Corwin P. Grant entered the world while his parents were driving to a hos-
pital in Costa Mesa, California.
152.Today, ladies and gentlemen, Corwin enjoys worldwide renown.
153.Schoolchildren from Augusta, Maine, to Azuza, California, can recite his
famous comment "It was my natural levity that led me to overcome grav-
ity."

48
154.We had to see my mother’s doctor, my father’s lawyer, and my dog’s veter-
inarian in one afternoon.
155.He told us, “You shouldn’t have done it.”

49
3.2. SEMICOLON
1. Use semicolons to separate one independent clause from another, one phrase
from another, one item in a list from another.
e.g. Director John Ford released Stagecoach in 1939; a year later, he
made The Grapes of Wrath.
2. Use semicolons to join independent clauses that closely relate in meaning. No
coordinating conjunctions (such as and, or, nor, for, but, yet, so) are needed
between clauses linked by semicolons.
e.g. The history of British cinema is uneven; the best British films come
from the period just before and during World War II.
3. When using conjunctive adverbs (e.g., however, therefore, meanwhile) to join
independent clauses, use a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb, followed by
a comma after it.
e.g. Casablanca is now admired as a film classic; its producers and stars,
however, regarded it as an average spy thriller.
4. Use semicolons to separate items in a list if the items already contain commas
or other punctuation.
e.g. The soundtrack for the film included The Supremes' 'Stop in the Name
of Love!'; Bob Dylan's 'Rainy Day Women #12 & 35'; and Rodgers and
Hart's 'Glad to Be Unhappy'.
5. Use semicolons to join independent clauses connected by such phrases as
indeed, in fact, at any rate, for example, and on the other hand. Place a
semicolon before the phrase and a comma after it.
e.g. Box office receipts for the epic's opening week were spectacular; in
fact, the film's take broke all previous records.
6. Do not use semicolons to introduce quotations. Use commas or colons
instead.
e.g. Wasn't it Mae West who said, 'When I'm good I'm very good, but when
I'm bad, I'm better'?
7. Do not use semicolons to introduce lists. Instead, use a colon.
e.g. Paul Robeson performed in several classic films: Show Boat, Song of
Freedom, King Solomon's Mines.

50
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. In Burma, George Orwell learned something about the nature of

imperialism it was not an easy lesson.
2. Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” is fiction however, many early readers
thought it was a true story.
3. Orwell set his works in Paris, France London, England and Moulmein,
Burma.
4. Jill runs by day Tom walks by night.
5. I came I saw I conquered.
6. Shooting baskets was my brother’s favourite sport he would dunk them for
hours at a time.
7. By the yard life is hard by the inch it’s a cinch.
8. Bert is a stand-out player indeed, he’s the one hope of our team.
9. We yearned to attend the concert tickets, however, were hard to come by.
10. The auctioneer sold clocks, watches, and cameras freezers of steaks and
tons of bean sprouts motorcycles, cars, speedboats, canoes, and cabin
cruisers and rare coins, curious stamps, and precious stones.
11. The Court required police to warn suspects of their constitutional rights in
doing so it made judicial history.
12. The agency trusted the report however the report proved faulty in its
scientific method.
13. The committee reviewed the Jones Report, which was written in 1967 the
Jackson Study, which came from the regional office and the
Commissioner’s Report, which prompted the initial controversy.
14. Though a gifted writer, Miqueas has never bothered to master the
semicolon he insists that half a colon is no colon at all.
15. She spent much of her free time immersed in the ocean no mere water-
resistant watch would do.
16. Kallista was determined not to miss anything on her voyage accordingly,
she made an appointment with her ophthalmologist.
17. The accuracy of Jesse’s watch was never in question besides, he was an
expert at intuiting the time of day from the position of the sun and stars.
18. The membership of the international commission was as follows: France, 4
Germany, 5 Great Britain, 1 Italy, 3 United States, 7.

51
19. Demand for paper is at an all-time high business alone consumes millions
of tons each year.
20. On April 12, 1861, one of Beauregard’s batteries fired on Fort Sumter the
Civil War had begun.
21. Joe survived the flood however, AI was never found.
22. In winter, the hotel guests enjoy a roaring log fire in summer, the patio by
the river.
23. I met Debbie Rios, the attorney Rhonda Marron, the accountant and the
new financial director.
24. Some of the inmates were young and strong out on drugs others looked as
if they might kill at any moment.
25. Grandmother’s basement had a walls of Mississippi clay to me it looked
like a dungeon.
26. I learned all the rules and regulations however, I never really learned to
control the ball.
27. Classic science fiction sagas are Star Trek with Mr. Spock and his large
pointed ears Battlestar Galactica, what is Cylon Raiders and Star Wars with
Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.
28. If an animal does something, we call it instinct if we do the same thing, we
call it intelligence.
29. Love is blind envy has its eyes wide open.
30. Injustice is relatively easy to bear what stings is justice.
31. Henry has gone down to the beach Peter is in the next room using the
phone.
32. When the war ended, Europe was in a state of chaos from one end of the
continent to the other, factories were destroyed and people were starving.
33. A beauty is a woman you notice a charmer is one who notices you.
34. Many American lawyers would disagree they have long prided themselves
as generalists able to perform any legal task.
35. Training is everything. The peach was once a bitter almond cauliflower is
nothing but cabbage with a college education.
36. No one arraigned it in my hearing the local papers said nothing against it
the local pulpit taught us that God approved it that it was a holy thing.
37. The first half of life consists of the capacity to enjoy life without the chance
the last half consists of the chance without the capacity.
38. I have a busy day ahead I need to finish my report, attend a meeting, and
pick up groceries.

52
39. The weather was perfect for a picnic however, we decided to stay indoors
and watch movies instead.
40. Sarah loves to travel she has visited over 20 countries in the past five years.
41. For my vacation, I packed the following items: a swimsuit, sunscreen, and
sunglasses a camera, tripod, and extra batteries and a good book, some
snacks, and a water bottle.
42. I have always wanted to visit Paris in fact, it's at the top of my travel bucket
list.
43. She was late to the meeting indeed, she had overslept and missed her alarm.
44. The restaurant was fully booked at any rate, we decided to try a different
place.
45. Italian cinema blossomed after World War II directors like De Sica Fellini
and Antonioni won critical acclaim.
46. Films about British Spy 007 have been in decline for years nevertheless
new James Bond movies continue to appear.
47. John finished all his homework Kathleen did not finish hers.
48. Kathleen worked for many hours on all her homework nevertheless she was
unable to finish all of it.
49. Tony finished reading three novels this week in contrast Joan finished only
one novel.
50. My dog is sick. She won't eat run around or jump nor will she go for a walk
with me
51. Jesse can’t wait for the weekend she loves going to the beach in hot
weather.
52. I do not like to eat chocolate ice cream is my food of choice.
53. The two warring sides have refused to withdraw from the airport
consequently aid flights have had to be suspended.
54. Great trust funds for philanthropic purposes have been established in this
country there are some twenty-five such public trusts now in operation.
55. The Guggenheim Memorial fellowships are granted for research in many
fields of knowledge they are awarded to capable and talented persons, re-
gardless of race, colour, or creed.
56. One of the many funds set up by Andrew Carnegie is the Carnegie Hero
Fund Commission it awards medals and sums of money to heroes and
heroines or to their dependents.
57. The area of the United States in 1790 was 892,135 square miles in 1960 it
was 3,628,150 square miles.

53
58. The first important accession came in 1803 it is called the Louisiana Pur-
chase.
59. The area acquired from Spain extended from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico
in short, the total area of the United States was now almost doubled.
60. The Republic of Texas was acquired in 1845 furthermore, the successful
conclusion of the Mexican War brought in an even vaster territory in 1848.
61. An important addition was Alaska, acquired in 1867 equally important
were the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands and other outposts in the Pacific.
62. In 1904, by an agreement with the Republic of Panama, the United States
acquired control over a strip of land ten miles wide and this acquisition of
territory, though small, has proved to be of the utmost importance.
63. The Canal Zone, as it is called, has an area of 549 square miles for it the
United States paid ten million dollars and agreed to make payments, annu-
ally, of $250,000 but the United States control does not extend to the cities
of Panama and Colon.
64. The Canal Zone is a U.S. government reservation which is administered
under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Army.
65. Another great canal is the Suez Canal, extending a total distance of 100
miles.
66. He said, "I see you got here all right."
67. The Colossus of Rhodes must not be confused with the Coliseum the
former was a statue of Apollo the latter is that great amphitheatre which
still stands in Rome.
68. It was the best of times it was the worst of times.
69. Tolkien published The Hobbit in 1937 the first volume of The Lord of the
Rings followed in 1954.
70. The Cabernet Sauvignon grape predominates in the Bordeaux region Pinot
Noir holds sway in Burgundy Syrah is largely confined to the Rhône
valley.
71. Women's conversation is cooperative men's is competitive.
72. Saturn was long thought to be the only ringed planet however, this is now
known not to be the case.
73. The two warring sides have refused to withdraw from the airport
consequently aid flights have had to be suspended.
74. Shooting clay pigeons was my mother’s favourite sport she would smash
them for hours at a time.
75. By the yard life is hard by inch it’s a cinch.

54
76. I never travel without my diary one should always have something sensa-
tional to read in the train.
77. Bert is a stand-out player indeed, he’s the one hope of our team.
78. We yearned to attend the concert tickets, however, were hard to come by.
79. Though we had grown up together, laughing and playing like brother and
sister, I had never regarded Spike as a possible lover and his abrupt pro-
posal took me by surprise.
80. The powers behind Her Majesty’s secret service occasionally deem it ad-
visable to terminate the infiltrations of an enemy agent by ending his life
and in such cases they generally call on James Bond.
81. Gasoline prices almost always rise at the start of the tourist season this year
will be no exception.
82. I disagree with your point however, I appreciate your reasons for stating it.
83. The garden is a spectacular display of fountains and gargoyles beds of
lilies, zinnias, and hollyhocks bushes shaped like animals climbing roses,
wisteria, and ivy and lawns as wide as golf greens.
84. Dr. Elliott's intervention in the dispute was well intentioned nevertheless, it
was unfortunate.

55
 Keys

1. In Burma, George Orwell learned something about the nature of

imperialism; it was not an easy lesson.
2. Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” is fiction; however, many early readers
thought it was a true story.
3. Orwell set his works in Paris, France; London, England; and Moulmein,
Burma.
4. Jill runs by day; Tom walks by night.
5. I came; I saw; I conquered.
6. Shooting baskets was my brother’s favourite sport; he would dunk them for
hours at a time.
7. By the yard life is hard; by the inch it’s a cinch.
8. Bert is a stand-out player; indeed, he’s the one hope of our team.
9. We yearned to attend the concert; tickets, however, were hard to come by.
10. The auctioneer sold clocks, watches, and cameras; freezers of steaks and
tons of bean sprouts; motorcycles, cars, speedboats, canoes, and cabin
cruisers; and rare coins, curious stamps, and precious stones.
11. The Court required police to warn suspects of their constitutional rights; in
doing so, it made judicial history.
12. The agency trusted the report; however, the report proved faulty in its
scientific method.
13. The committee reviewed the Jones Report, which was written in 1967; the
Jackson Study, which came from the regional office; and the
Commissioner’s Report, which prompted the initial controversy.
14. Though a gifted writer, Miqueas has never bothered to master the
semicolon; he insists that half a colon is no colon at all.
15. She spent much of her free time immersed in the ocean; no mere water-
resistant watch would do.
16. Kallista was determined not to miss anything on her voyage; accordingly,
she made an appointment with her ophthalmologist.
17. The accuracy of Jesse’s watch was never in question; besides, he was an
expert at intuiting the time of day from the position of the sun and stars.
18. The membership of the international commission was as follows: France, 4;
Germany, 5; Great Britain, 1; Italy, 3; United States, 7.
19. Demand for paper is at an all-time high; business alone consumes millions
of tons each year.

56
20. On April 12, 1861, one of Beauregard’s batteries fired on Fort Sumter; the
Civil War had begun.
21. Joe survived the flood; however, AI was never found.
22. In winter, the hotel guests enjoy a roaring log fire; in summer, the patio by
the river.
23. I met Debbie Rios, the attorney; Rhonda Marron, the accountant; and the
new financial director.
24. Some of the inmates were young and strung out on drugs; others looked as
if they might kill at any moment.
25. Grandmother’s basement had a walls of Mississippi clay; to me it looked
like a dungeon.
26. I learned all the rules and regulations; however, I never really learned to
control the ball.
27. Classic science fiction sagas are Star Trek with Mr. Spock and his large
pointed ears; Battlestar Galactica, what is Cylon Raiders; and Star Wars
with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.
28. If an animal does something, we call it instinct; if we do the same thing, we
call it intelligence.
29. Love is blind; envy has its eyes wide open.
30. Injustice is relatively easy to bear; what stings is justice.
31. Henry has gone down to the beach; Peter is in the next room using the
phone.
32. When the war ended, Europe was in a state of chaos; from one end of the
continent to the other, factories were destroyed and people were starving.
33. A beauty is a woman you notice; a charmer is one who notices you.
34. Many American lawyers would disagree; they have long prided themselves
as generalists, able to perform any legal task.
35. Training is everything. The peach was once a bitter almond; cauliflower is
nothing but cabbage with a college education.
36. No one arraigned it in my hearing; the local papers said nothing against it;
the local pulpit taught us that God approved it, that it was a holy thing.
37. The first half of life consists of the capacity to enjoy life without the
chance; the last half consists of the chance without the capacity.
38. I have a busy day ahead; I need to finish my report, attend a meeting, and
pick up groceries.
39. The weather was perfect for a picnic; however, we decided to stay indoors
and watch movies instead.

57
40. Sarah loves to travel; she has visited over 20 countries in the past five
years.
41. For my vacation, I packed the following items: a swimsuit, sunscreen, and
sunglasses; a camera, tripod, and extra batteries; and a good book, some
snacks, and a water bottle.
42. I have always wanted to visit Paris; in fact, it's at the top of my travel
bucket list.
43. She was late to the meeting; indeed, she had overslept and missed her
alarm.
44. The restaurant was fully booked; at any rate, we decided to try a different
place.
45. Italian cinema blossomed after World War II; directors like De Sica,
Fellini, and Antonioni won critical acclaim.
46. Films about British Spy 007 have been in decline for years; nevertheless,
new James Bond movies continue to appear.
47. John finished all his homework; Kathleen did not finish hers.
48. Kathleen worked for many hours on all her homework; nevertheless, she
was unable to finish all of it.
49. Tony finished reading three novels this week; in contrast, Joan finished
only one novel.
50. My dog is sick. She won't eat, run around, or jump; nor will she go for a
walk with me
51. Jesse can’t wait for the weekend; she loves going to the beach in hot
weather.
52. I do not like to eat chocolate; ice cream is my food of choice.
53. The two warring sides have refused to withdraw from the airport;
consequently, aid flights have had to be suspended.
54. Great trust funds for philanthropic purposes have been established in this
country; there are some twenty-five such public trusts now in operation.
55. The Guggenheim Memorial fellowships are granted for research in many
fields of knowledge; they are awarded to capable and talented persons, re-
gardless of race, colour, or creed.
56. One of the many funds set up by Andrew Carnegie is the Carnegie Hero
Fund Commission; it awards medals and sums of money to heroes and
heroines or to their dependents.
57. The area of the United States in 1790 was 892,135 square miles; in 1960 it
was 3,628,150 square miles.

58
58. The first important accession came in 1803; it is called the Louisiana Pur-
chase.
59. The area acquired from Spain extended from Canada to the Gulf of Mex-
ico; in short, the total area of the United States was now almost doubled.
60. The Republic of Texas was acquired in 1845; furthermore, the successful
conclusion of the Mexican War brought in an even vaster territory in 1848.
61. An important addition was Alaska, acquired in 1867; equally important
were the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands and other outposts in the Pacific.
62. In 1904, by an agreement with the Republic of Panama, the United States
acquired control over a strip of land ten miles; wide and this acquisition of
territory, though small, has proved to be of the utmost importance.
63. The Canal Zone, as it is called, has an area of 549 square miles for it the
United States paid ten million dollars and agreed to make payments, annu-
ally, of $250,000; but the United States control does not extend to the cities
of Panama and Colon.
64. The Canal Zone is a U.S. government reservation which is administered
under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Army.
65. Another great canal is the Suez Canal, extending a total distance of 100
miles.
66. He said, "I see you got here all right."
67. The Colossus of Rhodes must not be confused with the Coliseum: the
former was a statue of Apollo; the latter is that great amphitheatre which
still stands in Rome.
68. It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
69. Tolkien published The Hobbit in 1937; the first volume of The Lord of the
Rings followed in 1954.
70. The Cabernet Sauvignon grape predominates in the Bordeaux region;
Pinot Noir holds sway in Burgundy; Syrah is largely confined to the
Rhône valley.
71. Women's conversation is cooperative; men's is competitive.
72. Saturn was long thought to be the only ringed planet; however, this is now
known not to be the case.
73. The two warring sides have refused to withdraw from the airport;
consequently, aid flights have had to be suspended.
74. Shooting clay pigeons was my mother’s favourite sport; she would smash
them for hours at a time.
75. By the yard life is hard; by inch it’s a cinch.

59
 76. I never travel without my diary; one should always have something sensa-
tional to read in the train.
77. Bert is a stand-out player; indeed, he’s the one hope of our team.
78. We yearned to attend the concert; tickets, however, were hard to come by.
79. Though we had grown up together, laughing and playing like brother and
sister, I had never regarded Spike as a possible lover; and his abrupt pro-
posal took me by surprise.
80. The powers behind Her Majesty’s secret service occasionally deem it ad-
visable to terminate the infiltrations of an enemy agent by ending his life;
and in such cases they generally call on James Bond.
81. Gasoline prices almost always rise at the start of the tourist season; this
year will be no exception.
82. I disagree with your point; however, I appreciate your reasons for stating it.
83. The garden is a spectacular display of fountains and gargoyles; beds of
lilies, zinnias, and hollyhocks; bushes shaped like animals; climbing roses,
wisteria, and ivy; and lawns as wide as golf greens.
84.Dr. Elliott's intervention in the dispute was well intentioned; nevertheless, it
was unfortunate.

60
3.3. COLON

1. Use colons to direct readers to examples, explanations, or significant

words and phrases.
e.g. Orson Welles’s greatest problem may also have been his greatest
achievement: the brilliance of his first film.
2. Use colons to direct readers to lists.
e.g. Besides "Citizen Kane", Welles directed, produced, or acted in many
movies: “The Magnificent Ambersons”, “Journey into Fear”, and
“Macbeth”, to name a few.
3. Use colons to direct readers to quotations or dialogues.
e.g. Orson Welles commented poignantly on his own career: “I started at
the top and worked down”.
4. Use colons to join two complete sentences when the second sentence il-
lustrates or explains the first. (Don’t, however, use more than one colon in a sen-
tence. A dash can usually replace one of the colons.)
e.g. Making a film is like writing a paper: it absorbs all the time you’ll give
it.
5. Use colons to separate titles from subtitles.
e.g. Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors
«Darkest Night: Conscience in Macbeth»
6. Use colons in conventional situations.
Time – 12:35 p.m.
Bible passages – Matthew 3:1 (or Matthew 3.1)
Salutations in business letters – Dear Ms. Kael:
Separate place of publication from publisher – Glenview: Scott, 1961

61
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. As Norman Cousins observes in “Who Killed Benny Paret?” one simple

cause was ultimately responsible for Paret’s death the fact that spectators
came to the fight expecting to see a knockout.
2. Carolyn Foster Segal’s essay identifies kinds of student excuses with five
headings The Family, The Best Friend, The Evils of Dorm Life, The Evils
of Technology, and The Totally Bizarre.
3. The committee’s study focused on the most critical areas development of
software, needed changes in computer systems, and recruitment of new
engineers.
4. According to Mr. Smith “The government goofed again. It failed to review
the matter.”
5. According to Mr. Smith: “The government goofed again.”
6. The seminar covered various topics time management, effective
communication, and leadership skills.
7. There was only one solution to the problem cooperation among team
members.
8. She had a habit that annoyed her friends she was always late to
appointments.
9. The key to success is perseverance never give up on your dreams.
10. My roommate gave me the things I needed most companionship and quiet.
11. The watch came with a choice of three bands stainless steel, plastic, or
12. leather.
13. Julian Duguid, author of Green Hell (1931), starts his book boldly “When
14. a man yields to the urge of lshmael …”
15. Life is like a puzzle half the fun is in trying to work it out.
16. The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–1945 A Brief History With
Documents
17. The blizzard swept the prairie the Oregon Trail was closed.
18. The symptoms are as follows cough, fever, and pain.
19. She had three pastimes walking, volunteering, and cooking.
20. Dan answered his critics “Sales are up and costs down.”
21. Faith is like love It cannot be forced.
22. Smiling confidently, the young man stated his major goal in life to be
secretary of the agriculture before he was 30.
62
23. The daily routine should include at least the following twenty knee bends,
fifty sit-ups, fifteen leg lifts, and five minutes of running in pace.
24. To bring law and order to the tank I had several alternatives I could
separate the villain from the victim, I could destroy the evil one, or I could
hire a watchdog.
25. My roommate is guilty of two of the seven deadly sins gluttony and sloth.
26. Consider the words of John F. Kennedy “Ask not what your country can do
for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
27. The patient survived for one reason the medics got to her in time.
28. Elise behaved very badly she shrieked, made hideous faces, and threw her
pudding upon the floor.
29. Ms. Valenti found herself in a quandary she could neither pay for the un-
wanted goods nor return them to the store.
30. I asked him to buy several items nails, hammer, saw, and screwdriver.
31. The sentence will become clearer to the reader if you write some such
statement as the following "The entire city (population 47,000 in 1940) was
placed under martial law."
32. The new car model boasted several innovative features self-parking techno-
logy, adaptive cruise control, and a panoramic sunroof.
33. The professor had a reputation for being demanding he expected nothing
less than excellence from his students.
34. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen
35. Girls have an unfair advantage over men if they can't get what they want by
playing smart they can get it by playing dumb.
36. Nothing else is so likely to teach us what at this moment we most need to
learn namely that more things can be actually said than we seem to believe
and that so far as prose at least is concerned the best is that whose texture is
firmly denotative and which can as statement stand firm on its own legs.
37. Examining love is like examining a stocking if you hold it up to the light
and stretch it to search for snags any snags there are may well run and ruin
the stocking.
38. We need an alternative which is as challenging emotionally exciting and
dramatic as war and we have one now rebuilding the cities making war on
our old prejudices and defeating poverty.
39. There are many reasons I love living here the friendly people, the beautiful
scenery, and the vibrant culture.
40. I need to buy some groceries milk, eggs, bread, and cheese.

63
41. She was faced with a difficult decision stay and fight, or flee and live in
exile.
42. The professor gave us an assignment write a research paper on a topic of
your choice.
43. His argument was based on a flawed premise all politicians are corrupt.
44. The movie starts at 8 30 p.m., so we should leave soon.
45. There are three types of muscle in the body cardiac smooth and skeletal.
46. We have two options here stay and fight or run like the wind.
47. Taylor Swift has written a few songs about John Mayer “Dear John,” “The
Story of Us,” and “Would’ve, Could’ve, Should’ve.”
48. He ended with the immortal words of Neil Young “Rock and Roll can
never die.”
49. 11 11 a.m.
50. I need several things from the store eggs milk and bread.
51. My dad told me something I will never forget “Pineapple on pizza is an
abomination.”
52. I have a lot of stuff in my closet hats toys and even a guitar.
53. I have collected many things in my time stamps, coins, arrowheads, books,
and cigar bands.
54. The applicant identified himself as follows George Albert Wilson, 2205
Mill St, Smithtown, California.
55. Those established with an original endowment of more than $10,000,000
include the following the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the
Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Juilliard Foundation, and the Duke
Endowment.
56. American foundations make possible research in a variety of fields educa-
tion, social welfare, medicine, public health, housing, economics, and many
others.
57. The article contains references to four kings Louis XIV, Charles II, Philip I,
and William II.
58. A candidate must meet certain requirements he must be over seventeen and
not over twenty-four years of age, he must be of at least junior standing in
college, and he must show evidence of ability and interest in scholarship
and athletics.
59. When the speaker concluded, the audience remembered one word of his
talk especially cooperation.
60. Marion has several reasons to be happy she likes her apartment, she likes
her children, and she likes her work.
64
61. The question before us today is How long are we to permit such graft and
corruption to continue?
62. Because of the leaky root the room was more than uncomfortable it was ac-
tually dangerous.
63. The trouble with Mr. McCabe is that he is lazy and dishonest lazy about
everything not directly connected with his personal comforts, dishonest in
minor matters.
64. George hesitated for a moment or two "Just what do you expect me to
say?"
65. He had two especial favourites among French novelists, namely Anatole
France and Marcel Proust.
66. New York Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1966.
67. Dear Dr. Phillips
68. Because of his abilities as a leader, Sam was more than just a likely candid-
ate he was the one man for the job.
69. Her Majesty’s navy has three traditions rum, sodomy, and the lash.
70. Mayor Curley was famed as a silver-tongued orator it is said that, with a
few well-chosen words, he could extract campaign contributions from a
mob intent on seeing him hanged.
71. She tried everything she scoured the library, made dozens of phone calls,
wrote letter, even consulted a lawyer.
72. The dance steps are as follows forward, back, turn, and glide.
73. Engrave the following truth upon your memory a colon is always construc-
ted of two dots.
74. I have discovered the key to the future plastics.
75. God told Adam and Eve “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,
and subdue it.”
76. The interview ended with a test of skills taking dictation, operating the
switchboard, proofreading documents, and typing a sample letter.
77. The sample letter began, "Dear Mr. Rasheed Please accept our apologies
for the late shipment."
78. Constance quoted Proverbs 8 18 "Riches and honour are with me."
79. A book that profoundly impressed me was Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle
(New York Dell, 1963).

65
 Keys

1. As Norman Cousins observes in “Who Killed Benny Paret?” one simple

cause was ultimately responsible for Paret’s death: the fact that spectators
came to the fight expecting to see a knockout.
2. Carolyn Foster Segal’s essay identifies kinds of student excuses with five
headings: The Family, The Best Friend, The Evils of Dorm Life, The Evils
of Technology, and The Totally Bizarre.
3. The committee’s study focused on the most critical areas: development of
software, needed changes in computer systems, and recruitment of new
engineers.
4. According to Mr. Smith: “The government goofed again. It failed to review
the matter.”
5. According to Mr. Smith, “The government goofed again.”
6. The seminar covered various topics: time management, effective
communication, and leadership skills.
7. There was only one solution to the problem: cooperation among team
members.
8. She had a habit that annoyed her friends: she was always late to
appointments.
9. The key to success is perseverance: never give up on your dreams.
10. My roommate gave me the things I needed most: companionship and quiet.
11. The watch came with a choice of three bands: stainless steel, plastic, or
12. leather.
13. Julian Duguid, author of Green Hell (1931), starts his book boldly: “When
14. a man yields to the urge of lshmael …”
15. Life is like a puzzle: half the fun is in trying to work it out.
16. The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–1945: A Brief History With
Documents
17. The blizzard swept the prairie: the Oregon Trail was closed.
18. The symptoms are as follows: cough, fever, and pain.
19. She had three pastimes: walking, volunteering, and cooking.
20. Dan answered his critics: “Sales are up and costs down.”
21. Faith is like love: It cannot be forced.
22. Smiling confidently, the young man stated his major goal in life: to be
secretary of the agriculture before he was 30.
23. The daily routine should include at least the following: twenty knee bends,
fifty sit-ups, fifteen leg lifts, and five minutes of running in pace.
66
24. To bring law and order to the tank I had several alternatives: I could
separate the villain from the victim, I could destroy the evil one, or I could
hire a watchdog.
25. My roommate is guilty of two of the seven deadly sins: gluttony and sloth.
26. Consider the words of John F. Kennedy: “Ask not what your country can
do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
27. The patient survived for one reason: the medics got to her in time.
28. Elise behaved very badly: she shrieked, made hideous faces, and threw her
pudding upon the floor.
29. Ms. Valenti found herself in a quandary: she could neither pay for the un-
wanted goods nor return them to the store.
30. I asked him to buy several items: nails, hammer, saw, and screwdriver.
31. The sentence will become clearer to the reader if you write some such
statement as the following: "The entire city (population 47,000 in 1940)
was placed under martial law."
32. The new car model boasted several innovative features: self-parking tech-
nology, adaptive cruise control, and a panoramic sunroof.
33. The professor had a reputation for being demanding: he expected nothing
less than excellence from his students.
34. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
35. Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want
by playing smart, they can get it by playing dumb.
36. Nothing else is so likely to teach us what at this moment we most need to
learn: namely, that more things can be actually said than we seem to be-
lieve and that so far as prose at least is concerned the best is that whose tex-
ture is firmly denotative and which can, as statement, stand firm on its own
legs.
37. Examining love is like examining a stocking: if you hold it up to the light
and stretch it to search for snags, any snags there are may well run and ruin
the stocking.
38. We need an alternative which is as challenging, emotionally exciting, and
dramatic as war—and we have one now: rebuilding the cities, making war
on our old prejudices, and defeating poverty.
39. There are many reasons I love living here: the friendly people, the beautiful
scenery, and the vibrant culture.
40. I need to buy some groceries: milk, eggs, bread, and cheese.
41. She was faced with a difficult decision: stay and fight, or flee and live in
exile.
67
42. The professor gave us an assignment: write a research paper on a topic of
your choice.
43. His argument was based on a flawed premise: all politicians are corrupt.
44. The movie starts at 8:30 p.m., so we should leave soon.
45. There are three types of muscle in the body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.
46. We have two options here: stay and fight, or run like the wind.
47. Taylor Swift has written a few songs about John Mayer: “Dear John,” “The
Story of Us,” and “Would’ve, Could’ve, Should’ve.”
48. He ended with the immortal words of Neil Young: “Rock and Roll can
never die.”
49. 11:11 a.m.
50. I need several things from the store: eggs, milk, and bread.
51. My dad told me something I will never forget: “Pineapple on pizza is an
abomination.”
52. I have a lot of stuff in my closet: hats, toys, and even a guitar.
53. I have collected many things in my time: stamps, coins, arrowheads, books,
and cigar bands.
54. The applicant identified himself as follows: George Albert Wilson, 2205
Mill St, Smithtown, California.
55. Those established with an original endowment of more than $10,000,000
include the following: the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation,
the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Juilliard Foundation, and the
Duke Endowment.
56. American foundations make possible research in a variety of fields: educa-
tion, social welfare, medicine, public health, housing, economics, and many
others.
57. The article contains references to four kings: Louis XIV, Charles II, Philip
I, and William II.
58. A candidate must meet certain requirements: he must be over seventeen
and not over twenty-four years of age, he must be of at least junior standing
in college, and he must show evidence of ability and interest in scholarship
and athletics.
59. When the speaker concluded, the audience remembered one word of his
talk especially: cooperation.
60. Marion has several reasons to be happy: she likes her apartment, she likes
her children, and she likes her work.
61. The question before us today is: How long are we to permit such graft and
corruption to continue?
68
62. Because of the leaky root the room was more than uncomfortable: it was
actually dangerous.
63. The trouble with Mr. McCabe is that he is lazy and dishonest: lazy about
everything not directly connected with his personal comforts, dishonest in
minor matters.
64. George hesitated for a moment or two: "Just what do you expect me to
say?"
65. He had two especial favourites among French novelists, namely: Anatole
France and Marcel Proust.
66. New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1966.
67. Dear Dr. Phillips:
68. Because of his abilities as a leader, Sam was more than just a likely candid-
ate: he was the one man for the job.
69. Her Majesty’s navy has three traditions: rum, sodomy, and the lash.
70. Mayor Curley was famed as a silver-tongued orator: it is said that, with a
few well-chosen words, he could extract campaign contributions from a
mob intent on seeing him hanged.
71. She tried everything: she scoured the library, made dozens of phone calls,
wrote letter, even consulted a lawyer.
72. The dance steps are as follows: forward, back, turn, and glide.
73. Engrave the following truth upon your memory: a colon is always construc-
ted of two dots.
74. I have discovered the key to the future: plastics.
75. God told Adam and Eve: “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,
and subdue it.”
76. The interview ended with a test of skills: taking dictation, operating the
switchboard, proofreading documents, and typing a sample letter.
77. The sample letter began, "Dear Mr. Rasheed: Please accept our apologies
for the late shipment."
78. Constance quoted Proverbs 8:18: "Riches and honour are with me."
79. A book that profoundly impressed me was Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle
(New York: Dell, 1963).

69
3.4. DASH (en dash –)

1. Use dashes to set off a parenthetical or non-essential phrase.

e.g. My brother – the one who lives in Chicago – will join us next week.
It’s true – he really didn’t know the answer to the question.
Use dash to separate complex phrases that are themselves punctuated with
commas:
e.g. "The city, bustling with activity, lights, and noise, hummed with life as
dusk fell."
"The city – bustling with activity, lights, and noise – hummed with life as dusk
fell."

2. Use dash to show interruptions in the thought of a sentence, a sudden

change in the direction of thought:
e.g. "The presentation was going smoothly – until the power went out and we
had to improvise."
"He seemed like such a nice guy at first – until he started making those
inappropriate comments."

3. Use dash to indicate a suddenly interrupted bit of conversation (when a

sentence in the lock is broken off in the middle on a dash and quotation marks
are needed to enter the sentence):
e.g. Mac’s face flushed red, “Do you mean to say? –“
“Yes, that’s exactly what I mean”
Use a dash to create a strong break in the structure of a sentence.
e.g. There are three options in this case – none of them ideal.
She was going to confront him – that much was clear.

4. Use a dash to give emphasis or suspense to parenthetical material:

e.g. “A boy becomes a man when he no longer walks through puddles – but
around them.”
Use dashes for emphasis, especially in the punchline or climax of a sentence.
e.g. After months of deliberation, they chose the most unlikely candidate –
their former rival.

5. Use a dash to introduce a list or a restatement.

e.g. He ordered a large pizza – pepperoni, sausage, mushrooms, onions, and
extra cheese.
70
 There are two things she loves more than anything else – her family and her
career.
Everyone was there – parents, teachers, students, even the principal.

5. Use a dash to set off a summarising:

“Sixty-seven cents in charge, a broken pocket knife, an old newspaper
clipping – these were all he had left in the world.”

6. Use a dash in the lock to indicate hesitation:

“Well, are you for us or against us?”
“I–I–I just can’t say .”

7. Avoid using dashes as a substitute for commas, parentheses, or colons

without good reason.
WRONG: She has all the qualities – intelligence, charm, and ambition.
RIGHT: She has all the qualities: intelligence, charm, and ambition.
WRONG: He hopes to visit many countries – like France, Italy, and Spain.
RIGHT: He hopes to visit many countries, such as France, Italy, and Spain.
Don't use a dash to replace a semicolon.
WRONG: I can't join you tonight – I have other plans.
RIGHT: I can't join you tonight; I have other plans.

71
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. Ivan doesn’t care which team wins he bet on both.

2. I didn’t notice my parents’ accented speech at least not at home.
3. My advice to you is simple stop complaining.
4. Longfellow wrote about three young sisters grave Alice, laughing Allegra,
and Edith with golden hair in “The Children’s Hour.”
5. It was as hot and I mean hot as the Fourth of July in Death Valley.
6. Jessica Mitford wrote a scathing critique of the funeral industry and
touched off an uproar. Her book The American Way of Death was widely
read around the world.
7. The committee’s expansive logic it went far beyond any previous decision
increased the available remedies rather dramatically.
8. Victory that was her only goal.
9. The years 1993 2000 were heady ones for the computer literate.
10. For documentation and indexing, see chapters 14 16.
11. Jack Stag (1950 …) (the birth date of a living person)
12. Join us on Thursday, l1:30 a.m. 4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
13. Extended visiting hours, better meals, and more exercise these were the
inmates’ demands.
14. For her service to two groups Kids First and Food Basket Olivia was voted
Volunteer of the Year.
15. Everything that went wrong from the peeping Tom at her window to my
head-on collision was blamed on our move.
16. In my hometown, the basic needs of people food, clothing, and shelter, are
less costly than in Los Angeles.
17. Along the wall are the bulk liquids sesame seed oil, honey, safflower oil,
and that half-liquid "peanuts only" peanut butter.
18. Consider the amount of sugar in the average person's diet 104 pounds per
year, 90 percent more than that consumed by our ancestors.
19. Everywhere we looked there were little kids a box of Cracker Jacks in one
hand and mommy or daddy's sleeve in the other.
20. James, Dorothy, Henry, David, and Elizabeth these five nominees will
please leave the room while we vote.
21. But the girl is only four feet six inches tall she could not have done it.

72
22. Life without romance well you might as well be in prison or a slug under
the earth.
23. To be middle-aged is to be well what is it? It is to have hope without ex-
pectation courage without strength desire without the fire.
24. That's the worst of facts they do cramp a fellow's style.
25. Deadly deflating accuracy is Sheed's game the art of the neatly nipped
hope.
26. Sorry for the exclamation mark I know how much you loathe the over-
punctuation of under-thought frivolity.
27. The Dow Jones industrial average plummeted nearly 52 points in a week
the worst break in years.
28. Fashion is illusion, shimmer, magic, mirage and money $62.3 billion a
year.
29. Fame creates its own standards. A guy who twitches his lips is just another
guy with a lip twitch unless he's Humphrey Bogart.
30. I could never learn to like her except on a raft at sea with no other provi-
sions in sight.
31. When perhaps I should say If? I ever sit through Wagner’s Ring , I expect
to be paid for it, Joshua remarked.
32. The stormy weather with its heavy rain and strong winds caused
widespread damage.
33. She bought all the ingredients flour, sugar, butter, and eggs to bake a cake.
34. His schedule was packed meetings, appointments, and deadlines looming.
35. The actors bowed except for the horse knowing they blew everyone away!
36. The three female characters the wife, the nun, and the jockey are the
incarnation of excellence.
37. The American flag has three colours red, white, and blue.
38. Everything important life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness seemed about to
be lost forever.
39. Freedom of speech, freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of re-
ligion these they felt were great ideals.
40. Our entire supply of food meat, potatoes, bread, and coffee disappeared
during the night.
41. I've been waiting for ah, there she is, across the street!
42. Considering everything Johnson thought to himself it would be a mistake to
decline the offer.
43. An honest politician if such a creature exists would never agree to such a
plan.
73
44. The destruction of Guernica and there is no doubt that the destruction was
deliberate horrified the world.
45. When the Europeans settled in Tasmania, they inflicted genocide there is
no other word for it upon the indigenous population, who were wiped out
in thirty years.
46. The Serbs want peace or so they say.
47. In 1453 Sultan Mehmed finally took Constantinople and the Byzantine
Empire disappeared from the map for ever.
48. There was no other way or was there?
49. The London Brighton vintage car rally takes place on Sunday.
50. The declaration of the Rome Berlin axis led to the use of the label 'Axis
powers' for Germany and Italy.
51. Ivan doesn’t care which team wins he bet on both.
52. I didn’t even pay much attention to my parents’ accented and ungrammat-
ical speech at least not at home.
53. My advice to you is simple stop complaining.
54. Elliot still cherishes the pastimes of the ‘60s sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll.
55. Longfellow wrote about three young sisters grave Alice, laughing Allegra,
and Edith with golden hair in “The Children’s Hour.”
56. It was as hot and I mean hot as a seven-dollar pistol on Fourth of July in
Death Valley.
57. If I went through anguish in botany and economics for different reasons
gymnasium work was even worse.
58. Pedro’s new boat is spectacular a regular seagoing Ferrari.
59. The Thompsons devote their weekends to their favourite pastime eating
bags of potato chips and cookies beside the warm glow of the television.
60. “A rock!” I cried, “Anthony, I’m afraid we’re”
61. We were running the rapids when WHAM!

74
 Keys

1. Ivan doesn’t care which team wins – he bet on both.

2. I didn’t notice my parents’ accented speech – at least not at home.
3. My advice to you is simple – stop complaining.
4. Longfellow wrote about three young sisters – grave Alice, laughing
Allegra, and Edith with golden hair – in “The Children’s Hour.”
5. It was as hot – and I mean hot – as the Fourth of July in Death Valley.
6. Jessica Mitford wrote a scathing critique of the funeral industry – and
touched off an uproar. Her book The American Way of Death was widely
read around the world.
7. The committee’s expansive logic – it went far beyond any previous
decision – increased the available remedies rather dramatically.
8. Victory – that was her only goal.
9. The years 1993–2000 were heady ones for the computer literate.
10. For documentation and indexing, see chapters 14–16.
11. Jack Stag (1950–)
12. Join us on Thursday, l1:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
13. Extended visiting hours, better meals, and more exercise – these were the
inmates’ demands.
14. For her service to two groups – Kids First and Food Basket – Olivia was
voted Volunteer of the Year.
15. Everything that went wrong — from the peeping Tom at her window to my
head-on collision — was blamed on our move.
16. In my hometown, the basic needs of people — food, clothing, and shelter,
are less costly than in Los Angeles.
17. Along the wall are the bulk liquids — sesame seed oil, honey, safflower
oil, and that half-liquid "peanuts only" peanut butter.
18. Consider the amount of sugar in the average person's diet — 104 pounds
per year, 90 percent more than that consumed by our ancestors.
19. Everywhere we looked there were little kids — a box of Cracker Jacks in
one hand and mommy or daddy's sleeve in the other.
20. James, Dorothy, Henry, David, and Elizabeth - these five nominees will
please leave the room while we vote.
21. But the girl is only four feet six inches tall - she could not have done it.
22. Life without romance — well, you might as well be in prison or a slug un-
der the earth.

75
23. To be middle-aged is to be — well, what is it? It is to have hope without
expectation, courage without strength, desire without the fire
24. That's the worst of facts — they do cramp a fellow's style.
25. Deadly, deflating accuracy is Sheed's game — the art of the neatly nipped
hope.
26. Sorry for the exclamation mark — I know how much you loathe the over-
punctuation of under-thought frivolity.
27. The Dow Jones industrial average plummeted nearly 52 points in a week
— the worst break in years.
28. Fashion is illusion, shimmer, magic, mirage — and money: $62.3 billion a
year.
29. Fame creates its own standards. A guy who twitches his lips is just another
guy with a lip twitch — unless he's Humphrey Bogart.
30. I could never learn to like her— except on a raft at sea with no other provi-
sions in sight.
31. When – perhaps I should say If? – I ever sit through Wagner’s Ring, I
expect to be paid for it, Joshua remarked.
32. The stormy weather – with its heavy rain and strong winds – caused
widespread damage.
33. She bought all the ingredients – flour, sugar, butter, and eggs – to bake a
cake.
34. His schedule was packed – meetings, appointments, and deadlines looming.
35. The actors bowed – except for the horse – knowing they blew everyone
away!
36. The three female characters – the wife, the nun, and the jockey – are the
incarnation of excellence.
37. The American flag has three colours – red, white, and blue.
38. Everything important – life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness seemed about
to be lost forever.
39. Freedom of speech, freedom from want, freedom from fear, freedom of re-
ligion – these they felt were great ideals.
40. Our entire supply of food – meat, potatoes, bread, and coffee – disappeared
during the night.
41. I've been waiting for – ah, there she is, across the street!
42. Considering everything – Johnson thought to himself – it would be a mis-
take to decline the offer.
43. An honest politician – if such a creature exists – would never agree to
such a plan.
76
44. The destruction of Guernica – and there is no doubt that the destruction
was deliberate – horrified the world.
45. When the Europeans settled in Tasmania, they inflicted genocide – there
is no other word for it – upon the indigenous population, who were wiped
out in thirty years.
46. The Serbs want peace – or so they say.
47. In 1453, Sultan Mehmed finally took Constantinople – and the Byzantine
Empire disappeared from the map for ever.
48. There was no other way - or was there?
49. The London-Brighton vintage car rally takes place on Sunday.
50. The declaration of the Rome-Berlin axis led to the use of the label 'Axis
powers' for Germany and Italy.
51. Ivan doesn’t care which team wins – he bet on both.
52. I didn’t even pay much attention to my parents’ accented and ungrammat-
ical speech – at least not at home.
53. My advice to you is simple – stop complaining.
54. Elliot still cherishes the pastimes of the ‘60s – sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll.
55. Longfellow wrote about three young sisters – grave Alice, laughing Alle-
gra, and Edith with golden hair – in “The Children’s Hour.”
56. It was as hot – and I mean hot – as a seven-dollar pistol on Fourth of July
in Death Valley.
57. If I went through anguish in botany and economics – for different reasons –
gymnasium work was even worse.
58. Pedro’s new boat is spectacular – a regular seagoing Ferrari.
59. The Thompsons devote their weekends to their favourite pastime – eating
bags of potato chips and cookies beside the warm glow of the television.
60. “A rock!” I cried, “Anthony, I’m afraid we’re –”
61. We were running the rapids when – WHAM!

77
 DASH (em dash —)

Tasks
1. The influence of three impressionists Monet, Sisley, and Degas is obvious in
her work.
2. My friends that is, my former friends ganged up on me.
3. It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy the
revolutionary idea.
4. Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream nothing alarmed the child.
5. “Will he can he obtain the necessary signatures?” asked Mill.
6. Of course he will!

Keys
1. The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious
in her work.
2. My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
3. It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy—the
revolutionary idea.
4. Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
5. “Will he—can he—obtain the necessary signatures?” asked Mill.
6. —Of course he will!

78
3.5. HYPHEN

1.Use the hyphen in compound adjectives after certain prefixes:

e.g. The newly-appointed manager had to re-evaluate the pre-existing
conditions of the mid-century building, ensuring all changes were up-to-date
and properly docu-
mented in the official report.
2. Use the hyphen between the parts of compound numbers from twenty-one
to
twenty-nine:
e.g. She invited twenty-one guests to her twenty-third birthday party, but only
twenty-eight of them confirmed their attendance.
3.Use the hyphen between the words in a compound adjective-words that.
used together, form a single modifier of a modifier of a noun or a pronoun:
e.g. The well-known author gave a thought-provoking speech at the
university.
4.Use a hyphen between certain prefixes and proper nouns or adjectives that
are
used with them:
e.g. pro-American sentiment.
5.Use a hyphen to divide a word between syllables at the end of a line:
e.g. The project requires a lot of co-
ordination among team members.
6.Use a hyphen between the numerator and denominator of a fraction used as
an
adjective:
e.g. The recipe calls for a two-thirds cup of sugar.
7.Use a hyphen to join the parts of certain compound nouns, adverbs, and
verbs:
Compound noun: mother-in-law
Compound adverb: well-known
Compound verb: double-check
8.Use a hyphen to distinguish words of similar spelling, but of different
meanings:
e.g. Re-sign (to sign again) vs. Resign (to quit a job).

79
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. Bill says that, as a neo Marxist living in an A frame house, it would be

politically incorrect for him to wear a Mickey Mouse T shirt.
2. Jerome, a devotee of twentieth century music, has no interest in the classic
symphonies of the eighteenth century.
3. I’d like living in an out of the way place better if it weren’t so far out of the
way.
4. Julia is a lover of eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century music.
5. It is well known that Tony has a well equipped kitchen, although his is not
as well equipped as the hotel’s.
6. Lucille’s exhusband is studying selfhypnosis.
7. This all important debate pits Senator Browning against the president elect.
8. The contractor’s preestimate did not cover any preexisting flaws in the
house.
9. The recreation department favours the recreation of a summer program.
10. When her sister gave Leslie’s age as six and three quarters, Leslie corrected
her: “I’m six and five sixths!”
11. The fifth graders learned that forty four rounds down to forty while forty
five rounds up to fifty.
12. Thought provoking article
13. The company could even make some money in the short term from the
transaction.
14. User friendly computer program.
15. US Canadian relations
16. “My name is Phyllis; that’s p h y 1 1 i s.”
17. 2010 01 19
18. The Japanese language proposal is well prepared.
19. Many nausea including drugs treat cancer.
20. The lab uses oil and water based compounds.
21. One fourth of my income goes to pay off the national debt.
22. The charity is funnelling more money into self help projects.
23. "Anne King is our club's president elect.”
24. Mrs. Douglas gave Mary a seashell and some newspaper wrapped fish to
take home to her mother.
25. Priscilla Hobbes is not yet a well known candidate.
80
26. The prosecutor chose not to cross examine any witnesses.
27. My mother in law is visiting us next weekend.
28. We used walkie talkies to communicate during the camping trip.
29. He captured the scene with a stop action camera.
30. She turned twenty nine last week.
31. One forty seventh of a mile
32. The two year old child took her first steps.
33. The high pressure system brought heavy rainfall to the region.
34. The award winning author signed copies of her latest book.
35. The old fashioned furniture added charm to the room.
36. She has a fifty dollar bill in her wallet.
37. a never to be forgotten occasion
38. a ten foot pole
39. a well stocked cupboard
40. a second class ticket
41. a high school student
42. thirty six dollars
43. three tenths wood and seven tenths metal
44. ninety nine per cent
45. an also ran
46. the sorting out of this problem
47. run around
48. self-satisfaction
49. a self made man
50. the summing up
51. life insurance
52. bookstore
53. all important
54. by product
55. the president elect
56. fellow member
57. ex husband
58. non native
59. She gave him a good night kiss.
60. She's wearing a light green dress.
61. This is a ten pound book token.
62. She always turned up for the end of term parties.
63. This is a well thought out essay.
81
64. She has a ten year old son.
65. The earliest known hominid was Homo habilis.
66. Pre war and post war Berlin could hardly be more different.
67. Natalie is studying socio and psycholinguistics.
68. Bill says that, as neo Marxist living in an A frame house, it would be polit-
ically incorrect for him to wear a Mickey Mouse T shirt.
69. Bubba doesn’t mind being labelled a pre Neanderthal, but he’ll break any-
one’s neck who calls him anti American.
70. Jerome, a devotee of twentieth century music, has no interest in the classic
symphonies of the eighteenth century.
71. Julia is a lover of eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century music.
72. I’d like living in an out of the way place better if it weren’t so far out of the
way
73. Lucille’s ex husband is studying self-hypnosis.
74. This all important debate pits Senator Browning against the president elect.
75. The contractor told us that his pre estimate did not cover any pre existing
flaws in the building.
76. The recreation department favours the re creation of a summer activities
program.
77. When her sister gave Leslie’s age as six and three quarters, Leslie corrected
her: “I’m six and five sixths!”
78. The fifth graders learned that forty four rounds down to forty while forty
five rounds up to fifty.
79. The section covering the years 1975 1970 is found on pages 20 27.
80. Do non Americans share our view of ourselves as a freedom loving people?
81. Patrick Henry’s words re echo down through the ages: “Give me liberty or
give me death!”
82. Our sociology textbook is well written and presents some well researched
information.

82
 Keys

1. Bill says that, as a neo-Marxist living in an A-frame house, it would be

politically incorrect for him to wear a Mickey Mouse T-shirt.
2. Jerome, a devotee of twentieth-century music, has no interest in the classic
symphonies of the eighteenth century.
3. I’d like living in an out-of-the-way place better if it weren’t so far out of
the way.
4. Julia is a lover of eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century music.
5. It is well known that Tony has a well-equipped kitchen, although his is not
as well equipped as the hotel’s.
6. Lucille’s ex-husband is studying self-hypnosis.
7. This all-important debate pits Senator Browning against the president-elect.
8. The contractor’s pre-estimate did not cover any pre-existing flaws in the
house.
9. The recreation department favours the re-creation of a summer program.
10. When her sister gave Leslie’s age as six and three-quarters, Leslie
corrected her: “I’m six and five-sixths!”
11. The fifth graders learned that forty-four rounds down to forty while forty-
five rounds up to fifty.
12. Thought-provoking article
13. The company could even make some money in the short-term from the
transaction.
14. User-friendly computer program.
15. US-Canadian relations
16. “My name is Phyllis; that’s p-h-y-1-1-i-s.”
17. 2010-01-19
18. The Japanese-language proposal is well prepared.
19. Many nausea-including drugs treat cancer.
20. The lab uses oil- and water-based compounds.
21. One-fourth of my income goes to pay off the national debt.
22. The charity is funnelling more money into self-help projects.
23. "Anne King is our club's president-elect.”
24. Mrs. Douglas gave Mary a seashell and some newspaper-wrapped fish to
take home to her mother.
25. Priscilla Hobbes is not yet a well-known candidate.
26. The prosecutor chose not to cross-examine any witnesses.
27. My mother-in-law is visiting us next weekend.
83
28. We used walkie-talkies to communicate during the camping trip.
29. He captured the scene with a stop-action camera.
30. She turned twenty-nine last week.
31. One forty-seventh of a mile
32. The two-year-old child took her first steps.
33. The high-pressure system brought heavy rainfall to the region.
34. The award-winning author signed copies of her latest book.
35. The old-fashioned furniture added charm to the room.
36. She has a fifty-dollar bill in her wallet.
37. a never-to-be-forgotten occasion
38. a ten -foot pole
39. a well-stocked cupboard
40. a second-class ticket
41. a high-school student
42. thirty-six dollars
43. three-tenths wood and seven-tenths metal
44. ninety-nine per cent
45. an also-ran
46. the sorting-out of this problem
47. run-around
48. self-satisfaction
49. a self-made man
50. the summing-up
51. life insurance
52. bookstore
53. all-important
54. by-product
55. the president-elect
56. fellow-member
57. ex-husband
58. non-native
59. She gave him a good-night kiss.
60. She's wearing a light-green dress.
61. This is a ten-pound book token.
62. She always turned up for the end-of-term parties.
63. This is a well-thought-out essay.
64. She has a ten-year-old son.
65. The earliest-known hominid was Homo habilis.
84
66. Pre-war and post-war Berlin could hardly be more different.
67. Natalie is studying socio- and psycholinguistics.
68. Bill says that, as neo-Marxist living in an A-frame house, it would be polit-
ically incorrect for him to wear a Mickey Mouse T-shirt.
69. Bubba doesn’t mind being labelled a pre-Neanderthal, but he’ll break any-
one’s neck who calls him anti-American.
70. Jerome, a devotee of twentieth-century music, has no interest in the classic
symphonies of the eighteenth century.
71. Julia is a lover of eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century music.
72. I’d like living in an out-of-the-way place better if it weren’t so far out of
the way
73. Lucille’s ex-husband is studying self-hypnosis.
74. This all-important debate pits Senator Browning against the president-elect.
75. The contractor told us that his pre-estimate did not cover any pre-existing
flaws in the building.
76. The recreation department favours the re-creation of a summer activities
program.
77. When her sister gave Leslie’s age as six and three-quarters, Leslie correc-
ted her: “I’m six and five-sixths!”
78. The fifth graders learned that forty-four rounds down to forty while forty-
five rounds up to fifty.
79. The section covering the years 1975-1970 is found on pages 20-27.
80. Do non-Americans share our view of ourselves as a freedom-loving
people?
81. Patrick Henry’s words re-echo down through the ages: “Give me liberty or
give me death!”
82. Our sociology textbook is well written and presents some well-researched
information.

85
3.6. QUOTATION MARKS

1. There are two types of quotation marks: single ( ҅ ҆ ) and double (“ ”).
2. Double quotation marks are used to indicate the title of short works, such as
articles, poems, and stories.
e.g. In “Sonny’s Blues,” the narrator remains unnamed.
3. Place quotation marks around a word or phrase used in a special sense or
purposefully misused.
e.g. A silver dome concealed the robot’s “brain”.
Their “friend” brought about their downfall.
But note:
e.g. Their so-called friend brought about their downfall.
(So-called makes quotation marks unnecessary.)
4. Use quotation marks for a translation of a foreign word or phrase.
e.g. The first idiomatic Spanish expression I learned was irse todo en humo
(“to go up in smoke”).
5. Use quotation marks to differentiate a nickname from a given name.
e.g. Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson can’t escape his origins as a wrestler.
6. Set apart a word to show irony, sarcasm, or skepticism (scare quotes).
e.g. My “pet” is really just a stray cat that comes by once a day.
7. You may use single quotation marks for a translation that follows the
original directly, without intervening words or punctuation.
e.g. The word text derives from the Latin verb texere ҅to weave’ .
8. Single Quotation Marks are used to indicate dialogue within another
quotation.
e.g. “The girl answered her mother by saying, ‘I don’t want to go alone.’ She
appeared to be shivering from the cold.”

86
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. According to Andrew Keen, on Wikipedia, the voice of a high school kid

has equal value to that of an Ivy League scholar of a trained profession
(42).
2. Shakespeare wrote, Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some
have greatness thrust upon them.
3. The best thing that can come with success, commented the actress Liv
Ullmann, is the knowledge that it is nothing to long for.
4. Don’t tell me yes if you mean maybe.
5. Jules said that Nothing ventured, nothing gained is his motto.
6. Her favourite statement at age three was I can do it myself.
7. Shakespeare originated the expression my salad days, when I was green in
judgment.
8. He told us, You shouldn’t have done it.
9. The man cried out Fire! There’s fire! Call 911!
10. When 911 took the call the operator said I am on a break now!
11. It was Thoreau who wrote, One generation abandons the enterprises of
another like stranded vessels.
12. Was it Stevenson who said that the cruellest lies are often told in silence?
13. Julian Duguid, author of Green Hell (1931), starts his book boldly: When a
man yields to the urge of lshmael...
14. Without navigator, the pilot said, we would have crashed.
15. Gross argues that every generation scorns its off-spring’s culture.
16. Our unity said the mayor is our strength.
17. Some claimed that calamity followed Jane. Jane replied that she simply
outran it.
18. De Morga’s account described the battle that caused his ship to burst
asunder (Goodio 37)
19. In a husky voice, Muhammad Ali bragged, My opponent will be on the
floor in round four. He’ll take a dive in round five. In round nine he’ll be
all mine.
20. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, wrote Ralph Waldo
Emerson.
21. Katherine Mansfield’s The garden party provoked a lively discussion in our
short story class last night.
87
22. The words flaunt and flout are frequently confused.
23. This is a stick-up said the well dressed young couple. We want all your
money.
24. Contrary to tradition, bedtime in my house is marked by Mommy, can I tell
you a story now?
25. What is it? I asked, bracing myself.
26. The future champion could, as he put it, float like a butterfly and sting like a
bee.
27. Is there anybody there? said the Traveller, Knocking on the moonlit door,
and his horse in the silence champed the grasses Of the forest's ferny floor.
28. Democracy is used very specifically by this editor, who seems to equate it
with the private ownership of farms, factories, resources, and communica-
tions.
29. The third chapter, How the Brain Works, contains the essence of the whole
book.
30. He asked, What time does the movie start?
31. Life is what happens when you're busy making other plans, John Lennon
famously sang.
32. You'll never guess what happened today, she began.
33. To be or not to be, that is the question, is a famous line from Shakespeare's
Hamlet.
34. In the poem, the author describes a feeling of saudade, a Portuguese term
that roughly translates to a deep longing or nostalgia.
35. Next to the originator of a good sentence is the first quoter of it, writes
Emerson.
36. I do not cough for my own amusement, replied Kitty fretfully.
37. I can't believe you did that, he exclaimed in disbelief.
38. Could you lend me a hand? she asked politely.
39. To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a classic of American literature.
40. She's currently reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
41. As they reached home, Elizabeth said, What a lovely day it has been!
42. I'm glad you were able to be with us, said her cousin. Perhaps we can take
another trip next week.
43. Perhaps we can arrange it, but— said Elizabeth hesitantly.
44. But what? asked her cousin.
45. I'll say he's upset, said my roommate. He was shouting, Down with exam-
inations!

88
46. I may have to work overtime all next week. Elizabeth seemed upset at the
thought.
47. Do you know what Bill said about you? He said, She is the most interesting
girl I've ever met.
48. Our club's last meeting was devoted to a debate on the question, Shall the
constitution be revised?
49. It's—it's impossible, stammered the young man. Do you really think he'd...?
50. Jefferson, echoing the Farewell Address of Washington, declared, Our first
and fundamental maxim should be never to entangle ourselves in the broils
of Europe.
51. The result of much consultation with the members of the Cabinet, the doc-
trine asserted that the American continents... are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.
52. Halt! Who goes there?
53. President Kennedy famously exclaimed, Ich bin ein Berliner!
54. Madonna is fond of declaring, I'm not ashamed of anything.
55. The only emperor, writes Wallace Stevens, is the emperor of ice cream.
56. According to Thomas Edison, Genius is one per cent inspiration and
ninety-nine per cent perspiration.
57. President Nixon declared, I am not a crook.
58. Mae West had one golden rule for handling men: Tell the pretty ones
they're smart, and tell the smart ones they're pretty.
59. Professor Cavendish concludes that The Turks' influence on the Balkans
has been more enduring than the Greeks' ever was.
60. Shakespeare's play Richard III contains the line Now is the winter of our
discontent.
61. The only thing we have to fear, said Franklin Roosevelt, is fear itself.
62. Bolinger never said Accent is predictable; he said Accent is predictable -
if you're a mind-reader.
63. The Prime Minister condemned what he called simple-minded solutions.
64. The Serbs are closing in on the safe haven of Goražde.
65. Sharon made dozens of adult films before getting her Hollywood break.
66. I have just been ripped off by my insurance company.
67. A typical young speaker in Reading has done, not did, and usually also
does for do and dos for does.
68. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere, wrote Martin Luther
King, Jr.

89
69. Minnesota-born songwriter Bob Dylan told an interviewer, When I was
growing up in Hibbing, home was a place to run away from.
70. My favourite advice from Socrates, ‘Know thyself and fear all women,’
said Dr. Blatz, has been getting me into trouble lately.
71. Sasha said, Dallas is in Texas.
72. Randolph gazed at Ellen and uttered a heartfelt sigh. What extraordinary
beauty.
73. They are lovely, she replied, staring at the roses, aren't they?
74. The article An Updike Retrospective praises Solitaire as the best story in
John Updike's collection Museums and Women.
75. In Chapter 5, Expatriates, Schwartz discusses Eliot's famous poem The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
76. We said, Keep off the grass; they still tromped onward.
77. Don't think about it, advised Jason; it will only make you unhappy.
78. Do you want to dance, Joan asked, or shall we have a drink?
79. In her story The Wide Net, Eudora Welty wrote, The excursion is the same
when you go looking for your sorrow as when you go looking for your joy.
80. Who's supposed to say the line ‘Tennis, anyone?' asked the director.
81. Robert Burns's poem To a Mouse opens: Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous
beastie,/O, what a panic's in thy breastie!

90
 Keys

1. According to Andrew Keen, on Wikipedia, “the voice of a high school kid

has equal value to that of an Ivy League scholar of a trained profession”
(42).
2. Shakespeare wrote, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and
some have greatness thrust upon them.”
3. “The best thing that can come with success,” commented the actress Liv
Ullmann, “is the knowledge that it is nothing to long for.”
4. Don’t tell me “yes” if you mean “maybe.”
5. Jules said that “Nothing ventured, nothing gained” is his motto.
6. Her favourite statement at age three was “I can do it myself.”
7. Shakespeare originated the expression “my salad days, when I was green in
judgment.”
8. He told us, “You shouldn’t have done it.”
9. The man cried out, “Fire! There’s fire! Call 911!”
10. When 911 took the call, the operator said “I am on a break now”!
11. It was Thoreau who wrote, “One generation abandons the enterprises of
another like stranded vessels.”
12. Was it Stevenson who said that “the cruellest lies are often told in silence”?
13. Julian Duguid, author of Green Hell (1931), starts his book boldly: “When
a man yields to the urge of lshmael…”
14. “Without navigator”, the pilot said, “we would have crashed.”
15. Gross argues that “every generation scorns its off-spring’s culture.”
16. “Our unity,” said the mayor, “is our strength.”
17. Some claimed that “calamity followed Jane.” Jane replied that she simply
outran it.
18. De Morga’s account described the battle that “caused his ship to ‘burst
asunder’ ” (Goodio 37)
19. In a husky voice, Muhammad Ali bragged, “My opponent will be on the
floor in round four. He’ll take a dive in round five. In round nine he’ll be
all mine.”
20. “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,” wrote Ralph
Waldo Emerson.
21. Katherine Mansfield’s “The garden party” provoked a lively discussion in
our short story class last night.
22. The words “flaunt” and “flout” are frequently confused.

91
23. “This is a stick-up” said the well dressed young couple. “We want all your
money.”
24. Contrary to tradition, bedtime in my house is marked by “Mommy, can I
tell you a story now?”
25. “What is it?” I asked, bracing myself.

26. The future champion could, as he put it, “float like a butterfly and sting like
a bee.”
27. "Is there anybody there?" said the Traveller, Knocking on the moonlit door,
and his horse in the silence champed the grasses Of the forest's ferny floor.
28. "Democracy" is used very specifically by this editor, who seems to equate
it with the private ownership of farms, factories, resources, and communic-
ations.
29. The third chapter, "How the Brain Works," contains the essence of the
whole book.
30. He asked, "What time does the movie start?"
31. "Life is what happens when you're busy making other plans," John Lennon
famously sang.
32. "You'll never guess what happened today," she began.
33. "To be or not to be, that is the question," is a famous line from
Shakespeare's Hamlet.
34. In the poem, the author describes a feeling of "saudade," a Portuguese term
that roughly translates to a deep longing or nostalgia.
35. “Next to the originator of a good sentence is the first quoter of it,” writes
Emerson.
36. “I do not cough for my own amusement,” replied Kitty fretfully.
37. "I can't believe you did that," he exclaimed in disbelief.
38. "Could you lend me a hand?" she asked politely.
39. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is considered a classic of American literature.
40. She's currently reading "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen.
41. As they reached home, Elizabeth said, "What a lovely day it has been!"
42. "I'm glad you were able to be with us," said her cousin. "Perhaps we can
take another trip next week."
43. "Perhaps we can arrange it, but—" said Elizabeth hesitantly.
44. "But what?" asked her cousin.
45. "I'll say he's upset," said my roommate. He was shouting, 'Down with ex-
aminations!' "

92
46. "I may have to work overtime all next week." Elizabeth seemed upset at the
thought.
47. "Do you know what Bill said about you? He said, 'She is the most interest-
ing girl I've ever met.' "
48. Our club's last meeting was devoted to a debate on the question, Shall the
constitution be revised?
49. It's—it's impossible, stammered the young man. "Do you really think
he'd...?"
50. Jefferson, echoing the Farewell Address of Washington, declared, "Our
first and fundamental maxim should be never to entangle ourselves in the
broils of Europe."
51. The result of much consultation with the members of the Cabinet, the doc-
trine asserted that "the American continents... are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."
52. Halt! Who goes there?
53. President Kennedy famously exclaimed, “Ich bin ein Berliner!”
54. Madonna is fond of declaring, “I'm not ashamed of anything.”
55. “The only emperor,” writes Wallace Stevens, “is the emperor of ice
cream.”
56. According to Thomas Edison, “Genius is one per cent inspiration and
ninety-nine per cent perspiration.”
57. President Nixon declared, “I am not a crook.”
58. Mae West had one golden rule for handling men: “Tell the pretty ones
they're smart, and tell the smart ones they're pretty.”
59. Professor Cavendish concludes that “The Turks' influence on the Balkans
has been more enduring than the Greeks' ever was.”
60. Shakespeare's play “Richard III” contains the line “Now is the winter of
our discontent.”
61. “The only thing we have to fear”, said Franklin Roosevelt, “is fear itself.”
62. Bolinger never said “Accent is predictable”; he said “Accent is
predictable – if you're a mind-reader.”
63. The Prime Minister condemned what he called “simple-minded
solutions.”
64. The Serbs are closing in on the “safe haven” of Goražde.
65. Sharon made dozens of “adult films” before getting her Hollywood break.
66. I have just been “ripped off” by my insurance company.
67. A typical young speaker in Reading has “done”, not “did”, and usually
also “does” for “do” and “dos” for “does”.
93
68. "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere," wrote Martin Luther
King, Jr.
69. Minnesota-born songwriter Bob Dylan told an interviewer, "When I was
growing up in Hibbing, home was a place to run away from.”
70. “My favourite advice from Socrates, ‘Know thyself and fear all women,’”
said Dr. Blatz, “has been getting me into trouble lately.”
71. Sasha said, “Dallas is in Texas.”
72. Randolph gazed at Ellen and uttered a heartfelt sigh. "What extraordinary
beauty."
73. "They are lovely," she replied, staring at the roses, "aren't they?"
74. The article "An Updike Retrospective" praises "Solitaire" as the best story
in John Updike's collection Museums and Women.
75. In Chapter 5, "Expatriates," Schwartz discusses Eliot's famous poem "The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock."
76. We said, “Keep off the grass”; they still tromped onward.
77. "Don't think about it," advised Jason; "it will only make you unhappy.'
78. "Do you want to dance," Joan asked, "or shall we have a drink?"
79. In her story "The Wide Net," Eudora Welty wrote, "The excursion is the
same when you go looking for your sorrow as when you go looking for
your joy."
80. “Who's supposed to say the line ‘Tennis, anyone?' " asked the director.
81. Robert Burns's poem "To a Mouse" opens: "Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous
beastie,/O, what a panic's in thy breastie!"

94
3.7. SLASH (diagonal)

1. The slash occurs (without space before or after) in certain abbreviations

and expressions of time.
Expressions like "a.m./p.m." (ante meridiem/post meridiem) for time, "w/o"
(without), "c/o" (care of), "w/e" (weekend), "b/w" (between), "w/d"
(withdrawal), "w/r" (with reference to), "w/ or w/o" (with or without), etc., use
the forward slash without spaces before or after it.
2. The slash is used to express alternatives:
an either/or proposition;
meet on Monday and/or Tuesday.
3. The slash may be used to indicate that a person or thing has two functions,
but the use of hyphen is preferred in such expressions as:
the owner/manager;
zoned for commercial/industrial activities;
our secretary/treasurer;
planning to hold a dinner/dance.
4. The slash is also used in writing fractions (for example, 4/5) and in some
code and serial numbers (for example, 25/394756).
5. A short extract from a poem is sometimes woven right into a sentence or a
paragraph. In such cases use quotation marks at the beginning and end of the
extract and a diagonal line to indicate where each line would break in the
original arrangement of the poem:
e.g. As Alexander Pope put it, "A little learning is a dang'rous thing; / Drink
deep, or taste not the Pierian spring..."
(Note that one space precedes and follows the slash.)

95
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. Please bring a pen pencil to the meeting.

2. As payment, we accept cash and or heartfelt compliments.
3. Those two had a love hate relationship.
4. Enrolment has increased between 1998 99 and 2001 2.
5. $450 week
6. Margaret Meg Maggie
7. “Thou hast not missed one thought that could be fit, And all that was
improper dost omit.” (two lines of poetry are quoted in regular text)
8. The speaker in Sidney’s sonnet hails the moon: “ O Moon, thou climb’st
the skies! How silently … ” (1-2).
9. In the opening lines of "Jordan," George Herbert pokes gentle fun at
popular poems of his time: "Who says that fictions only and false hair
Become a verse? Is there in truth no beauty?"
10. Roger Sommers, the play's producer director, announced a change in
casting.
11. Please bring a pen pencil to the exam.
12. The hotel offers a room service restaurant option for dining.
13. The event is open to all students faculty staff.
14. You can choose to pay by cash credit card.
15. The recipe calls for 1 2 cup of sugar.
16. The price is $50 €40 per person for the workshop.
17. The store is open from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday Friday.
18. The project deadline is April 30th May 1st, whichever comes first.
19. The dress code is smart casual formal attire for the event.
20. Please select your preferred time slot: morning afternoon evening.
21. The exam covers chapters 1 2 3 from the textbook.
22. You can choose between chocolate vanilla ice cream.
23. The tour is available in English Spanish French.
24. You can reach me via email phone.
25. The seminar covers topics such as marketing finance leadership.
26. Applicants must possess a good university degree in French and or have
worked for two years in a French-speaking country.
27. Each candidate must bring his her identity card.

96
28. If your work is badly punctuated, your reader may quickly decide that s he
has better things to do.
29. The University of Saffron Walden wishes to appoint a lecturer senior
lecturer in media studies.
30. The 1994 95 football season was marred by frequent scandals.
31. This office is open Tuesday Saturday each week.
32. The density of iron is 7.87 g cm³.
33. Light travels at 300,000 km sec.
34. When you are old and grey and full of sleep And nodding by the fire, take
down this book And slowly read of the soft look Your eyes had once, and
of their shadows deep.

97
 Keys

1. Please bring a pen/pencil to the meeting.

2. As payment, we accept cash and/or heartfelt compliments.
3. Those two had a love/hate relationship.
4. Enrolment has increased between 1998/99 and 2001/2.
5. $450/week
6. Margaret/Meg/Maggie
7. “Thou hast not missed one thought that could be fit, / And all that was
improper dost omit.”
8. The speaker in Sidney’s sonnet hails the moon: “ O Moon, thou climb’st
the skies! / How silently … ” (1-2).
9. In the opening lines of "Jordan," George Herbert pokes gentle fun at
popular poems of his time: "Who says that fictions only and false hair /
Become a verse? Is there in truth no beauty?"
10. Roger Sommers, the play's producer/director, announced a change in
casting.
11. Please bring a pen/pencil to the exam.
12. The hotel offers a room service/restaurant option for dining.
13. The event is open to all students/faculty/staff.
14. You can choose to pay by cash/credit card.
15. The recipe calls for 1/2 cup of sugar.
16. The price is $50/€40 per person for the workshop.
17. The store is open from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday/Friday.
18. The project deadline is April 30th/May 1st, whichever comes first.
19. The dress code is smart casual/formal attire for the event.
20. Please select your preferred time slot: morning/afternoon/evening.
21. The exam covers chapters 1/2/3 from the textbook.
22. You can choose between chocolate/vanilla ice cream.
23. The tour is available in English/Spanish/French.
24. You can reach me via email/phone.
25. The seminar covers topics such as marketing/finance/leadership.
26. Applicants must possess a good university degree in French and/or have
worked for two years in a French-speaking country.
27. Each candidate must bring his/her identity card.
28. If your work is badly punctuated, your reader may quickly decide that
s/he has better things to do.

98
29. The University of Saffron Walden wishes to appoint a lecturer/senior
lecturer in media studies.
30. The 1994/95 football season was marred by frequent scandals.
31. This office is open Tuesday/Saturday each week.
32. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm³.
33. Light travels at 300,000 km/sec.
34. When you are old and grey and full of sleep/And nodding by the fire, take
down this book/And slowly read of the soft look/Your eyes had once, and
of their shadows deep.

99
3.8. APOSTROPHE

1. As a general rule, to signal possession, use -’ s with singular nouns, with

indefinite pronouns, with names, and with plural nouns that do not form the
plural with -s:
e.g. the child’s books, anybody’s opinion, the children’s toys, today’s world, this
month’s budget, Mr. Jackson’s voice, someone else’s idea, their money’s worth.

To indicate individual ownership, make each owner possessive:

e.g. Updike’s and Roth’s recent works received glowing reviews.

To show joint ownership, make only the last owner possessive:

e.g. Sam and Pat’s house.

Add -’ s to the last word in a compound noun:

e.g. his brother-in-law’s car.

When a name ends in -s, add -’ s as usual for the possessive:

e.g. Dylan Thomas’s imagery conjures up the Welsh landscape.

When a name has more than one syllable and ends in -s with a z pronunciation,
you can use an apostrophe alone:
e.g. Moses’ law, Euripides’ dramas.

Add only an apostrophe when a plural noun already ends in -s:

e.g. the students’ suggestions
[more than one student]
e.g. my friends’ ambitions
[more than one friend]

Remember to include an apostrophe in comparisons with a plural noun

understood:
e.g. His views are different from other professors’.
[. . . from other professors’ views]

2. The apostrophe can also take the place of the first part of a year or decade:
e.g. the radical rebellion of the ’60s [the 1960s]

100
the Spirit of ’76 [the year 1776]

Note: Fixed forms spelled with an apostrophe, such as o’clock and the poetic
o’er, are contractions (“of the clock,” “over”).

3. Use -’s for the plural form of letters of the alphabet. Italicize only the letter,
not the plural ending.
e.g. Maria picked all the M’s out of her alphabet soup.
Georges Perec’s novel called A Void has no e’s in it at all.

4. Use -’s for the plural form of a word referred to as the word itself. Italicize the
word named as a word, but do not italicize the -’s ending.
You have too many but’s in that sentence.

101
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. As Farhad Manjoo observes, its become more and more common to see
dogs where they dont belong.
2. As Manjoos essay points out, not everyone loves other peoples dogs.
3. My aunt and uncle house always intrigued me.
4. The children watched the puppies tails.
5. I wont go there.
6. the 1990s
7. xs and ys (the plural of lowercase letters)
8. The cats meow is becoming fainter.
9. The officers reports surprised the reporters.
10. Bos and Hals lawyers are ruthless.
11. Though its an 1854 novel, Dickens Hard Times remain’s an ageless
critique of education by fact’s.
12. Roy managed to climb out on the drivers side.
13. Both diplomats briefcases were stolen.
14. Have you seen Joyce and Gregs new camper?
15. John’s and Maries expectations of marriage couldn’t have been more
different.
16. My father-in-laws sculpture won first place.
17. Someones raincoat has been left behind.
18. Peggy skated nearly perfect figure 8s.
19. Weve heard enough maybes.
20. She s been working on her master s degree for two years.
21. The company s profits have increased significantly this quarter.
22. Don t forget to bring your friend's birthday present.
23. He s going to his cousin's wedding next weekend.
24. The dog s collar was adorned with shiny charms.
25. The children s toys
26. The geese s migration route
27. This is a man job.
28. Children games are not always simple.
29. My brother-in-law great love is conversation.
30. The two dogs tracks were plainly visible.
31. The ladies help was much appreciated.
32. For goodness sake, have him get a new one.
102
33. It is anybody game so far.
34. One opinion is as good as another.
35. He took somebody else place by mistake.
36. Mind your ps and qs.
37. There are too many ands in this sentence.
38. Dont do it.
39. He was born in 05.
40. Pío Baroja was a distinctive member of the generation of 98.
41. If you re sending mail to the Continent, it s advisable to use continental 1
s and 7 s in the address.
42. One must choose one s words carefully.
43. The plumbers wrench left grease stains on Harrys shirt.
44. Felixs roommate enjoys reading Henry Jamess novels.
45. The Egyptian king Cheops death occurred more than two thousand years
before Socrates.
46. A stockbrokers meeting combines foxes cunning with the noisy chaos of a
boys locker room.
47. What effect has the womens liberation movement had on childrens literat-
ure?
48. I left my mother and fathers house with our friends and neighbours good
wishes.
49. Mens and womens marathon records are improving steadily.
50. What caused the accident is anybodys guess; but it appears to be no ones
fault.
51. Theyre too sophisticated for me.
52. Ive learned my lesson.
53. Pat didnt finish her assignment.
54. Its nearly eight oclock.
55. Americans grow up admiring the Spirit of 76.
56. Do we need I.D.s at YMCAs outside our hometown?
57. How many ns are there in Cincinnati?
58. Try replacing all the shoulds in the sentence with coulds.
59. Cut out two 3s to sew on Larrys shirt.
60. Its not easy to be old in our society.
61. I dont understand the Jameses objections to our plans for a block party.
62. Its not fair that your roommate wont help with the cleaning.
63. Is this collection of 50s records yours or your roommates?
64. Alas, Brian got two Ds on his report card.
103
 Keys

1. As Farhad Manjoo observes, it’s become more and more common to see
dogs where they don’t belong.
2. As Manjoo’s essay points out, not everyone loves other people’s dogs.
3. My aunt and uncle’s house always intrigued me.
4. The children watched the puppies’ tails.
5. I won’t go there.
6. the 1990s
7. x’s and y’s
8. The cat’s meow is becoming fainter.
9. The officers’ reports surprised the reporters.
10. Bo’s and Hal’s lawyers are ruthless. OR Bo and Hal’s lawyers are ruthless.
11. Though it’s an 1854 novel, Dicken’s Hard Times remains an ageless
critique of education by facts.
12. Roy managed to climb out on the driver’s side.
13. Both diplomats’ briefcases were stolen.
14. Have you seen Joyce and Greg’s new camper?
15. John’s and Marie’s expectations of marriage couldn’t have been more
different.
16. My father-in-law’s sculpture won first place.
17. Someone’s raincoat has been left behind.
18. Peggy skated nearly perfect figure 8’s.
19. We’ve heard enough maybe’s.
20. She's been working on her master's degree for two years.
21. The company's profits have increased significantly this quarter.
22. Don't forget to bring your friend's birthday present.
23. He's going to his cousin's wedding next weekend.
24. The dog's collar was adorned with shiny charms.
25. The children’s toys
26. The geese’s migration route
27. This is a man's job.
28. Children's games are not always simple.
29. My brother-in-law's great love is conversation.
30. The two dogs' tracks were plainly visible.
31. The ladies' help was much appreciated.
32. For goodness' sake, have him get a new one.
33. It is anybody's game so far.
104
34. One's opinion is as good as another's.
35. He took somebody else's place by mistake.
36. Mind your p's and q's.
37. Your 1 l's look too much like your 77's.
38. Don't do it. (Do not do it.)
39. He was born in '05. (1905)
40. Pío Baroja was a distinctive member of the generation of '98.
41. If you're sending mail to the Continent, it's advisable to use continental 1's
and 7's in the address.
42. One must choose one's words carefully.
43. The plumber's wrench left grease stains on Harry's shirt.
44. Felix's roommate enjoys reading Henry James's novels.
45. The Egyptian king Cheops' death occurred more than two thousand years
before Socrates'.
46. A stockbrokers' meeting combines foxes' cunning with the noisy chaos of a
boys' locker room.
47. What effect has the women's liberation movement had on children's literat-
ure?
48. I left my mother and father's house with our friends and neighbours’ good
wishes.
49. Men's and women's marathon records are improving steadily.
50. What caused the accident is anybody's guess; but it appears to be no one's
fault.
51. They’re too sophisticated for me.
52. I’ve learned my lesson.
53. Pat didn’t finish her assignment.
54. It’s nearly eight o’clock.
55. Americans grow up admiring the Spirit of ‘76.
56. Do we need I.D.’s at YMCA’s outside our hometown?
57. How many n’s are there in Cincinnati?
58. Try replacing all the should’s in the sentence with could’s.
59. Cut out two 3’s to sew on Larry’s shirt.
60. It's not easy to be old in our society.
61. I don’t understand the Jameses’ objections to our plans for a block party.
62. It's not fair that your roommate won't help with the cleaning.
63. Is this collection of ‘50s records yours or your roommate's?
64. Alas, Brian got two D's on his report card.

105
3.9. PARENTHESES, BRACKETS AND THE ELLIPSIS MARK

Parentheses ()

1. Use parentheses to mark an aside or provide additional information.

e.g. Everyone admires Rafael Nadal’s feat (winning Grand Slam finals on all
court surfaces).
2. Use parentheses to enclose citations in a documented paper and to enclose
numbers or letters preceding items in a list.
e.g. A journalist reports that in the course of many interviews, he met very
few people who were cynical about the future of the country (Lamb 5).
3. At the end of a sentence, place the period inside the last parenthesis only
when a separate new sentence is enclosed.
e.g. Lance Armstrong’s feat led to greater visibility for competitive cycling in
the United States. (He won the Tour de France in seven consecutive years.)

Brackets []

1. When you insert words or comments or make changes to words within a

quotation, enclose the inserted or changed material in square brackets. Be
careful to insert only words that help the quotation fit into your sentence
grammatically or that offer a necessary explanation. Do not insert words that
substantially change the meaning.
e.g. According to Ridley, “the key to both of these features of life [the ability
to reproduce and to create order] is information.”
2. On occasion, you may need to use brackets to insert the Latin word sic
(meaning “thus”) into a quoted passage in which an error occurs. Using sic tells
readers that the word or words that it follows were present in the original source
and are not your own.
e.g. Richard Lederer tells of a man who did “exercises to strengthen his
abominable [sic] muscles.”
3. Square brackets can also be used in MLA style around ellipsis dots that you
add to signal an omission from a source that itself contains ellipsis dots.
4. Use angle brackets (< >) to enclose e-mail addresses and URLs when you
need to include them in an MLA works cited.

106
 Ellipsis dots

1. When you omit material from a quotation, indicate the omission – the
ellipsis – by three dots with a space between each dot (. . .). Use three ellipsis
dots when you omit material from the middle of a quotation.

e.g. Ruth Sidel reports that the women in her interviews “have a commitment
to career . . . and to independence”.
2. When you omit part of a quotation and the omission occurs at the end of
your own sentence, insert ellipsis dots after the sentence period, followed by the
closing quotation marks, making four dots in all.
e.g. Ruth Sidel presents interesting findings about jobs and money: “These
women have a commitment to career, to material well-being. . . .”
3. When a parenthetical reference follows the quoted passage, put the final
sentence period after the parenthetical reference:
e.g. Ruth Sidel presents interesting findings about jobs and money: “These
women have a commitment to career, to material well-being . . .”.
4. When you omit a complete sentence or more, insert three ellipsis dots.
e.g. Sidel tells us how “an affluent lifestyle is central to their dreams; . . . they
want their piece of the American Dream”
5. When you omit one or more lines of poetry from a long, indented
quotation, indicate the omission with a line of dots.
This poem is for the hunger of my mother
.....................
who read the Blackwell’s catalogue
like a menu of delights
and when we moved from Puerto Rico to the States
we packed 100 boxes of books and 40 of everything else.
–Aurora Levins Morales, Class Poem
6. Do not use ellipsis dots when you quote only a word or a phrase because it
will be obvious that material has been omitted:
e.g. The women Sidel interviewed see an “affluent lifestyle” in their future.
7. Use three dots to indicate a pause in speech or an interruption.
e.g. The doctor said, “The good news is . . .” and then turned to take a phone
call.

107
108
 Tasks

Insert the proper punctuation sign where necessary:

1. According to Andrew Keen, the absence of professional reporters and

editors leads to erroneous information on Wikipedia 4.
2. Adelt, Ulrich. “Black, White, and Blue: Racial Politics in B. B. King’s
Music from the 1960s.” Journal of Popular Culture 44 2011: 195-216.
Print. Magazine Articles.
3. FDR as people called Franklin D. Roosevelt won four presidential
elections.
4. In fact, he occupied the White House for so many years 1933 to mid-1945
that babies became teenagers without having known any other president.
5. He had discovered the various abuses in 1 recruiting, 2 scholarships, 3
testing, and 4 summer employment.
6. The agency relied on various groups the ACC, the SEC, the NCAA, to
reveal the extent of the abuses.
7. He enjoyed all kinds of fruits especially apples, oranges and bananas.
8. “This law does not apply in our grate sic state.”
9. The disagreement between Johns and Evans its origins have been discussed
elsewhere ultimately destroyed the organization.
10. A drop folio a page number printed at the foot of a page is useful on the
opening page of a chapter.
11. German has two terms for eating—one for the way humans eat essen and
another for the way animals eat fressen.
12. Compose three sentences to illustrate analogous uses of 1 commas, 2 em
dashes, and 3 parentheses.
13. For the duration of the experiment, the dieters were instructed to avoid a
meat, b bottled drinks, c packaged foods, and d nicotine.
14. The verb entretenir atratnir, like keep, is used in many idioms.
15. “When, in the course of human events ” But how many people can recite
more than the first few lines of the document?
16. The boy clutching his allowance came to the store.
17. When you sign up for Telepick including Internet access, you will receive
an hour of free calls.
18. People on your list get discounts once they sign up.
19. Fax Harry’s Bookstore 555-0934 to 1 order books, 2 inquire about items, or
3 sign up for events.
109
20. Try Telepick now. This offer excludes international calls.
21. As Walz notes, “When Catholic Europe adopted the new Gregorian
calendar in 1582, Protestant England still followed October 4 by October 5
Julian calendar” (4).
22. Museum Director: “We expect the Inca pottery in our special exhibit to
attract historians from as far away as Chicago, while the vivid jewellery
draws the public.”
23. After taking her temperature, pulse, and blood pressure routine vital signs,
the nurse made Becky as comfortable as possible.
24. The weights James was first able to move not lift, mind you were measured
in ounces.
25. Regulations stipulated that only the following equipment could be used on
the survival mission: 1 a knife, 2 thirty feet of parachute line, 3 a book of
matches, 4 two ponchos, 5 an E tool, and 6 a signal flare.
26. Reuben reports that “when the amount of cholesterol circulating in the
blood rises over 300 milligrams per 100, the chances of a heart attack
increase dramatically.”
27. “Most of our efforts," writes Dave Erikson,” are directed toward saving the
bald eagle's wintering habitat along the Mississippi River It's important that
the wintering birds have a place to roost, where they can get out of the cold
wind and be undisturbed by man."
28. Before falling into a coma, the victim whispered, "It was a man with a
tattoo on his ”
29. Audubon reports that "If there are not enough young to balance deaths, the
end of the species California condor is inevitable."
30. According to the review, Suzanne Farrell's performance was brilliant,
"exceeding sic the expectations of even her most loyal fans."
31. In a whole series of decisions see especially State of Arizona v. Mead and
Cowan v. Cowan, xii, 59 and 427, the courts have upheld the right of the
individual to appeal from a judgment of this sort.
32. Mr. Jones writes, "Regardless of the fact that he killed her, it is evident that
Othello was very much in love with Juliet sic or he would never have mar-
ried her."
33. The question that bothered Hamlet was, as he said, "whether 'tis nobler in
the mind to suffer or to take arms."
34. That second trip to Italy the one in '95 cost me a lost heart but I'm not com-
plaining.

110
35. Sir Harvey's most recent book it was originally published in 1994 in Great
Britain under the title All You Ever Wanted to Know About Me But Were
Afraid to Inquire sank without a bubble.
36. OK we're settled on All in the Family as the title the network executive
replied finally agreeing though half in spite of himself but I really do draw
the line on calling the guy Oedipus. I think we can come up with a more
American name than that.
37. The emergency kit contained all the expected items jumper cables, tire
inflator, roadside flares.
38. To call the police included an address 107 West St.
39. The company founded in 1990 has grown rapidly over the years.
40. He mentioned his favourite book Pride and Prejudice during the interview.
41. The museum located downtown is hosting a special exhibit next month.
42. We went to the park despite the cloudy weather and had a great time.
43. The new software update version 2.0 includes several important features.
44. The instructions printed in small font were difficult to read.
45. He George Lucas reminded me a little of Walt Disney’s version of a mad
scientist.
46. The recipe calls for flour, sugar, and eggs but you can also add chocolate
chips.
47. The report highlighted several key findings including the impact of climate
change.
48. The team is considering two options expanding the current facility or
building a new one.
49. The book club will meet next week to discuss their latest read The Great
Gatsby.
50. The presentation slides included graphs, charts, and statistics to illustrate
the main points.
51. He added a note to the document clarifying the deadline for submissions.
52. The rocket rumbled on its launch pad as the countdown ended, “four, three,
two, one”
53. In the novel, the author writes, "The sun was setting, casting a warm glow
over the horizon it was a moment of tranquillity."
54. His speech was filled with pauses as he struggled to find the right words it
was clear he was deeply affected by the news.
55. The sign read, "Please remain seated until the seatbelt sign has been turned
off."

111
56. After a long silence, he finally spoke, "I never thought it would come to
this I don't know what to do."
57. He trailed off, lost in thought
58. The letter ended abruptly, with no signature
59. I am trying to learn their names there are over fifty of them, as it happens,
in the one office, and it isn't easy to do.
60. Burton's last novel it is all about frontier life was reviewed in yesterday's
paper.
61. I am sending with this a postal order for eighty-five dollars $85.00.
62. The new boarder he's from Louisiana speaks with a delightful accent.
63. "Your account of the memorial service for Major Clark is typical of the
carelessness of modern journalism. Cancel my subscription at once."
64. This young man Christopher Marlowe enjoyed a great reputation in his
day. His
65. She crept closer to the abandoned house, the floorboards creaking omin-
ously under her weight.
66. I packed some clothes, a toothbrush but where exactly was I going?
67. There we were, staring at each other across the table.
68. Maybe if I had tried harder.
69. The fortune cookie read, "A journey of a thousand miles begins with".
70. The result of much consultation with the members of the Cabinet, the Doc-
trine asserted that "the American continents are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."
71. "It's-it's impossible!" stammered the young man. "Do you really think
he'd?"
72. Colonel García leered at the prisoner: “We want those names now. If we
don't get them”
73. San Francisco gets a major earthquake about every sixty years. It has been
ninety years since the last one
74. On the rare! occasion when you use a Latin abbreviation, be sure to
punctuate it correctly.
75. The battle of Jutland as you may recall from your school days put an end
to Germany's naval threat.
76. The Basque language is not as the old legend has it exceedingly difficult
to learn.
77. The destruction of Guernica and there is no doubt that the destruction was
deliberate horrified the world.

112
78. The number of living languages currently about 6000, by most estimates
is decreasing rapidly.
79. The bodegas wine cellars of the Rioja are an essential stop on any visit to
northern Spain.
80. The royal portraits of Velázquez or Velásquez are justly renowned.
81. The German philosopher Gottlob Frege 1848-1925 laid the foundations of
formal logic and of semantics.
82. It appears that 33% of girls aged 16-18 smoke regularly, but that only
28% of boys in this age bracket do so. These figures are provided by a
recent newspaper survey.
83. A book proposal prepared for a potential publisher should include at least
1 a description of the content, 2 an identification of the intended
readership, 3 an explanation of why the book will be necessary or
valuable and 4 a comparison with any competing books already in print.
84. FDR as people called Franklin D. Roosevelt won four presidential elec-
tions.
85. In fact, he occupied the White House for so many years 1933 to mid-1945
that babies became teenagers without having known any other president.
86. Archimedes asserted that, given 1 a level long enough, 2 a fulcrum, and 3 a
place to stand, he could move the earth.
87. In The Last Crusade, archaeologist Indiana Jones who took his name from
the family dog joins his father in a quest for the Holy Grail.
88. Our cafeteria serves the four basic food groups: white milk, bread, and
mashed potatoes, brown mystery meat and gravy, green overcooked veget-
ables and under-washed lettuce, and orange squash, carrots, and tomato
sauce.
89. The hijackers will release the hostages only if the government 1 frees all
political prisoners and 2 allows the hijackers to leave the country un-
harmed.
90. Actually, the Whale Stranding Network WSN rescues whales that have
stranded themselves.
91. When Phil said he works with whales as well as other marine mammals for
the Whale Stranding Network, Lisa thought he meant that his group lures
whales onto beaches.
92. “A radio bulletin first brought the humble professor of philosophy James
McGuire the astounding news.”
93. “President Ronald Reagan foresaw a yearly growth of 29, 1000,000,000 sic
in the American populace.”
113
94. Today's nine- and ten-year-olds not infrequently find themselves involved
in their own parents' complicated sex lives, at least as advisers, friendly
commentators, and intermediaries.
95. Consider the demise of sexual innocence among children. Today's nine-
and ten-year-olds and the rest.

114
 Keys

1. According to Andrew Keen, the absence of professional reporters and

editors leads to erroneous information on Wikipedia (4).
2. Adelt, Ulrich. “Black, White, and Blue: Racial Politics in B. B. King’s
Music from the 1960s.” Journal of Popular Culture 44 (2011): 195-216.
Print. Magazine Articles.
3. FDR (as people called Franklin D. Roosevelt) won four presidential
elections.
4. In fact, he occupied the White House for so many years (1933 to mid-1945)
that babies became teenagers without having known any other president.
5. He had discovered the various abuses in (1) recruiting, (2) scholarships, (3)
testing, and (4) summer employment.
6. The agency relied on various groups (the ACC, the SEC, the NCAA) to
reveal the extent of the abuses.
7. He enjoyed all kinds of fruits (especially apples, oranges and bananas).
8. “This law does not apply in our grate [sic] state.”
9. The disagreement between Johns and Evans (its origins have been
discussed elsewhere) ultimately destroyed the organization.
10. A drop folio (a page number printed at the foot of a page) is useful on the
opening page of a chapter.
11. German has two terms for eating—one for the way humans eat (essen) and
another for the way animals eat (fressen).
12. Compose three sentences to illustrate analogous uses of (1) commas, (2)
em dashes, and (3) parentheses.
13. For the duration of the experiment, the dieters were instructed to avoid (a)
meat, (b) bottled drinks, (c) packaged foods, and (d) nicotine.
14. The verb entretenir [atratnir], like keep, is used in many idioms.
15. “When, in the course of human events …” But how many people can recite
more than the first few lines of the document?
16. The boy (clutching his allowance) came to the store.
17. When you sign up for Telepick (including Internet access), you will receive
an hour of free calls.
18. People on your list get discounts (once they sign up).
19. Fax Harry’s Bookstore (555-0934) to (1) order books, (2) inquire about
items, or (3) sign up for events.
20. Try Telepick now. (This offer excludes international calls.)

115
21. As Walz notes, “When Catholic Europe adopted the new Gregorian
calendar in 1582, Protestant England still followed October 4 by October 5
[Julian calendar]” (4).
22. The Museum Director “expects the Inca pottery … to attract historians …
while the vivid jewellery draws the public.”
23. After taking her temperature, pulse, and blood pressure (routine vital
signs), the nurse made Becky as comfortable as possible.
24. The weights James was first able to move (not lift, mind you) were
measured in ounces.
25. Regulations stipulated that only the following equipment could be used on
the survival mission: (1) a knife, (2) thirty feet of parachute line, (3) a book
of matches, (4) two ponchos, (5) an E tool, and (6) a signal flare.
26. Reuben reports that “when the amount of cholesterol circulating in the
blood rises over … 300 milligrams per 100, the chances of a heart attack
increase dramatically.”
27. “Most of our efforts," writes Dave Erikson,” are directed toward saving the
bald eagle's wintering habitat along the Mississippi River... It's important
that the wintering birds have a place to roost, where they can get out of the
cold wind and be undisturbed by man."
28. Before falling into a coma, the victim whispered, "It was a man with a
tattoo on his…”
29. Audubon reports that "If there are not enough young to balance deaths, the
end of the species [California condor] is inevitable."
30. According to the review, Suzanne Farrell's performance was brilliant,
"exceeding [sic] the expectations of even her most loyal fans."
31. In a whole series of decisions (see especially State of Arizona v. Mead and
Cowan v. Cowan, xii, 59 and 427), the courts have upheld the right of the
individual to appeal from a judgment of this sort.
32. Mr. Jones writes, "Regardless of the fact that he killed her, it is evident that
Othello was very much in love with Juliet [sic] or he would never have
married her."
33. The question that bothered Hamlet was, as he said, "whether 'tis nobler in
the mind to suffer… or to take arms."
34. That second trip to Italy (the one in '95) cost me a lost heart, but I'm not
complaining.
35. Sir Harvey's most recent book (it was originally published in 1994 in Great
Britain under the title All You Ever Wanted to Know About Me But Were
Afraid to Inquire) sank without a bubble.
116
36. "OK, we're settled on All in the Family as the title," the network executive
replied, finally agreeing (though half in spite of himself), "but I really do
draw the line on calling the guy Oedipus. I think we can come up with a
more American name than that."
37. The emergency kit contained all the expected items (jumper cables, tire
inflator, roadside flares).
38. To call the police included an address (107 West St.).
39. The company (founded in 1990) has grown rapidly over the years.
40. He mentioned his favourite book (Pride and Prejudice) during the
interview.
41. The museum (located downtown) is hosting a special exhibit next month.
42. We went to the park (despite the cloudy weather) and had a great time.
43. The new software update (version 2.0) includes several important features.
44. The instructions (printed in small font) were difficult to read.
45. He [George Lucas] reminded me a little of Walt Disney’s version of a mad
scientist.
46. The recipe calls for flour, sugar, and eggs [but you can also add chocolate
chips].
47. The report highlighted several key findings [including the impact of
climate change].
48. The team is considering two options [expanding the current facility or
building a new one].
49. The book club will meet next week to discuss their latest read [The Great
Gatsby].
50. The presentation slides included graphs, charts, and statistics [to illustrate
the main points].
51. He added a note to the document [clarifying the deadline for submissions].
52. The rocket rumbled on its launch pad as the countdown ended, “four, three,
two, one…”
53. In the novel, the author writes, "The sun was setting, casting a warm glow
over the horizon... it was a moment of tranquillity."
54. His speech was filled with pauses as he struggled to find the right words...
it was clear he was deeply affected by the news.
55. The sign read, "Please remain seated... until the seatbelt sign has been
turned off."
56. After a long silence, he finally spoke, "I never thought it would come to
this... I don't know what to do."
57. He trailed off, lost in thought...
117
58. The letter ended abruptly, with no signature...
59. I am trying to learn their names (there are over fifty of them, as it happens,
in the one office), and it isn't easy to do.
60. Burton's last novel (it is all about frontier life) was reviewed in yesterday's
paper.
61. I am sending with this a postal order for eighty-five dollars ($85.00).
62. The new boarder (he's from Louisiana) speaks with a delightful accent.
63. "Your account of the memorial service [for Major Clark] is typical of the
carelessness of modern journalism. Cancel my subscription at once."
64. This young man [Christopher Marlowe] enjoyed a great reputation in his
day. His first play [Tamburlaine] set the fashion for tragedy and was widely
imitated.
65. She crept closer to the abandoned house, the floorboards creaking omin-
ously under her weight ...
66. I packed some clothes, a toothbrush ...but where exactly was I going?
67. There we ...were, staring at each other across the table.
68. Maybe if I had tried harder ...
69. The fortune cookie read, "A journey of a thousand miles begins with ..."
70. The result of much consultation with the members of the Cabinet, the Doc-
trine asserted that "the American continents ... are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."
71. "It's-it's impossible!" stammered the young man. "Do you really think
he'd ... ?"
72. Colonel García leered at the prisoner: “We want those names now. If we
don't get them...”
73. San Francisco gets a major earthquake about every sixty years. It has been
ninety years since the last one...
74. On the (rare!) occasion when you use a Latin abbreviation, be sure to
punctuate it correctly.
75. The battle of Jutland (as you may recall from your school days) put an end
to Germany's naval threat.
76. The Basque language is not (as the old legend has it) exceedingly difficult
to learn.
77. The destruction of Guernica (and there is no doubt that the destruction
was deliberate) horrified the world.
78. The number of living languages (currently about 6000, by most estimates)
is decreasing rapidly.

118
79. The bodegas (wine cellars) of the Rioja are an essential stop on any visit
to northern Spain.
80. The royal portraits of Velázquez (or Velásquez) are justly renowned.
81. The German philosopher Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) laid the foundations
of formal logic and of semantics.
82. It appears that 33% of girls aged 16-18 smoke regularly, but that only
28% of boys in this age bracket do so. (These figures are provided by a
recent newspaper survey.)
83. A book proposal prepared for a potential publisher should include at least
(1) a description of the content, (2) an identification of the intended
readership, (3) an explanation of why the book will be necessary or
valuable and (4) a comparison with any competing books already in print.
84. FDR (as people called Franklin D. Roosevelt) won four presidential elec-
tions.
85. In fact, he occupied the White House for so many years (1933 to mid-1945)
that babies became teenagers without having known any other president.
86. Archimedes asserted that, given (1) a level long enough, (2) a fulcrum, and
(3) a place to stand, he could move the earth.
87. In The Last Crusade, archaeologist Indiana Jones (who took his name from
the family dog) joins his father in a quest for the Holy Grail.
88. Our cafeteria serves the four basic food groups: white (milk, bread, and
mashed potatoes), brown (mystery meat and gravy), green (overcooked veget-
ables and under-washed lettuce), and orange (squash, carrots, and tomato
sauce).
89. The hijackers will release the hostages only if the government (1) frees all
political prisoners and (2) allows the hijackers to leave the country unharmed.
90. Actually, the Whale Stranding Network (WSN) rescues whales that have
stranded themselves.
91. When Phil said he works with whales (as well as other marine mammals) for
the Whale Stranding Network, Lisa thought he meant that his group lures
whales onto beaches.
92. “A radio bulletin first brought the humble professor of philosophy [James
McGuire] the astounding news.”
93. “President Ronald Reagan foresaw a yearly growth of 29, 1000,000,000 [sic]
in the American populace.”
94. Today's nine- and ten-year-olds... not infrequently find themselves involved in
their own parents' complicated sex lives, … at least as advisers, friendly com-
mentators, and intermediaries.
119
95. Consider the demise of sexual innocence among children. ... Today's nine-
and ten-year-olds [and the rest].

120
USED SOURCES

1. Brittain R. A pocket guide to correct punctuation. / ed. by B. Griffith. 3rd ed.

New York et al: Scholastic Inc., 1998. 133 p.
2. English for Academic Purpose: Practical and Theoretical Approaches/ed. by
Ch. Haase and Josef J. Schmied. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2013. 200 p.
3. Good C. E. Who's (... oops!) whose grammar book is this anyway? New
York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2002. XVII, 430 p.
4. Hacker D. The Bedford Handbook for Writers. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford
Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1991. 689 p.
5. Kennedy X. J., Kennedy D. M., Holladay S. A. The Bedford Guide for
College Writers with Reader, Research Manual, and Handbook. 4th ed.
Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1996. 800 p.
6. Mallery R. D. Grammar, Rhetoric and Composition for Home Study. New
York: Barnes & Noble, 1967. 367 p.
7. Raimes A., Jerskey M. Keys for Writers. 6th edition. Boston: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning, 2010. 613 p.
8. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2010. 1026 p.
9. Trask R. L. The Penguin Guide to Punctuation. S.l.: Penguin Books, 1997.
162 p.
10.Words into Type. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974. 583
p.

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 4. SAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS

According to Ukraine’s State Standard DSTU 8302:2015 (effective 1 July 2016)

Multivolume editions
Reference to all the volumes

1. Ґізель Інокентій. Вибрані твори: у 3 т. / ред.-упоряд. Л. Довга; Ін-т

філософії ім. Г. Сковороди НАН України, Нац. б-ка України ім. В. І.
Вернадського, Т-во дослідників Центрально-Східної Європи,
Dipartamento di Studi Linguistici Letterari e Filologici dell’Università di
Milano. Київ; Львів: Свічадо, 2009–2012.
2. Історія української мови: у 4 т. / АН УРСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О.
Потебні. Київ: Наук. думка, 1978–1983.
3. Ковалів П. Лексичний фонд літературної мови Київського періоду X–
XIV ст.: у 2 т. / Наук. т-во ім. Шевченка. Нью-Йорк, 1962–1964.
4. Кочур Г. Література та переклад: Дослідження. Рецензії. Літ.
портрети. Інтерв’ю: у 2 т. / упоряд. А. і М. Кочури. Київ: Смолоскип,
2008. 1171 с.
5. Франко І. Зібр. творів: у 50 т. / АН УРСР, Ін-т л-ри ім. Т. Г. Шевченка.
Київ: Наук. думка, 1976–1986. Т. 1–50.
6. The New Cambridge Medieval History: in 7 vols. S. l.: Cambridge
University Press, 1995–2005.
7. Thomas Aquinas St. Summa Theologica: in 5 vols. / transl. by Fathers of
the English Dominican Province. New York: Cosimo, 2007.

Reference to separate volumes

8. Возняк М. Історія української літератури. Т. 1: До кінця XV віку.

Львів: Просвіта, 1920. [4], 344 с. (Заг. б-ка Просвіти; Чис. 1).
9. Історія української літератури: у 8 т. Т. 1: Давня л-ра (XI – перша
половина XVIII ст.) / АН УРСР, Ін-т л-ри ім. Т. Г. Шевченка. Київ:
Наук. думка, 1967. 539 с.
10. Історія української літератури: у 12 т. / НАН України, Ін-т л-ри ім. Т. Г.
Шевченка. Київ: Наук. думка, 2014–.

122
11. Історія української літературної критики та літературознавства:
хрестоматія: у 3 кн. Кн. 1 / упоряд. П. М. Федченко, М. М. Павлюк, Т.
В. Бовсунівська; за ред. П. М. Федченка. Київ: Либідь, 1996. 415 с.
12. Рильський М. Зібр. творів: у 20 т. Київ: Наук. думка, 1986–1987. Т. 15–
16.
13. Langacker R. W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 1: Theoretical
Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987. 516 p.
14. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian
Church. 2nd Series. Vol. 6: St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works / transl. by
Hon. W. H. Fremantle with the assistance of Rev. G. Lewis and Rev. W. G.
Martley. New York: Christian Literature Co.; Oxford; London: Parker and
Co., 1893. xxxv, 524 p.

Books: monographs
Edited editions; authors are not mentioned

15. Дива печер лаврських / відп. ред. В. М. Колпакова. Київ: Вид. дім
«KM Academia», 1997. 160 с.
16. Олександр Фінкель – забутий теоретик українського перекладо-
знавства: [збірка вибраних праць] / за ред. Л. М. Черноватого та В. І.
Карабана. Вінниця: Нова книга, 2007. 438 с. (Dictum Factum; До 110-
річчя з дня народження Олександра Фінкеля).
17. Сучасна українська богословська термінологія: Від історичних
традицій до нових концепцій: матеріали Всеукр. наук. конф. (Львів,
13–15 трав. 1998 р.). Львів: [Вид-во Львів. Богослов. Академії], 1998.
351 с.
18. Твори Маркіяна Шашкевича, Якова Головацкого, Николи
Устияновича, Антона Могильницкого. Львів: Просьвіта, 1906. 623 с.
(Руска письменність; 3).
19. Християнство й українська мова: матеріали наук. конф. (Київ, 5–6
жовт. 2000 р.). Львів: Вид-во Львів. Богослов. Академії, 2000. 514 с.
20. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and
Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church. Together with the Psalter or
Psalms of David / according to the use of the Episcopal Church. New York:
Oxford University Press, [2006]. 1001 p.

123
21. Testing and Assessment in Translation and Interpreting Studies / ed. by C.
V. Angelelli, H. E. Jacobson. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins,
2009. vi, 386 p. (ATA Scholarly Monograph Series; Vol. 14).
22. Translating Religion: What is Lost and Gained? / ed. by M. P. DeJonge, C.
Tietz. New York; London: Routledge, 2015. 180 p. (Routledge Studies in
Religion; 47).
23. The Translation Studies Reader / ed. by L. Venuti. London; New York:
Routledge, 2000. xiv, 524 p.

One author

24. Андрейчук Н. І. Семіотика лінгвокультурного простору Англії кінця

XV – початку XVII століття. Львів: Вид-во Львів. політехніки, 2011.
277 с.
25. Грицак Є. Вибрані українознавчі праці / вступ та ред. М. Лесева;
зібрав і до друку підгот. В. Пилипович. Перемишль, 2002. 542 с.
(«Перемиська б-ка» Перемиського відділу Об’єднання українців у
Польщі; т. 3).
26. Гриців Н. Василь Мисик: Різногранний діамант українського
художнього перекладу. Вінниця: Нова книга, 2017. 291 с.
27. Дзера О. Біблійна інтертекстуальність і переклад: англо-український
контекст / М-во освіти і науки України, Львів. нац. ун-т ім. І. Франка.
Львів, 2017. 489 с.
28. Дубенко О. Порівняльна поетика: типологічний та перекладознавчий
аспекти / Ін-т філології Київ. нац. ун-ту ім. Т. Шевченка. Київ: Вид.
дім Дмитра Бураго, 2015. 531 с.
29. Дудок Р. І. Проблема значення та смислу терміна в гуманітарних
науках. Львів: Вид. центр ЛНУ ім. І. Франка, 2009. 357 с.
30. Зеров М. К. Українське письменство / упоряд. М. Сулима; післям.
М. Москаленка. Київ: Вид-во Соломії Павличко «Основи», 2003. 1301
с.
31. Зорівчак Р. П. Реалія і переклад: На матеріалі англомовних перекладів
української прози. Львів: Вид-во при Львів. ун-ті, 1989. 215 с.
32. Зорівчак Р. П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія
(На матеріалі перекладів творів української літератури англійською
мовою). Львів: Вища шк. Вид-во при Львів. ун-ті, 1983. 175 с.
33. Іваницька М. Особистість перекладача в українсько-німецьких
літературних взаєминах. Чернівці: Книги − ХХІ, 2015. 607 с.
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34. Ісіченко Ігор архиєп. Аскетична література Київської Руси. [Харків]:
Акта, [2007]. 397 с.
35. Кальниченко О. А. Історія перекладу та думок про переклад у
стародавні часи / Харків. нац. ун-т ім. В. Н. Каразіна. Харків, 2013.
183 с.
36. Коптілов В. Першотвір і переклад: Роздуми і спостереження. Київ:
Дніпро, 1972. 215 с.
37. Кундрат Ю. Український художній переклад у Чехословаччині (1945–
1980). Пряшів: Словац. пед. вид-во. Відділ укр. л-ри, 1983. 258 с.
38. Ласло-Куцюк М. Засади поетики. Бухарест: Критеріон, 1983. 396 с.
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40. Пелешенко Ю. В. Українська література пізнього Середньовіччя
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41. Поворознюк Р. В. Переклад медичних текстів: теорія та практика / Ін-
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О. Ю., 2017. 223 с.
42. Ребрій О. В. Сучасні концепції творчості у перекладі / М-во освіти і
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Харків, 2012. 375 с.
43. Содомора А. Студії одного вірша. Львів: Літопис; Вид. центр ЛНУ ім.
Івана Франка, 2006. 363 с.
44. Хоптяр А. О. Перекладацька діяльність Бориса Грінченка та її роль в
українському літературному процесі кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.
Кам’янець-Подільський: Вид. ПП Зволейко Д. Г., 2017. 275 с.
45. Чередниченко О. Переклад – Культура – Ідентичність. Київ: Вид.
Заславський О. Ю., 2017. 223 с.
46. Шмігер Т. Перекладознавчий аналіз – теоретичні та прикладні
аспекти: давня українська література сучасними українською та
англійською мовами: монографія / передм. Р. Зорівчак. Львів: ЛНУ
імені Івана Франка, 2018. 508 с.
47. Hewson L. An Approach to Translation Criticism: Emma and Madame
Bovary in translation. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2011. ix,
282 p.
125
48. House J. Translation quality assessment: past and present. London; New
York: Routledge, 2015. ix, 160 p.
49. Kottak C. Ph. Cultural Anthropology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
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50. Rodríguez Rodríguez B. M. Literary Translation Quality Assessment.
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51. Steiner G. After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation. 2 nd ed.
Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 538 p.
52. Simon Sh. Gender in Translation: Cultural identity and the politics of
transmission. London; New York: Routledge, 1996. X, 195 p.
53. Tymoczko M. Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators.
Manchester; Kinderhook, NY: St. Jerome Publishing, 2009. viii, 353 p.
54. Williams M. Translation Quality Assessment: An Argumentation-Centred
Approach. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2004. 188 p.

Two authors

55. Некряч Т., Довганчина Р. Айсберг в океані перекладу: Відтворення

ідіостилю Ернеста Гемінґвея в перекладах українською та російською
мовами. Київ: Ліра-К, 2014. 219 с.
56. Кам’янець А., Некряч Т. Інтертекстуальна іронія і переклад. Київ:
Вид. Вадим Карпенко, 2010. 175 с.
57. Bassnett S., Lefevere A. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary
Translation. Clevedon et al.: Multilingual Matters, 1998. xxii, 143 p.
(Topics in translation; 11).
58. Hatim B., Mason I. The Translator as Communicator. London; New York:
Routledge, 1997. xii, 217 p.
59. Sukhorolska S. M., Fedorenko O. I. Methods of linguistic analysis / Ivan
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60. Ungerer F., Schmid H.-J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.
London; New York: Longman, 1996. 306 p.

Three authors
61. Ковалик І. І. Методика лінгвістичного аналізу тексту / Ковалик І. І.,
Мацько Л. І., Плющ М. Я. Київ: Вища шк., 1984. 120 с.
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концептуального аналізу в різноструктурних мовах / Бєссонова О. Л.,
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Books: textbooks and manuals

63. Балабін В. В. Основи військового перекладу (англійська мова):
підручник для курсантів (студ.) вищих навч. закл. / В. В. Балабін, В.
М. Лісовський, О. О. Чернишов; за ред. В. В. Балабіна; Київ. нац. ун-т
ім. Т. Шевченка, Військ. ін-т. Київ: Логос, 2008. 587 с.
64. Коломієць Л. В. Український художній переклад та перекладачі 1920–
30-х років: матеріали до курсу «Історія перекладу». Вінниця: Нова
Книга, 2015. 358 с.
65. Armstrong N. Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English
Handbook. Clevedon; Buffalo; Toronto: Multilingual Matters, 2005. 218 p.
66. Shmiher T. A History of Ukrainian translation studies: study guide. Lviv :
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. 179 p.

Translations
67. Августин св. Сповідь / пер. з латини Ю. Мушака. Київ: Основи, 1996.
319 с.
68. Арістотель. Поетика / зі старогрец. пер. Борис Тен; вступ. ст. і комент.
Й. У. Кобова. Київ: Мистецтво, 1967. 82 с.
69. Ґофф Ле Ж. Середньовічна уява: есеї / пер. з фр. Я. Кравець. Львів:
Літопис, 2007. 348 с.
70. Іоан Дамаскин преп. Точний виклад православної віри / пер. на укр.
мову аспірантів Київ. православ. богослов. акад.; під ред. Святійшого
Патріарха Київ. і всієї Руси-України Філарета. Київ: Вид. від. УПЦ
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149. Біленко Т. І. Феномен слова в духовному житті українського
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150. Пермінова А. В. Рецептивна модель поетичного перекладу: (на
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філол. наук; спец. 10.02.16 – перекладознавство / Київ. нац. ун-т ім. Т.
Шевченка. Київ, 2015. 416 с.

151. Березенко В. М. Вірогідність як параметр констативного

висловлювання та засоби її вираження в сучасній англійській мові:
дис. ... канд. філол. наук; спец. 10.02.04 – германські мови / Київ. нац.
лінгвіст. ун-т. Київ, 2003. 213 с.
152. Білоус Н. В. Лінгвокогнітивна модель перекладу теологічних текстів
(німецько-український напрямок): дис. ... канд. філол. наук; спец.
10.02.16 – перекладознавство / Київ. нац. ун-т ім. Т. Шевченка. Київ,
2015. 210 с.
153. Бриська О. Я. Микола Зеров як критик та теоретик перекладу: дис. …
канд. філол. наук; спец. 10.02.16 – перекладознавство / Львів. нац. ун-т
ім. І. Франка, Київ. нац. ун-т ім. Т. Шевченка. Львів, 2017. 284 с.
154. Тетеріна О. Б. Переклад як наукова проблема в українській
літературно-критичній думці XIX – початку ХХ ст. (компаративний
дискурс): дис. … канд. філол. наук; спец. 10.01.05 – порівняльне
літературознавство / Київ. нац. ун-т ім. Т. Шевченка. Київ, 2004. 206 с.
155. Тома Н. М. Семантико-стилістичні параметри функціонування
абстрактної лексики у творах Петра Могили: автореф. дис. … канд.
філол. наук; спец. 10.02.01 – українська мова / Нац. авіац. ун-т. Київ,
2012. 19 с.

Reviews

134
156. Євшан Микола. Дві поезії // Українська хата. 1910. Кн. 12. С. 750–758.
Рец. на кн.: Antologia współczesnych poetów ukraińskich / przeł.
S. Twerdochlib; wstępem zaopatrzył Władysław Orkan. Lwów, 1911. 206
s.
157. Іваниця Г. [Рецензія] // Голос друку. 1921. Кн. 1. С. 187–188. Рец. на
кн.: Зеров М. Антологія римської поезії. Київ: Друкар, 1920. 64 с.
158. Лаба В. [Рецензія] // Богословія. 1930. Т. 8. С. 133–134. Рец. на кн.:
Аскетичні твори святого Отця нашого Василія Великого / пер. з грец.
митр. Андрей Шептицький. Львів, 1929. XIV, 490 с. (Праці Богослов.
наук. т-ва і Греко-катол. богослов. академії у Львові; Т. 4/5).
159. Майфет Г. З уваг до теорії перекладу // Критика. 1928. № 3. С. 84–93.
Рец. на кн.: Scholz K. W. H. The art of translation. Philadelphia, 1918.
70 p.
160. [Ніковський А.] [Рецензія] / підп.: А. Василько // Рада. 1910. № 45.
Рец. на кн.: Гоголь М. Тарас Бульба / пер. М. Уманця [М. П.
Комарова]. Одеса, 1910. 146 с.
161. Рудик Д. Гайнріх Гайне в новому перекладі // Життя й революція.
1930. Кн. 8/9. С. 105–124. Рец. на кн.: Гайне Г. Твори / наново
переклав, зредагував і пояснив Д. Загул. [Харків]: ДВУ, 1930. Т. 1–3.
162. Фалькович Г. [Рецензія] // Мовознавство. 1971. № 3. С. 92–95. Рец. на
кн.: Гачечиладзе Г. Введение в теорию художественного перевода.
Тбилиси, 1970. 285 с.
163. Strumins’kyj 1978: Strumins’kyj B. [Review] // Harvard Ukrainian Studies.
1978. Vol., no. 1. P. 130–131. Rev. of: Словник староукраїнської мови
XIV–XV ст.: у 2 т. Т. 1 / редкол.: Д. Г. Гринчишин, Л. Л. Гумецька (го-
лова), І. М. Керницький; АН УРСР, Ін-т сусп. наук. Київ: Наук. думка,
1977. 630 с.

Manuscripts
164. Гончарук Л. М. Жанрові аспекти перекладу офіційно-ділових
документів франкомовного військового дискурсу: дис. … канд. філол.
наук; спец. 10.02.16 – перекладознавство / Київ. нац. ун-т ім.
Т. Шевченка. Київ, 2016. 211 с.
165. Иваненко В. Г. Критика перевода: актуальные проблемы теории,
методологии, мастерства / М-во высш. и сред. спец. образования
УССР, Киев. гос. ун-т им. Т. Г. Шевченко. Киев, 1984. 222 с.
Зберігається: Институт научной информации по общественным
наукам РАН. Шифр: № 17165.
135
166. Київський псалтир: Давида пророка и царя пѣснь. Київ, 1397. 229 арк.
Зберігається: Российская национальная библиотека (Санкт-
Петербург). Шифр: ОЛДП F 6.
167. Лаврентіївський літопис: се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт... Нижній
Новгород, 1377. 173 арк. Зберігається: Российская национальная
библиотека. Шифр: F.n.IV.2.
168. Христинопільський апостол. [Галичина], ХІІ ст. 299 арк. Зберігається:
Львівський історичний музей. Шифр: Рук.39.
169. Одрехівська І. М. Внесок професора В. Коптілова в історію
українського перекладу та перекладознавства другої половини XX
сторіччя: дис. ... канд. філол. наук; спец. 10.02.16 – перекладо-
знавство / Львів. нац. ун-т ім. І. Франка. Львів, 2015. 318 с.
170. Foiera M. The Translation and Domestication of an Oriental Religion into a
Western Catholic Country: The Case of Soka Gakkai in Italy: A thesis
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in Translation Studies / University of Warwick, Centre for
Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies. Manuscript. Warwick, 2007.
353 p.
171. [Mohila Petrus]. Ορθόδοξος Ομολογία της πίστεως της Καθολικής και
Αποστολικής Εκκλησίας της Ανατολικής. = Orthodoxa Confessio fidei
Catholica et Apostolica Ecclesiae Orientalis / [Graece convertit Meletius
Syrigus]; cum subscriptionibus autographis patriarcharum. Рукопис. 1643.
147 арк. Зберігається: Bibliothèque nationale de France. Шифр: Codex
Parisinus grec 1265.
172. Popivchak R. P. Rev. Peter Mohila, Metropolitan of Kiev (1633–47):
Translation and Evaluation of His «Orthodox Confession of Faith» (1640) /
The Catholic University of America, S.T.D., [No. 259]. Manuscript.
Washington, D. C., March 1, 1975. ii, 489 p.
173. Slampyak D. E. «As I Hafe Herde Telle»: Collective Memory and
Translation in Medieval English Romances: PhD Dissertation / University
of California Riverside. Manuscript. Riverside, CA, 2002. xi, 295 p.

Online citations
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краще, що є на сьогодні”: інтерв’ю // http://mvfund.org/novini/792-
zaproshuemo-u-sofiyu-kijivsku-na-prezentatsiyu-ukrajinskogo-perekladu-
liturgiji-sv-ioana-zlatousta. Доступ: 31 серпня 2021 р.

136
175. Єпископ Станіслав Широкорадюк про видання Римського Месалу
українською мовою: [інтерв’ю]. Джерело: CREDO:
https://credo.pro/2013/01/74883. Доступ: 4 серпня 2021 р.
176. Рішення і постанови Синоду Єпископів Української Греко-
Католицької Церкви, що відбувся у Львові в днях 16–31 травня
1992 року. Джерело: https://synod.ugcc.ua/data/postanovy-synodu-
pyskopiv-ugkts-1992-roku-321/. Доступ: 20 серпня 2021 р.
177. BITRA. Bibliografía de Interpretación y Traducción / Universidad de
Alicante. Alicante, 2001–2018. Available at:
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25, 2018].
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Diaspora, Culture. 2010. Vol. 1. Available at:
http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/elhdc/article/view/14365/11435.
[Accessed on Jan. 17, 2015].
179. Tsapina O. A. The Strange Case of Philip Ludwell, III: Anglican
Enlightenment and Eastern Orthodoxy in Colonial Virginia.
https://www.ludwell.org/strange-case-of-philip-ludwell. [Posted on 11 July
2011; Accessed on 22 February 2018].

137
 Exercises

1. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the

picture:

539 p.

138
 2. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

208 p.

139
 3. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

257 p.
140
 4. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

312 p.
141
 5. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2004. 1339 p.

142
6. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2018. 487 p.

143
 7. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

168 p.

144
 8. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2006. 664 p.

145
 9. Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2007. 808 p.

146
 10.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

1999. 218 p.

147
 11.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2007. 264 p.
148
 12.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

2004. 278 p.

149
 13.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

279 p.

150
 14.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

64 p.

151
 15.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

612 p.

152
 16.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

530 p.
153
 17.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

544 p.

154
 18.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

381 p.

155
 19.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

520 p.
156
 20.Provide the proper bibliographical description of the book in the
picture:

Levoča. 121 p.

157
 5. A LIST OF RECOMMENDED DICTIONARIES

1. Англо-український словник: у 2 т. / уклад. М. Балла. Київ: Освіта,

1996.
2. Беринда Памво. Лексикон словенороський / підгот. тексту, вступ. ст.
В. В. Німчук; АН УРСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні. Київ:
Вид-во АН УРСР, 1961. XXXVIII, 272 с. (Пам’ятки укр. мови XVII ст.
Сер. наук. л-ри).
3. Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови (з дод. і
допов.) / уклад. і гол. ред. В. Т. Бусел. Київ; Ірпінь: ВТФ «Перун»,
2005. 1728 с.
4. Генеральний регіонально анотований корпус української мови (ГРАК)
/ М. Шведова, Р. фон Вальденфельс, С. Яригін, А. Рисін, В. Старко, Т.
Ніколаєнко та ін. Київ, Львів, Єна, 2017-2021. – http://uacorpus.org/
5. Гуцульські світи. Лексикон / Н. Хобзей, Т. Ястремська, О. Сімович, Г.
Дидик-Меуш; НАН України, Ін-т українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича.
Львів, 2013. 667 с. (Діалектологічна скриня).
6. Етимологічний словник української мови: у 7 т. / НАН України, Ін-т
мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні. Київ: Наук. думка, 1982–.
7. Жайворонок В. Знаки української етнокультури: словник-довідник /
НАН України, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні. Київ: Довіра, 2006.
703 с.
8. Історичний словник українського язика. Т. 1: у 2 зош. / зред. Е. Тим-
ченко. Харків; Київ, 1930–1932. 947 с.
9. Літературознавча енциклопедія: у 2 т. / авт.-уклад. Ю. І. Ковалів. Київ:
Академія, 2007.
10. Малоруско-нїмецкий словар: у 2 т. / уложили Є. Желеховский, С.
Недїльский. Львів: Т-во ім. Шевченка, 1886.
11. Пінчук С. П., Регушевський Є. С. Словник літературознавчих термінів
Івана Франка. Київ: Наук. думка, 1966. 273 с.
12. Селіванова О. О. Сучасна лінгвістика: термінологічна енциклопедія.
Полтава: Довкілля-К, 2006. 716 с.
13. Словарь української мови: у 4 т. / упор. з дод. влас. матеріалу Б.
Грінченко. Київ, 1907–1909.
14. Словник мови Шевченка: у 2 т. / АН УРСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О.
Потебні. Київ: Наук. думка, 1964.

158
15. Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст.: у 2 т. / АН УРСР, Ін-т
суспіл. наук. Київ: Наук. думка, 1977–1978.
16. Словник української мови: в 11 т. / АН УРСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О.
О. Потебні. Київ: Наук. думка, 1970–1980.
17. Словник української мови: у 20 т. / НАН України. Київ: Наук. думка,
2010–.
18. Словник української мови XVI – першої половини XVII ст. / НАН
України, Ін-т українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича. Львів, 1994–.
19. Тимченко Є. Матеріали до словника писемної та книжної української
мови XV–XVIII ст.: у 2 кн. / підгот., упоряд., ред. В. В. Німчук, Г. І.
Лиса; НАН України, УВАН у США. Київ; Нью-Йорк, 2002–2003.
(Пам’ятки укр. мови. Сер. словників).
20. Українська мова: Енциклопедія / редкол.: Русанівський В. М.,
Тараненко О. О. (співголови) та ін. Київ: Вид-во „Укр. енцикл.” ім.
М. П. Бажана, 2000. 750 с.
21. Українські письменники: біо-бібліогр. словник: у 5 т. Т. 1: Давня укр.
л-ра (XI–XVII ст.ст.) / уклав Л. Є. Махновець; відп. ред. О. І.
Білецький. Київ: Держлітвидав України, 1960. 979 с.
22. Українське перекладознавство ХХ сторіччя: бібліографія / Львів. нац.
ун-т ім. І. Франка, НТШ; уклав Т. Шмігер; автори передм.: Р.
Зорівчак, Т. Шмігер; наук. ред. Р. Зорівчак. Львів, 2013. 626 с.
23. Фразеологічний словник української мови: у 2 кн. / НАН України, Ін-т
укр. мови; уклад.: В. М. Білоноженко та ін. 2-е вид. Київ: Наук. думка,
1999. 980 с.
24. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. 5th ed.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, [2018]. xxvii, 2084 p.
25. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: Complete Text
Reproduced Micrographically: in 2 vols. Oxford et al.: Oxford University
Press, 1971.
26. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: Complete Text
Reproduced Micrographically. Vol. 3: A Supplement to the Oxford English
Dictionary, vols. 1–4 / ed. By R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1987. Xx, 1412 p.
27. Clark Hall J. R. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary for the Use of Students.
2nd ed., rev. and enl. New York: Macmillan, 1916. Xiv, 372 p.
28. Cruden A. A complete concordance to the Old and New Testament: or a
dictionary and alphabetical index to the Bible. With a concordance to the
Apocrypha, and a compendium of the holy scriptures / a memoir by W.
159
 Youngman. London: Frederick Warne and Co, after 1868. xii, [2], 719, [1]
p.
29. A Dictionary of the English Language: in which the Words are Deduced
from their Originals, and Illustrated in their Different Significations by
Examples from the Best Writers. To which are Prefixed, a History of
the Language, and an English Grammar: in 2 vols. / by S. Johnson. 6th ed.
London, 1785.
30. An Encylopedia of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese / ed. by
Ch. Sin-wai, D. E. Pollard. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press,
2001. xxvii, 1150 p.
31. Encyclopedia of Ukraine: in 5 vols., Map and Gazetteer, Index and
Errata / The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian studies, The Shevchenko
Scientific Society (Sarcelles, France), The Canadian Foundation for
Ukrainian studies. Toronto: University of Toronto press, 1985–2001.
32. The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary / general editor P. J. Achtemeier et al.
San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996. xl, 1256, [16] p.
33. Klein E. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English
Language: in 2 vols. Amsterdam; London; New York: Elsevier, 1966–
1967.
34. The Oxford English Dictionary: in 20 vols. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1989.
35. The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation / ed. by P. France.
Oxford; New York et al.: Oxford University Press, 2000. xxii, 656 p.
36. Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies / ed. by M. Baker; assisted
by K. Malmkjaer. London; New York: Routledge, 1998. xviii, 654 p.
37. Rudnyc’kyj Ja. B. An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language:
in 2 vols. Winnipeg: Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, 1972; Ottawa:
Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences; Ukrainian Language
Association, 1982.
38. Ukrainian-English Dictionary / comp. by C. H. Andrusyshen and J. N.
Krett. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981. 1163 p.
39. Übersetzung – Translation – Traduction: Ein internationales Handbuch zur
Übersetzungsforschung: im 3 T. / ed. by H. Kittel et al. Berlin; New York:
Walter de Gruyter, 2004–2011. (Handbücher zur Sprach- und
Kommunikationswissenschaft; 26).
40. Webster’s New World college dictionary / V. Neufeldt, editor in chief, D.
V. Guralnik, editor in chief emeritus. 3rd ed. USA: Macmillan, 1995. xxvi,
1574 p.
160
41. Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language
Unabridged. 2nd ed. New York: The Publishers Guild, 1958. 2129, 160 p.

161
 6. RULES OF TRANSLITERATION

As based (and simplified) on: Зорівчак Р. Правила передачі звучання

українського ономастикону графемами англійської мови // Зорівчак Р.
Боліти болем слова нашого. Львів, 2005. С. 112–114.

Ukrainian letter English letter Samples

а a Андрій – Andriy
б b Борис – Borys
в v Вінниця – Vinnytsia
г h Богдан – Bohdan
ґ g Ґорґани – Gorgany
д D Дмитро – Dmytro
е e Рівне – Rivne
Ye (initially
Євпаторія – Yevpatoriya
є and after a vowel)1
ie (after a consonant)2 Синєвидне – Synievudne
ж zh 3 Житомир – Zhytomyr
з z Закарпаття – Zakarpattia
и y Михайло – Mykhailo
і i Іван – Ivan
yi (initially
їжак – yizhak
ї and after a vowel)1, 4
i (after a consonant)2 no existing sample
y (before a vowel) Йосип Yosyp
й i (after a vowel, Стрий – Stryi
except “i”) Олексій – Oleksiy
к k коваль – koval
л l Лебедин – Lebedyn
м m Миколаїв – Mykolayiv
н n Ніжин – Nizhyn
о o Соломія – Solomiya
п p Полтава – Poltava

162
 Ukrainian letter English letter Samples

р r Роман – Roman
с s Одеса – Odesa
т t Тернопіль – Ternopil
у u Уляна – Uliana
ф f Франко – Franko
х kh Харків – Kharkiv
ц ts церква – tserkva
ч ch Шевченко – Shevchenko
ш sh Шостка – Shostka
щ shch Гоща – Hoshcha
ь ’ (typically omitted) Львів – Lviv
Yu (initially
Юрій – Yuriy
ю and after a vowel) 1
iu (after a consonant)2 крюк – kriuk
Ya (initially
явір – yavir
я and after a vowel)1
Ia (after a consonant)2 хвиля – khvylia

Remarks:
1
After the Ukrainian apostrophe, too: Мар'їнка – Maryinka.
2
The position after a consonant means the palatalization of the previous
consonant.
3
Ужгород is often transliterated as Uzhhorod.
4
After “y”, it is typically simplified: Київ – Kyiv.

163
 Exercises

1. Transliterate the text into English:

Іван Котляревський. Енеїда.

Тут їли розниї потрави,

І все з полив'яних мисок,
І самі гарниї приправи
З нових кленових тарілок:
Свинячу голову до хріну
І локшину на переміну,
Потім з підлевою індик;
На закуску куліш і кашу,
Лемішку, зубці, путрю, квашу
І з маком медовий шулик.

І кубками пили слив'янку,

Мед, пиво, брагу, сирівець,
Горілку просту і калганку,
Куривсь для духу яловець.
Бандура горлиці бриньчала,
Сопілка зуба затинала,
А дудка грала по балках;
Санжарівки на скрипці грали,
Кругом дівчата танцьовали
В дробушках, в чоботах, в свитках.

Сестру Дидона мала Ганну,

Навсправжки дівку хоть куди,
Проворну, чепурну і гарну;
Приходила і ся сюди
В червоній юпочці баєвій,
В запасці гарній фаналевій,
В стьонжках, в намисті і ковтках;
Тут танцьовала викрутасом,
І пред Енеєм вихилясом
164
Під дудку била третяка.
Еней і сам так розходився,
Як на аркані жеребець,
Що трохи не увередився,
Пішовши з Гандзею в танець.
В обох підківки забряжчали,
Жижки од танців задрижали,
Вистрибовавши гоцака.
Еней, матню в кулак прибравши
І не до соли примовлявши,
Садив крутенько гайдука.

165
2. Transliterate the text into English:

Тарас Шевченко. Кавказ.

За горами гори, хмарою повиті,

Засіяні горем, кровію политі.
Споконвіку Прометея
Там орел карає,
Що день божий добрі ребра
Й серце розбиває.
Розбиває, та не вип’є
Живущої крові —
Воно знову оживає
І сміється знову.
Не вмирає душа наша,
Не вмирає воля.
І неситий не виоре
На дні моря поле.
Не скує душі живої
І слова живого.
Не понесе слави Бога,
Великого Бога.

Не нам на прю з Тобою стати!

Не нам діла Твої судить!
Нам тілько плакать, плакать, плакать
І хліб насущний замісить
Кровавим потом і сльозами.
Кати згнущаються над нами,
А правда наша п’яна спить.
Коли вона прокинеться?
Коли одпочити
Ляжеш, Боже, утомлений?
І нам даси жити!
Ми віруєм Твоїй силі
І духу живому. /344/
Встане правда! встане воля!
І Тобі одному
Помоляться всі язики
166
Вовіки і віки.
А поки що течуть ріки,
Кровавії ріки!

За го́рами гори, хмарою повиті,

Засіяні горем, кровію политі.

167
3. Transliterate the text into English:

Леся Українка. Осіння казка.

Клени, клени, бери собі заплату

за ту твою послугу осоружну.
Мені темниця очі засліпила,
мені неволя розум потьмарила,
що я тобі піддався на підмову,
що я забув те мудре, віще слово,
як чарівник-віщун колись казав:
«Хто визволиться сам, той буде вільний,
хто визволить кого, в неволю візьме».
Речення се мені здавалось темним,
тепер я глузд його аж надто тямлю.
Аж надто!

Однаково… Та вір мені, тепер

я втомлений навік. Той порив
порвав мені востатнє ржаву душу,
її неволя ржею так посіла,
а що порвало – героїзм чи розпач, –
сама ти зваж.

168
4. Transliterate the text into English:

Іван Франко. Дещо про себе самого.

Поперед усього признаю ся до гріха, що його багато патріотів

уважати ме смертельним: не люблю Русинів. Супроти сеї горячої любови,
яка для „братнього племени” трискає часто із шпальт польських
консервативних часописів, моя сповідь може видати ся дивна. Що-ж дїяти,
коли правдива. Я не є вже в віку наівних і заслїплених коханцїв і можу про
такий нїжний предмет, як любов, говорити тверезо. Тому кличу ще раз: не
люблю Русинів. Так мало найшов поміж ними правдивих характерів, а так
багато дрібничковости, тїсного матеріального еґоізму, дволичности й
гординї, що справдї не знаю, за що я мав би любити їх. Навіть поминаючи
ті тисячі більших і менших шпильок, що їх менї, нераз у найлїпшій думцї,
вбивали під шкіру. Розумієть ся, знаю скілька виїмків, скілька личностий
чистих і гідних всього поважання поміж Русинами (говорю про
інтелїґенцїю, не про селян!), але сї виїмки на жаль тільки потверджують
загальний висновок.

Признаю ся до ще більшого гріха: навіть Руси нашої не люблю так і в

такій мірі, як се роблять, або удають, що роблять патентовані патріоти. Що
в неї маю любити? Щоби любити її, як ґеоґрафічне поняття, на се я
завеликий ворог пустих фраз, дуже багато бачив сьвіта, щоби я мав
проголошувати, що нїде нема такої гарної природи, як на Руси. Щоби
любити її історію, на се задобре її знаю, дуже гарячо люблю загально-
людські ідеали справедливости, братерства і любови, щоб я не мав
відчувати, як мало в історії Руси прикладів правдивого громадянського
духа, правдивого пожертвовання, правдивої любови. Нї, любити сю
історію дуже важко, бо сливе на кожному кроцї треба би хіба плакати над
нею. Чи може маю любити Русь, як расу – ту расу тяжку, некарну,
сентиментальну, расу без гарту і сили волї, так мало спосібну до
полїтичного життя на власному сьміттю, а таку плідну в перевертнїв
найріжнїйшого рода? Чи може маю любити сьвітлу будуччину тої Руси, що
її не знаю, що для її сьвітлої будуччини не бачу нїяких підвалин?

А коли проте почуваю себе Русином і по змозї моїх сил працюю для
Руси, то, як бачиш шановний читачу, цїлком не з причин сентиментальної

169
натури. Руководить мною поперед усього почуттє собачого обовязку. Син
руського хлопа, вигодований чорним хлопським хлібом, працею твердих
хлопських рук почуваю ся до обовязку панщиною цїлого життя відробити
ті ґрейцарі, що їх витратила хлопська рука на те, що би я міг видряпати ся
на висоту, де видно сьвітло, де пахощі розливає свобода, де сїяють
вселюдські ідеали. Мій руський патріотизм, се не сентимент, не народні
гордощі, се великий ярмо вложене судьбою на мої плечі. Можу
протестувати, можу тихцем проклинати долю, що вложила менї на плечі те
ярмо, але скинути його не можу, иншої вітчини шукати не можу, бо я
ставби підлий супроти свого власного сумлїння. І коли що улекшує менї
двиганнє сього ярма, то вид того руського люду, що, хоч гноблений,
оглуплюваний і деморалїзований довгі віки, хоч і сегодня убогий,
непроворний і безрадний, всеж таки помалу двигаєть ся, почуває в що раз
ширших масах жадобу сьвітла, правди, справедливости і шукає доріг до
них. Варто проте працювати для такого люду і нїяка чесна праця не піде на
марно.

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5. Transliterate the text into English:

Павло Тичина. Пам’яті тридцяти

На Аскольдовій могилі
Поховали їх —
Тридцять мучнів українців,
Славних, молодих…

На Аскольдовій могилі
Український цвіт! —
По кривавій по дорозі
Нам іти у світ.

На кого посміла знятись

Зрадника рука? —
Квітне сонце, грає вітер
І Дніпро-ріка…

На кого завзявся Каїн?

Боже, покарай! —
Понад все вони любили
Свій коханий край.

171
6. Transliterate the text into English:

Улас Самчук. Марія.

— Ах, коли б вже яка тверда власть прийшла,— зауважує Корній.—

Сіяти он треба, а вони кожний день мітинги і мітинги... Україну якусь
видумують...
— Тату! — кричить Лаврін.— Aлe ж ми козаки! Москва зруйнувала
нашу Січ. Україна поверне козаччину...
— Сіяти треба, хлопче... Козаки козаками, але поле не чекає. А
відділитися від Расеї не жилаю. То значить, що і Сибір не наша буде. Захоч
куди поїхати, а тут тобі границя. Ні, сину... Не жилаю такого...
— Сибір! Сибір! На чорта нам та Сибір!
— Земля там добра і багато...
— Каторга там добра, не земля. Колись, може, ще москалі і нас
поженуть туди, як гнали в старі часи козаків...
***
І нарешті "тверда влада". Настав гетьман. Покликали дядьків до волості і
"потребували" вернути все, що забрали у пана. А як його тепер повернеш?
Хіба ж Галка чи Пріська може вернути оті перини, які вже давно попорола
і поробила з них своїм дочкам подушки на придане? Хіба ж Сидір у стані
повернути "картопляна", коли він давно не існує на світі? Стояв, стояв у
шопі, заважав, а нарешті: "І на якого бісового батька притягнув оте
доробало! От не було кому мене бити!.." Взяв сокиру — трах, трах, і з
"картопляна" трісочки. А тепер поверни...
— Воно панятно... Плохо було, када всьо майо твойо. Розтащили,
розбили, а тепер нема. Але хіба людина все може знати? Нащо ж тоді
давали слабоду? От тобі й слабода. Дали, а тепер ти, селянине, відвічай!
Несправедливо. Далой!..
***
Минула тверда влада, і настала знов м'яка. На мурах оголошення. "Вся
влада, український народе, у твоїх руках. Виконай свій святий обов'язок,
стань у ряди народної армії" — скиглить плакат. Український народ
гуртується під плакатом.
— Знов голошення, підсвічення та постачання. Ану читай, Петре... Знов
шиються чортові буржуї під мужика.
Петро поволі читає, а український народ за кожним словом заходиться
від реготу.

172
 — Який йому дурень піде сповняти обов'язок, в'язало б його до банти.
Цар як хотів брати, не просив, а брав.
— Та й то не йшли,— добавляє другий.
— Табакою засипав очі, а не йшов, а ха-ха-ха!..

— Кажуть, якийсь ламєщик Петлюра знайшовся. Двадцять п'ять тисяч

десятин на Полтавщині має... Звєсно, чого хоче...
— А Грушевський, думаєш, що? Капіталіст. У Києві миловарний завод.
Сам на ньому работав.
— Звєсно, чортова буржуазія. Сидів дома, випасав черево, ти лив на
фронті кров, а тепер починай знов. О, то вже дудки! Не підведеш.
***
Вернулися дядьки до села більшовиками. А де ж українська влада? Що
робили жижлики у галіфе з цигарками у зубах? Стояли, придивлялися
мітингові і боялися нарушити демократичні засади нової влади....

173
7. Transliterate the text into English:

Михайло Коцюбинський. Дорогою ціною.

Діялось се в тридцятих роках минулого століття. Українське

поспільство, поборене у класовій боротьбі, з ярмом панщизняної неволі на
шиї, тягло свою долю з глухим ремством. То не віл був у ярмі, звичайний
господарський віл, якого паша й спочинок могли зробити щасливим: ярмо
було накладене на шию дикому турові, загнаному, знесиленому, але
овіяному ще степовим вітром, із не втраченим іще смаком волі, широких
просторів. Він йшов у ярмі, скорившись силі, хоч часом із гніву очі йому
наливались кров'ю, і тоді він хвицав ногами і наставляв роги...
Вільний дух народу ще тлів під попелом неволі. Свіжі традиції волі,
такі свіжі, що часом трудно було відрізнити сьогодні од вчора,
підтримували жевріючу під попелом іскру. Старше покоління, свідок
іншого життя, показувало ще на долонях мозолі від шаблі, піднятої в
оборону народних і людських прав. Пісня волі, споетизованої, може, в дні
лихоліття, чаруючим акордом лунала в серцях молоді, поривала її туди, де
ще не чуть кайданів, скованих на людей людьми. На широкі бессарабські
степи, вільні, без пана й панщини, рвалась гаряча уява й тягла за собою
сотки й тисячі...
От хоч би там, за Дунаєм, гей, там, за Дунаєм!.. Недобитки січової
руїни, хоробріші, завзятіші, звили собі гніздо в Туреччині і возили звідти
на Вкраїну, мов контрабанду, палкі заклики у кіш на волю, до січового
братерства.
Ярами, коритами висхлих річок, лісовими нетрями, прикриваючись
нічною темрявою, ховаючись, мов од дикого звіра, тікало од пана і
панщини все, що не заплісніло в неволі, не втратило ще живої душі, тікало,
щоб здобути собі те, за що предки виймали шаблі з піхов або ставали до
бою з кіллями та вилами...
Власники душ, повернених у робуче бидло, записаних у господарський
інвентар дідича разом із волами й кіньми, найбільш боялись того
неспокійного, вільнолюбного духу народного, бо його ніяк не можна було
припасувати до панських інтересів, погодити з незмірними скарбами; які
давала панові оброблена хлопом українська земля, віковічна боротьба двох
станів — панського й мужичого, боротьба хронічна, що часом приймала
гострі форми і бурею проносилась над нещасним краєм,— ніколи не
кінчалась, ба й не могла скінчитися, хоч пан переміг. Ще недавно, вмившись
в Умані власною кров'ю і накидавши в Кодні стіжок гайдамацьких голів, пан
174
смакував перемогу, пильно обороняючи свої права на живий робочий
інвентар — хлопа.

175
8. Transliterate the text into English:

Евген Маланюк. Сьогодні

Ні! Не тропар і не псалом!

Не молитви, не плач до неба,—
Свячений ніж, стиснутий злом,
Свячений ніж — оце нам треба.

В жорстоку, хижу ніч життя,

В оцю страшну, страсну годину
Здуши гадюку почуття,
Забий, забий в собі людину!

Дивись, крізь язики заграв

Встає пожар, як Ґонта, ярий,
І морок ночі розідрав
Міліоновий галас: «Кари!»

Катуй, ґвалтуй хижацький схід!

Жени орду в азійську далеч!
На спів осінніх панахид
Злетиться знову хижа галич,

І вкриє стерво вражих тіл,

І їй в жахливій тиші ночі
Накаже грізний Азраїл
Ворожі видзьобати очі.

176
9. Transliterate the text into English:

Сергій Домазар. Замок над Водаєм.

177
10. Transliterate the text into English:

Іван Багряний. Сад Гетсиманський.

Швидко біжать поїзди степами, швидко пливуть кораблі морями, ще

швидше летять літаки попід небесами, та найшвидше летить материне
серце. Через гори високії, через води глибокії, через краї чужі несходимі
мчить воно ластівкою, за синами шукаючи, їх виглядаючи, та й —
повертається назад змучене, — нема. Краї несходимі, міста незчислимі,
гори непроглядні, чужина чужа, непривітна, — не знайти там матері синів
своїх. Марно кидається бідне материнське серце. Нема. А вони, сини, чи
живі, а чи, може, їх і немає, — ані вісток не подають, ані самі не
прибувають, ані поїздами, ані кораблями, ані тими літаками.

***

Багато доріг пройшли вони, з багатьох рік пили вони, багато могил
полишали вони, багатьох друзів розгубили вони в землі й по божевільнях, і
багато ще їм іти, багато ще їм проб приготовила доля,

Але всі дороги сходимі, й всі могили зчислимі, і кожна ніч — навіть
полярна ніч! — кінчається ранком... І вони йдуть... Зціпивши зуби, вони
йтимуть через ніч злоби й зненависті, не здаючись, доти, доки її не
перейдуть.

І в одного з них завжди звучатиме в душі "Місячна соната" Бетговена,

яка не мала нічого спільного з болючою емблемою, вирізьбленою на
вогненному щиті далекого місяця, що на ній брат підняв брата на вила.
Соната така, як її наповнило собою вірне серце тієї, що знала ціну любові:
соната про дружбу, про вірність, про любов велику

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11. Transliterate the text into English:

Остап Вишня. Чухраїнці.

Південь країни "Чукрен" обмивало море з водою синього кольору.
Синім те море зробилося дуже давно, ще тоді, коли найбільша в світі
катаклізма — бог одділив океани від землі. Тоді те море хотіло зробитися
океаном — надулося, посиніло, та так синім на ввесь свій вік і залишилося.
В синє море текла найулюбленіша чухраїнцями річка Дмитро. А на
південному заході була велика річка Дсітро. Од цих річок і чухраїнці
прибрали назв: Наддмитрянців і Наддсітрянців. Наддмитрянці — це ті, що
жили над річкою Дмитром, а Наддсітрянці — над Дсітром.
Чухраїнців було чимало і щось понад тридцять мільйонів,— хоч
здебільша вони й самі не знали, хто вони такі суть...
Як запитають було їх:
— Якої ви, лорди, нації?
Вони, почухавшись, одповідають:
— Та хто й зна?! Живемо в Шенгерієвці. Православні.
***
Мали чухраїнці цілих аж п'ять глибоко національних рис. Ці риси
настільки були для них характерні, що, коли б котрийсь із них загубився в
мільйоновій юрбі собі подібних істот, кожний, хто хоч недовго жив серед
чухраїнців, вгадає:
— Це — чухраїнець.
І ніколи не помилиться...
Його (чухраїнця) постать, його рухи, вираз, сказать би, всього його
корпуса — все це так і випирає оті п'ять голівних рис його симпатичної
вдачі.
Риси ці, як на ту старовинну термінологію, звалися так:
1. Якби ж знаття?
2. Забув.
3. Спізнивсь.
4. Якось то воно буде!
5. Я так і знав.

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12. Transliterate the text into English:

Ліна Костенко. Записки українського самашедшого.

Майбутнє щодня стає минулим. Вйо.

1 грудня, дев’ята річниця референдуму, коли на руїнах імперії постала
наша Незалежність. Синій птах з перебитими крилами, майже до смерті
закльований двоголовим орлом. Скільки тоді було радості, скільки надій, а
тепер що? Мряка, туман, ожеледиця. Настрій на нулі, сезонна депресія.
І це ж треба, саме сьогодні Всесвітній день боротьби зі СНІДом. Ну, світ
як світ, у нього свої міжнародні дати. А от чому саме на цей день
президент призначив Професійне свято працівників прокуратури, — це
вже фройдистський ляпсус. Бо що ж святкувати? Держава загрузає в
корупції, резонансні злочини не розкриті, президент обмотаний «касетним
скандалом», а історія з «таращанським тілом» — то взагалі ганьба на весь
світ.
Третій місяць прокуратура ловить фантоми: то їй ввижався Ґонґадзе у
кав’ярні, то на сходах львівського банку, то у поїзді на Донецьк, — опитує
сотні свідків, висуває всілякі версії. Тим часом тіло без голови два тижні
пролежало у таращанському морзі, з автентичним ланцюжком і браслетом,
потім щезло, потім знову з’явилося, вже у київському морзі, теща недарма
кричить, Едґар По такого б не придумав, а у них професійне свято.
Обростаєм абсурдом. Ядерну зброю віддали, державу розікрали, чекаємо
інвестицій у свою економіку. Танки продаємо у Пакистан, гладильні
дошки купуємо в Італії. Проводимо військові навчання, а влучаємо
ракетою у власні Броварі. Криза енергетики, над Україною пронеслася
стихія, позривало дахи, поломило дерева, дроти обледеніли, стовпи
попадали, три тисячі населених пунктів сидять без електрики, а вони під
цю лиху годину, проти зими, надумали закривати Чорнобильську атомну
станцію. Хоча що вже там закривати? Перший блок давно вже закритий,
другий згорів кілька років тому, четвертий — руїна під «саркофагом». А
єдиний цей, третій, постійно на ремонті, він і зараз стоїть, то чи встигнуть
відкрити, щоб було що закрити? Центрифуга ідіотизму, голова йде
обертом.

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13. Transliterate the text into English:

Василь Стус. Верстаю шлях — по вимерлій пустелі.

Верстаю шлях — по вимерлій пустелі,

де мертвому мені нема життя,
за обріями спогаду — оселі
ті, до котрих немає вороття.
А все ж — бреду, з нізвідки до нікуди,
а все ще сподіваюся, що там,
де кубляться згвалтовані іуди,
мале є місце і моїм братам.
Побачити б хоч назирці, впівока
і закропити спраглий погляд свій.
Зміїться путь — вся тьмяна, вся глибока,
і хоч сказися, хоч збожеволій.
Бо вже не я — лише жива жарина
горить в мені. Лиш нею я живу.
То пропікає душу Україна —
та, за котрою погляд марно рву.
Та є вона — за міражів товщею,
там, крізь синь-кригу світиться вона —
моєю тугою, моєю маячнею
сумно-весела, весело-сумна.
Тож дай мені — дійти і не зотліти,
дійти — і не зотліти — дай мені!
Дозволь мені, мій вечоровий світе,
упасти зерням в рідній борозні.

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14. Transliterate the text into English:

Юрій Шевельов. Москва, Маросєйка.

Політично і військово Переяслав став початком поразки тільки тому, що

різні українські кола самі втягали Москву в Україну, намагаючися
використати її проти своїх унутрішніх ворогів. Повне розуміння цього
приписується ще Мазепі. Хіба нагадати про звертання Інокентія Ґізеля або
Лазаря Барановича або багатьох інших – прислати московських стрільців в
Україну? Або про те, що коли Дем’ян Многогрішний хитнувся від Москви,
його заарештувала не Москва, а таки група київської старшини, що дійшла
була навіть до того, що просила дати на гетьмана ‘‘боярина
великороссийских людей”. Комплекс Кочубеївщини і тільки він
уможливив Москві здобувати чимраз більше позицій в Україні. Розріст
цього комплексу змусив Мазепу до суворої конспірації, що не дала йому
змоги військово підготуватися до бою під Полтавою. Бій під Полтавою
виграв Росії не Петро І, а українські Кочубеї. Самозрозуміло, Петро й Росія
влучно використали це, як використовували всі подібні нагоди, що їх не
бракувало. Про причини самого комплексу Кочубеївщини хай говорять
історики й психологи. Він живе й досі.
Культурно Переяслав став початком поразки з глибших причин.
Культурне завоювання переможеною нацією нації-переможця в принципі
можливе. Колись подолана римськими леґіонами Греція завоювала
культурно Рим. Германці в Італії, Франції, Еспанії були культурно
завойовані Римом, наслідком чого є сучасні романські народи.
Передумовою для культурного завоювання нації-переможця є одначе
культурна перевага переможеної нації на всьому полі бою, себто в усій
культурі. Цієї передумови бракувало українській культурі 17 сторіччя.
Українська культура цього часу була блискуча, доба барокко – одна з
золотих діб нашої культури. Архітектурні споруди Мазепи, проповіді того
часу, початки театру, різьба й малярство, початки ґравюри – лишилися в
сторіччях, вони і в наш час впливають на українське мистецтво. Одначе
вони мали свою стелю. Українська культура доби барокко була суто
церковна. Культура була при церкві, і церква означала культуру.
Поки так було і в Росії, українська культура була в наступі. Ми бачили,
що вона завоювала церкву, мовно-богословську освіту й науку, зв’язані з
релігією мистецтва. Та цього було мало для 18 сторіччя – доби
секуляризації науки, мистецтва, культури в цілому. Европа вже не жила
церковною культурою.
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 15. Transliterate the text into English:
Григорій Кочур. Сонет напучування.

Як чорна хвиля поєднала нас,

Так нас і розлучає чорна хвиля,
Коли, здається, млявістю безсилля,
Мов льодом скутий, зупинився час.
Що ж! Іншим — втіхи, радощі дозвілля,
Нам — безнадій нести гіркий запас,
Нам — дійсність без оман і без прикрас,
Нам — зібраність, важка, як божевілля,
Нам — однієї прагнути мети:
Крізь біль, крізь бруд, крізь тундру пронести,
Свого мистецтва полум’я високе,
Щоб, подолавши просторінь і роки,
Його вогні в майбутньому колись
На виправдання наше зайнялись.

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16. Transliterate the text into English:

Дмитро Донцов. Політика переляку.

Ніколи ні оден лад не падає через те, що його сильно атаковано, лише
все через те, що його слабо боронено. Се варто собі пригадати особливо
тепер підчас великого двобою між здоровими силами західно-европейської
демократії та московсько-азійським "соціялізмом". Колиб по стороні
нападених знайшлось більше таких залізних людей, як Носке і Черчіль, то
нам не требаб бyло тремтіти за долю окцідентальної культури.
На жаль, цих людей брак, особливо у нас на Україні, чим і пояснюється
та політика переляку, котрої хопилися деякі з наших збаламучених партій,
шукаючих ратунку в нового "месії людськости" — Льва Бронштайна.
Те, що додає відваги нашим газардовим політикам ("хоч гірше, та
инше"!) це їх віра в ніби-то близьку перемогу большевизму в Европі. Чи
так дійсно є? Чи справді готова запанувати над світом ідеольоґія
"грядучого хама"?
**
На жаль, сього отверезіння не слідно на Україні. Лише в нас бавляться
ще в політику переляку. Лише в нас дехто серіозно бере обчислені на
людську глупоту зазиви Троцького, обіцюючого сaмостійність...
наводненій його військами Україні; лише в нас находяться босяки духа,
думаючі серіозно, що здорова селянська демократія України колибудь
погодиться з диктатурою люмпенпролєтаріяту... Так ніби нам мало було
дотеперішніх досвідів з червоною Москвою! Так ніби "соціялісти", що
заключують союз з Молодотурками, афґанськими ханами і бухарськими
емірами — дійсно мали в голові якийсь соціялістичний ідеал!

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17. Transliterate the text into English:

Юрій Винничук «Этим гнусным языком».

Французький письменник Джонатан Літтел опублікував статтю, в якій
дивувався, що українці не хочуть визнавати своїми Булгакова, Ахматову,
Бабеля і т. д. Адже вони походять з України. Але з України походять не
лише ці, а буквально сотні й сотні російських письменників, які ніколи ні
пів слова не сказали про Україну нічого доброго.
***
Принцип «народжений в Україні – українець» чомусь виявився
найпопулярнішим. І дарма, що так звані українці Максиміліан Волошин,
Алєксандр Галіч, Алєксандр Грін, Васілій Гроссман, Ільф і Пєтров ніколи
жодних симпатій до України не висловлювали.
Я в своїх антологіях опублікував чимало авторів, які писали
російською, польською (Михайло Чайковський) чи навіть німецькою
(Захер-Мазох, який називав себе русином), але про Україну. Дехто з них
навіть не був українцем. Але Україна для них була дорогою. Оце і є
принцип, за яким можна визнати автора українським письменником.
Наприклад, Тимоша Падуру, Францішка Ржегоржа, Ізмаїла Срезневського,
Грицька Григоренка (Судовщикова-Косач), Марка Вовчка, Василя
Вишиваного або Алєксєя Кольцова, який написав кілька віршів
українською.
Найбільше агітаторів зараз у Булгакова. Але ніхто не може навести
бодай одного рядка симпатії для України. Ось у Чехова і Буніна ця
симпатія у творах широко фігурує. Чехов, зрештою, постійно величав себе
«хохлом» і не цурався цього. А в Булгакова нічого цього нема. Київ
вустами його персонажів «мать городов русскіх», як і для генерал-лейте-
нанта Брєдова під час переговорів з українським генералом А. Кравсом (до
речі, справді великим українцем) у 1919 р.: «Киев – мать русских городов,
никогда не был украинским и не будет».
Болбочан у Булгакова Болботун, Петлюра – «бухгалтер» і навіть
«Пэтурра», і тут річ не в самій особі, а в тому, що «дешёвая оперетка» під
назвою Україна, «где зарождались всякие Тютюники», завершилась. З
української мови насміхалися не лише його персонажі, а й він сам. Зокрема
в нарисі «Киев-город» дуже його дратували українські вивіски: «нельзя же,
в самом деле, отбить в слове "гомеопатическая" букву "я" и думать, что
благодаря этому аптека превратится из русской в украинскую. Нужно,
наконец, условиться, как будет называться то место, где стригут и бреют
185
граждан: "голярня", "перукарня", "цирульня" или просто-напросто
"парикмахерская"! Мне кажется, что из четырех слов — "молошна",
"молочна", "молочарня" и "молошная" — самым подходящим будет пятое
— молочная».

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18. Transliterate the text into English:

Ігор Чорновол. Як виникла Галичина.

Автор не так давньої монографії «The Idea of Galicia. History and Fantasy
in Habsburg Political Culture» (2010) Ларрі Вулф стверджує, що до 1772 р.
Галичини не існувало. Її винахідником він вважає австрійського канцлера
графа Венцеля Кавніца, який зумів переконати імператрицю Марію
Терезію в необхідності співучасті в першому поділі Польщі (1772) задля
забезпечення балансу влади на європейській політичній шахівниці.
Оскільки Марія Терезія вагалася (як «просвічений» монарх, вона не бажала
опускатися до середньовічного аргументу «права меча»; «Чим більше вона
плаче, тим більше вона хоче», – іронізував над австрійською імператрицею
пруський король Фрідріх II), В.Кавніц остаточно її переконав, навівши
аргумент перебування Галицького князівства під зверхністю угорських
монархів у XII ст. (королі Угорщини додали в свою титулатуру титул
«королів Ґаліції й Льодомерії» в ХІІІ ст.). Тож пізніше польське
завоювання Галицького князівства автоматично ставало нелегітимним. «В
1792 р. певний анонімний поет [вперше] підписався як "Галичанин", і з
кінця XVIII до ХХ ст. були такі, які ідентифікували себе як галичани; хоча
вони водночас приймали й інші ідентичності. Галицька ідентичність була
фундаментально провінційною, а її еволюція демонструє важливість
провінційного як ідеологічного потенціалу, який співдіяв з національною
й імперською силами. Маючи на увазі Південну Америку, Бенедикт
Андерсон писав: «Щоб зрозуміти, як адміністративні одиниці можуть
поступово стати батьківщинами, треба побачити способи та шляхи, за
допомогою яких адміністративний поділ створює нові вартості. Галичину
спочатку винайшли як адміністративну одиницю в XVIII ст. і тільки
відтоді вона почала набувати культурної вартості впродовж провінційної
історії в контексті Імперії Габсбурґів».
Утім, як назвати завойований край, австрійці спочатку не знали, в
серпні 1772 р. перший губернатор Галичини граф Антоній Перґен
пропонував назву «Велике Львівське князівство». Однак уже в жовтні 1773
р. під час урочистого святкування приєднання Львова до Австрії по місту
розклеїли плакати про ревіндикацію (повернення) «Королівства Галичини
й Льодомерії» (Володимирії, себто Волині, Königreich Galizien und
Lodomerien). Відтак про нещодавню приналежність нової провінції до
Польського королівства у Львові воліли не згадувати, а піддана

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просвітницьким реформам Галичина мала сама написати свою історію з
чистої сторінки («цивілізуватися») – як країна «без минулого».
Таким чином, термін «Галичина» раптово виник під час святкування
першої річниці анексії Руського і Белзького воєводств Речі Посполитої
Габсбурґами. Хто, однак, вигадав цей термін, досі встановити не вдалося.
19. Transliterate the text into English:

Володимир В’ятрович.

Якщо зануритися в історію XVI–XVII ст., у період становлення націй, то

стане зрозуміло, що фраза “народ в боротьбі стає нацією” – не просто
пафосні слова, вона справді показує процес націєтворення, коли певна
спільнота усвідомлює свою окремішність і починає боротися за цю
окремішність та її окреме політичне вираження. Так народ стає нацією.
Такою була революція в Голландії, яка стала початком творення національної
держави. Американська революція XVIII ст. теж стала початком створення
американської нації й американської держави. За цими аналогіями, для
українців це XVI–XVII ст. – період козацтва. І якщо в Голландії й Америції
революції зробив середній стан, буржуазія, то в нас революційним класом
були військові – козаки. Так, спершу це була боротьба, війна за власні
привілеї. Потім до цього додалася боротьба за відстоювання релігійних
свобод, за православ’я. Поступово цей процес обростав політичним
контекстом і став початком націєтворення. Українська нація як така почала
творитися з війська.
Тому одна з перших форм Української держави так і називалася – Військо
Запорозьке. Тож наша військова традиція дуже глибинна. І попри те, що ця
держава, проіснувавши понад сотню років, врешті була завойована, знищена,
традиція залишалася. І навіть коли на початку ХХ ст. за результатами І
Світової війни почали руйнуватися імперії й українці взялися відновлювати
свою незалежну державу, навіть тоді, коли політичне керівництво, політична
еліта не вважали за потрібне створення війська, – військо творилося стихійно,
знизу.
Самоорганізація людей, волонтерство... Створення війська, період
Української революції 1917–1921 років. А Українська повстанська армія? Це
чудовий приклад того, наскільки чинник української військової традиції
проявляється навіть у вкрай несприятливих умовах. УПА унікальна в тому,
що це військове формування творилося без жодної зовнішньої допомоги. Це
абсолютно волонтерський проєкт, який реалізовувався силами лише

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українців, опираючись на нашу військову традицію. Наче військовий ген
вчергове проявився в українцях.
20. Transliterate the text into English:

Микола Рябчук. Від Малоросії.

«Ідентичність» стала не просто популярним терміном – вона стала

девальвованим терміном. Про неї говорять всі, кому не ліньки. І це
починає очевидно дратувати. На цю тему з’являється багато пародійних і
критичних текстів.
Проблема в тому, що люди дедалі більше забувають: ідентичність – це
певний стосунок. Це не категорія, яка визначає щось дуже конкретне. Це
не вага, не зріст людини. Це не надовго чи назавше. Це те, що
визначається. Є таке польське слово – ustosunkowanie. Людина має
стосунок до певних речей, до певних символів, до певних категорій. Ці
реляційні відносини якраз визначають ідентичність. Ідентичність дуже
змінна і плинна. Сьогодні щось одне є більш важливе, завтра – щось інше.
Термін «ідентичність» вперше з’явився в нас 1994 року в перекладі
книжки Ентоні Сміта, яка так і називалася – «Національна ідентичність».
Десь до кінця 1990-х цей термін поступово проникає в політологію й
етнологію. Перед тим його не було.
У західній літературі цей термін з’явився десь у повоєнні часи з
розвитком політології й соціології і збільшенням уваги до ціннісного
аспекту ідентичності. Виникло розуміння, що ідентичність має власне
ціннісний аспект. Бо людина ототожнюється з певними цінностями, з тим,
що вона вважає важливим. Саме тому ідентичність нам є такою дорогою, і
тому ми так за неї чіпляємося. Вона не може бути правильною чи
неправильною. Вона є моєю: от я так відчуваю, в мене є така система
цінностей.
Мова стає важливою у добу модерних націй. До XVIII–XIX століть,
епохи романтизму, ніхто не вважав мову цінністю, що має якесь
символічне значення. Це був просто інструмент спілкування.
Сьогодні можете знайти дуже багато людей, які мають ще цю
донаціональну свідомість. Які не бачать символічної цінності в подібних
речах.

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190
 7. STYLISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL TIPS

7.1. RHETORICAL TIPS

Structuring

1. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to writing. Different writers have

different methods and preferences. The more you write, the better you'll
understand your own process. This will help you become a more effective
writer.
2. Writing is a process, not a product. Even professional writers struggle
with getting their ideas down on paper perfectly. The writing process can be
broken down into stages. These stages are invention (prewriting), arrangement,
drafting and revising, and editing and proofreading. The writing process is not
linear. These stages often overlap and don't always happen in a neat order.
3. A thesis statement is more than a title, an announcement of your intent, or
a statement of fact. A good thesis statement should be a judgment or opinion
that can be developed. There is no one right time to draft your thesis statement;
it depends on the scope of your assignment, your knowledge of the subject, and
your method of writing. Your thesis statement should be tentative and may be
revised later.
4. In linguistic and all social science writing, a central section of a thesis is
the research question, which is much more important today than only a few
years ago.
A Good Research Question
• is interesting to its writer;
• is relevant to the subject;
• is based on:
- «something not right», it is said . . . but in reality»;
- «the relation between X and Y»;
- «the observation that sticks out»;
- «a sense of wondering»;
• makes it possible to debate and argue a point;
• makes it possible to conclude something;
• is in question- or statement (claim)-form;
• has one clear main question (+ subquestions);
• is posed in precise words;
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 • is clearly marked in the introduction;
• is wherever possible, short, preferably less than 10 lines long!
5. Keep your reader in mind throughout your writing, aim to attract their
attention and keep them interested (titles, clear structure).
6. Develop an analytical approach to writing. Plan your writing in small
steps to avoid writer's block and improve overall control and confidence in your
writing. The plan could be the following:
a) generating the main idea;
b) grouping and selecting points;
c) establishing a perspective;
d) determining an intention;
e) dividing the material into sections;
f) entitling sections and paragraphs.
7. Use a clear hierarchical structure with titles and headings. Parallel
constructions in headings, sections, sentences, and vocabulary improve
readability.
8. Top-down approach may help at the end of the paper:
• reading through the complete text produced,
• scrutinizing it on three levels in this order:
- the macro-level (although it may be painful to throw away a section that
may have been produced so laboriously),
- the meso-level (also to make sure that there are enough examples to
illustrate the phenomenon and enough tables and figures to support the
argumentation) and
- the micro-level (to make sure phrases and sentences are still idiomatic
despite all the changes during the writing and rewriting process);
• checking word usages with the help of a monolingual dictionary, a
collocations dictionary (including the Longman Language Activator in
traditional book form or on DVD), a (machine-readable) text collection of
similar style, discipline and genre, or Google in a web-as/like-corpus
(advanced) search;
• making sure that the metalanguage, especially hedging (whether to risk
author commitment by using “I am convinced” or avoiding it by writing “The
data suggest”) and cohesive devises appear appropriate for the readership;
• scrutinizing the formal conventions of the (sub-)discipline from citations to
references;

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 • looking over the complete text to ensure that it appears tidy and attractive,
without being too ornate, individual without being too different from the
genre conventions to distract the reader (and examiner); and finally
• inspecting the printed copy from title page to appendix, just to make sure a
last time whether the copy submitted is identical to the “masterpiece” in the
mind.

Pre-Writing
9. Acknowledge academic writing as an interactive process between writer
and reader. Focus on discourse pragmatics and genre variation to adapt to
evolving academic standards.
10. Conduct quantitative analyses comparing native and non-native writing to
discern subtle conventions. Enhance awareness of academic usages for non-
native writers, ensuring their credibility within the discourse community.
11. Recognize the vital role of language experts in editing and publishing
academic texts. Invest in their skills to bridge the gap between specialized and
journalistic discourse, meeting the diverse needs of academic communities.
12. Critically assess teaching approaches in academic writing classes to
understand their impact on writing patterns. Consider alternative methods to
raise awareness of concessive and contrastive relationships.
13. Investigate differences in writing preferences within academic sub-
disciplines to tailor teaching methods accordingly. Understand nuances in
writing styles across fields like Linguistics and Literature.
14. Understand that cultural variations influence the use of person markers
and stance verbs in academic discourse.
15. Consider how different national cultures shape self-representation and
authorial persona in academic communication.
16. Acknowledge the need to address diverging theoretical and practical
interpretations of specialized concepts when catering to international students.
This involves ensuring clarity and accessibility in academic discourse.
17. Despite the urge to overload posters with text, prioritize brevity to comply
with guidelines and ensure clarity within limited space.
18. Focus on essential information and findings, condensing complex ideas
into succinct statements to convey the core message effectively.
19. Understand the three main semantic categories of hedges: reader-oriented,
writer-oriented, and render-oriented. Recognize their presence in both linguistics
and literary criticism research articles.

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 20. Recognize the impact of individual writer style on hedging choices.
Understand that writer preferences play a significant role in determining the use
of hedges.
21. The "communicative efficiency" in a foreign language depends, apart
from other skills, on the learner's awareness of social requirements when using
the target language. To gain this insight into the values and meanings of the
target culture, language learners need to take the role of a member of this
culture.
22. Items to cross-check. Before submitting a paper, a student must cross-
check all of its parts to avoid discrepancies. The following list includes major
items to check:
- punctuation, spelling, and grammar;
- all chapter and subchapter titles against a table of contents;
- all cross-references: all cross-references, whether to a chapter, a section,
an appendix, or even a sentence of text, should be verified. a chapter
number or title may have been changed, or a passage deleted, after the
original reference to it;
- in an electronic work, all hyperlinks;
- quotations: all quoted matter should be checked against the original
source, for both content and citation;
- typeface and font.

Writing

23. Use clear language specific to your field. Avoid jargon and clichés. Strive
for concise and precise language; consider the specific terminology of your
field.
24. Traditionally, use a theme-rheme structure where the new topic is
introduced at the beginning of the paragraph. Avoid redundancy and focus on
delivering new information. Form concrete sentences that fit the argumentation
flow and highlight the important information.
25. Understand that harmonic use of modal adverbs does not necessarily
indicate higher commitment in academic writing, while disharmonic uses are
statistically rare.
26. Differentiate between epistemic and affective functions of modal adverbs
like "obviously" and "sort of."
27. Authors convey confidence and responsibility through the use of simple
present tense and will-future. Mitigating strategies, such as impersonal
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representation and limited deontic modality, foster cooperative participation and
avoid confrontation.
28. Identify frequently used conjunctive adverbials such as "however," "for
example," "thus," and "i.e.," which are favoured across disciplines in research
articles.
29. Understand that the usage of conjunctive adverbials may vary across
disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. Analyse how disciplinary
differences reflect the needs, goals, and communication styles of authors within
specific fields.
30. Understand that the frequency and choice of conjunctive adverbials are
not influenced by the author's gender. Recognize that both men and women use
conjunctive adverbials in a comparable manner, reflecting a shared goal of
producing coherent and formal academic writing.
31. Do not be afraid of short sentences.
32. Edit your work from a reader's perspective to minimize
misunderstandings. This includes checking for clarity, complexity and proper
information flow. For example, at the text level, all information packaging
devices have to be considered, (exceptional) fronting in contrastive contexts, the
(prototypical) principle of end-focus, fore- and back-grounding in a paragraph to
direct reader interpretations in information processing, even the sequence of
tenses and the logical connections between clauses, etc.
33. Sentence adverbials, also known as connectives, can be helpful for
structuring your writing and making it clear to the reader how your ideas are
connected. However, the study shows that native speakers tend to use them less
frequently than non-native speakers. This suggests that you should use them
strategically, rather than overuse them.
34. Use punctuation strategically to aid the reader's understanding of the text's
rhythm and structure.
35. Acknowledge variations in concessive and contrastive markers among
native and non-native writers, as well as across genres and disciplines.
36. For the success of any e-mail dialogue, the following conditions should be
fulfilled:
- All e-mail should be done on a regular weekly basis
- Only volunteers, who are interested in communicating with their foreign
peers should take part in the dialogue
- Apart from the topics recommended by the instructors, students should feel
free
to communicate problems that are close and interesting to them personally
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 - The level of English of the participants should be approximately similar
- The project coordinators themselves should stay in touch regularly in order
to quickly "cure" the problems that appear in the process of communication
between the students.
37. Capital letters. There are two principal uses of capital letters: (I) to show
the beginning of a new thought unit, and (2) to show that a word is a proper
noun or a proper adjective. Always capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Always capitalize honorary titles when they precede a proper name. In titles of
books and in other headings, all important words are ordinarily capitalized.
38. Principles of headline-style capitalization. The conventions of headline
style are governed mainly by emphasis and grammar. The following rules,
though occasionally arbitrary, are intended primarily to facilitate the consistent
styling of titles mentioned or cited in text and notes:
a) Capitalize the first and last words in titles and subtitles (but see rule 7), and
capitalize all other major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
and some conjunctions—but see rule D).
b) Lowercase the articles the, a, and an.
c) Lowercase prepositions, regardless of length, except when they are used
adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look Up, down in Turn Down, on in The On
Button, to in Come To, etc.) or when they compose part of a Latin expression
used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.).
d) Lowercase the conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor.
e) Lowercase to not only as a preposition (rule 3) but also as part of an
infinitive
(to Run, to Hide, etc.), and lowercase as in any grammatical function.
f) Lowercase the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such
as de or von.
g) Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as fulvescens in
Acipenser fulvescens, even if it is the last word in a title or subtitle.
39. Double possessive: When the thing possessed is only one of a number
belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used.
e.g.: a friend of my brother’s
a portrait of Picasso’s
…, who as a devoted friend of Darwin’s, employed …
40. Editorial forms: In speaking editorially, or in regal and formal style, the
forms we, our, and ourself may be used for I, my, myself, but should not be used
in combination with I, my, myself.
e.g.:...who sends this to delight our heart and stimulate our mind.
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We're old enough ourself to remember it.

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7.2. GRAMMATICAL TIPS

1. Use more working words (the words that convey the essential meaning of
the sentence) and fewer glue words (conjunctions and prepositions, those which
hold the sentence together)
e.g. Reeves's testimony went to the heart of his defence, that he had no
specific intent to escape. (12 working words, 5 glue words).
2. Try to position the main thing you have to say at the subject-verb-other-
stuff location of the sentence.
e.g. Adventurers seek new horizons along the winding road.
3. Together the subject and the verb should form the main message of the
sentence.
e.g. Amidst the chaos of the city, artists find inspiration.
4. Whenever you write a series of two or more things, each element of the
series must appear in the same grammatical structure.
e.g. He was debonair, fashionably dressed and alas, quite prude prudish.
5. Wordiness: Circumlocutions are not ungrammatical or repetitions, but are
to be avoided as wordy.
e.g. ahead of schedule (early)
a large portion of (many)
at an early date (soon)
caused injuries to (injured)
destroyed by fire (burned)
during the time that (while)
Pleonasm refers to the use of words whose omission would leave the meaning
intact:
 In the following group, the underlined adjectives duplicate part of the
nouns they modify:
e.g. Close proximity
General public
Lonely isolation
First priority
 Sometimes the noun is the redundant part of the phrase:
e.g. Undergraduate student
Widow woman
Doctorate degree
 Both is often used redundantly, for example:

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 e.g. They are both alike.
Both the sons attend different schools.
 A preposition or adverb used as part of a verb may be redundant:
e.g. Continue on/still
Join up
Made out of
Separate apart
6. If you are switching direction or want to stress the second clause, separate the
clauses with a period or a semicolon, followed by a transitional expression such as
however or therefore, followed by a comma.
e.g. Blue jeans were originally made as tough work clothes; however, they
became a fashion statement in the 1970s.
7. Do not shift point of view in pronouns. Be consistent in using first, second, or
third person pronouns. For example, if you begin by referring to one, do not switch
to you or we. Also avoid shifting unnecessarily between third person singular and
plural forms.
SHIFT: One needs a high salary to live in a city because you have to spend so
much on rent and transportation.
POSSIBLE REVISIONS: One needs a high salary to live in a city because one
has to spend so much on rent and transportation.
We all need a high salary to live in a city because we have to spend so much on
rent and transportation.
A high salary is necessary in a city because rent and transportation cost so
much.
8. When you write a definition of a term, use parallel structures on either side of
the verb be. In formal writing, avoid defining a term by using is when or is where
(or was when, was where).
e.g. A tiebreaker in tennis is when there is a final game to decide a set.
9. Use authentic forms like Cockney when quoting direct speech; for your
formal academic writing, though, follow the subject-verb agreement conventions
used in academic English.
e.g.: Cockney: He don’t never wear that brown whistle.
[The standard form is doesn’t; other nonstandard forms in this sentence are don’t
never (a double negative) and whistle— short for whistle and flute, rhyming slang
for suit.]
10. There is considerable antagonism to the use of like as a conjunction in formal
spoken and written English. Usage manuals recommend as instead.
e.g.: Do like I told you becomes Do as I told you.
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 They act like they have money to burn (Crystal, ST, March 1993).
The "like"-forms are common in informal speech and writing.
11. The split infinitive often provides a more satisfactory sentence than does
evasion of the construction.
e.g.: a) She was determined proudly to rebuff him.
b) She was determined to rebuff him proudly.
Version a) is unsatisfactory because the adverb proudly attaches itself to the verb
determined instead of to the verb rebuff. Version b) is unsatisfactory too because
the word order sounds unnatural.
12. It is better to avoid the usage of a participle, or a phrase introduced by a
participle, that has an unclear or ambiguous relationship to the rest of the sentence.
If taken literally, the sentence often appears nonsensical or laughable:
e.g. Driving along the street, a runaway dog gave me a fright" (Crystal, 1993).
To avoid such undesirable effects, manuals recommend to remove or to replace
the participial construction: "When I was driving along the street, a runaway dog
gave me a fright."
13. A collective noun should be followed by a singular verb unless it clearly
indicates individuals of the collective.
e.g. The audience was large.
vs
The audience were shouting and stamping their feet.
14. Traditional grammars maintain that in the indirect, i.e. reported questions the
direct word-order should be retained, e.g. "She asked where the goods came from."
This seems to be in direct contradiction with examples like:
You work out what are the new ideas that will benefit your customers.
He asked where was the engineer.
15. We can replace infinitives by gerunds, but sometimes the replacement by a
relative clause is the best solution:
e.g. Courses to qualify as a speech and language therapist usually require a
mixture of three science and arts subjects at A level. (The Times).
This should be read as: Courses which qualify one as a speech and language
therapist…
48. "Each other," "one another."
Many authorities insist that each other is properly used only of two; one
another, of more than two. Each other has, however, been used in reference to
more than two since Anglo-Saxon times. In current literary usage the distinction is
nevertheless generally observed.
e.g. John and Mary stared at each other in amazement.
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 The members of the families exchanged gifts with one another.

7.3. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is an act of using someone else's words, ideas, or creations

without proper attribution and presenting them as one's own.
Self-plagiarism, also known as text recycling or duplicate publication,
occurs when an author reuses their own previously published work in a new
publication without proper acknowledgment. Typically, this includes copying
verbatim the previously published material with changing titles only.

Plagiarism can occur in various forms, including copying text from a

source without citation, paraphrasing someone else's paper without provided
proper citations, or even using someone else's ideas or concepts without
acknowledgment.
It is considered unethical and can have serious consequences in academic,
professional, and creative contexts, including academic penalties, legal actions,
and damage to one's reputation.

Avoiding plagiarism involves several key strategies:

1. Cite Your Sources: Whenever you use someone else's ideas, words, or
creations, make sure to properly cite them accordingly. This includes both
direct quotations and paraphrased material.
2. Use Quotation Marks: When directly quoting someone else's words, enclose
the text in quotation marks and provide a citation to indicate the source.
3. Paraphrase Correctly: When paraphrasing someone else's ideas or
information, rephrase the text in your own words and provide a citation to
acknowledge the original source.
4. Develop Your Own Ideas: Focus on developing your own unique
perspective and ideas rather than relying too heavily on the work of others.
5. Review and Edit Your Work: Before submitting your work, carefully
review and edit it to ensure that all sources are properly cited and attributed.
6. Use Plagiarism Detection Tools: Utilize plagiarism detection software or
online tools to check your work for unintentional plagiarism before
submission.

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 USED SOURCES

Academic Writing Across Disciplines in Africa: From Students to Experts /

ed. by J. Schmied and D. Nkemleke. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2016. 295 p.
English for Academic Purpose: Practical and Theoretical Approaches / ed. by
Ch. Haase and J. Schmied. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2013. 200 p.
English for Central Europe: Interdisciplinarity Saxon - Czech Perspectives/
ed. by J. Schmied, Ch. Haase, K. Voigt. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2005. 157
p.
Graduate Academic Writing in Europe in Comparison / ed. by J. Schmied.
Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2015. 193 p.
Mallery R. D. Grammar, Rhetoric and Composition for Home Study. New
York: Barnes & Noble, 1967. 367 p.
The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2010. 1026 p.
Trimble J. R Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing. S.l.:
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000. 198 p. – (Second Edition; Silver
anniversary edition).

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 8. VIDEOS DEDICATED TO THE MASTERY OF ACADEMIC
WRITING

Understanding the academic style

https://youtu.be/Cq4J8bPBcck?si=k6UWU8fW3Deiypna
Academic writing is writing which communicates ideas, information and
research to the wider academic community. Academic writing should be:
structured, evidenced, critical, precise, balanced, objective, and formal.
Contents of the video:
00:22 - Definition of academic writing
01:37 - Features of academic writing
02:05 - (1) Structured
03:53 - (2) Evidenced
05:17 - (3) Critical
06:06 - (4) Precise
06:58 - (5) Balanced
07:59 - (6) Objective
08:29 - (7) Formal

https://m.youtube.com/watch?
v=piwkR_VciQI&pp=ygUVQWNhZGVtaWMgd3JpdGluZyB0aXBz
This video introduces you to the distinct characteristics of academic writing
style. It covers guidelines related to vocabulary, grammar, and syntax,
along with providing useful thesauruses to enrich your writing. Moreover,
you'll have the chance to apply your understanding through various
exercises.

Preparatory stage

https://youtube.com/watch?v=WVv2jWXW0K4&si=ek5q3O1AZ9At1FLO
The speaker shares the proven methods for reading academic articles
quickly and effectively. If you have been struggling with your academic
reading, this video will be a life saver!
Timestamps:
01:53 - The “bird’s-eye view” method
03:13 - The “swoop” method
04:43 - The “street view” method
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 06:01 - Understand that not all papers are written well
07:50 - The “rubber duck” method

https://youtu.be/X7x1t4DLGFI?si=5T19dDN4p2UzUyu4
References are crucial in academic papers for several reasons: references
provide evidence that supports the claims and arguments presented in the
paper; they allow authors to acknowledge and build upon the work of
others, contributing to the ongoing development of knowledge in their
field; they also serve as evidence to support the claims and arguments made
by the author.

Structuring
Designing a plan

https://youtu.be/lNeHfQBSebY?si=FUhmRBEjdsFuQ4Dy
The speaker underscores the significance of comprehending the essay task
and question to effectively strategize and compose the essay. Planning is
underscored as vital for maintaining focus, coherence, and organization
throughout the essay. It is suggested that the introduction paragraph should
define the topic, introduce the question, express the writer’s viewpoint, and
provide a preview of the main arguments. Moreover, body paragraphs
should feature clear topic sentences, elaborate on main arguments with
supporting evidence, and integrate transitions for seamless progression. In
the conclusion, it is advisable to reiterate the thesis, recapitulate the main
arguments, and offer a concluding thought or call to action. Additionally,
the video addresses word count considerations for TOEFL and IELTS
essays, stressing the importance of adequate idea development within the
allocated time frame.

https://youtu.be/xM7sAD_oEDk?si=i-lvLbIi_BYV4Qpj
Good academic writing requires effective planning,
drafting, and revision. The writing process looks different for everyone, but
there are five basic steps that will help you structure your time when
writing any kind of text.
Step 1: Prewriting
Step 2: Planning and outlining
Step 3: First draft
Step 4: Redrafting and revising
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 Step 5: Editing and proofreading

Thesis statement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TOqdXcP7tI8&list=PLlRDDA2zGftDWBDiFQCStJREEYzscDIMP&index=
10&ab_channel=ProfessorKorten
The thesis statement is pivotal in academic writing, encapsulating the
primary argument or viewpoint of an essay. It serves as a beacon,
illuminating the potential of the written work and providing a roadmap for
both writer and reader, delineating the scope and trajectory of the
discussion. A robust thesis statement is marked by its clarity, specificity,
and capacity for argumentation, establishing the foundation for a coherent
and compelling essay or any other form of writing. By adhering to the
principles of crafting effective thesis statements, writers can enhance the
calibre of their work and proficiently convey their ideas to their intended
audience. Ultimately, mastering the art of constructing a well-defined thesis
statement is not only imperative for academic achievement but also for
effective communication in diverse professional settings.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u5X_k04BeA
The speaker asserts that thesis statements are crucial as they serve as the
focal point of written communication, succinctly conveying the main idea
or argument to guide readers. Throughout the video, the educator elucidates
the structure of a thesis statement, detailing how to craft it into one or two
sentences encapsulating the central concept and potential supporting
arguments. Concrete examples are employed to clarify the organization and
purpose of thesis statements, ensuring audience comprehension and clarity.
The teaching methodology fosters active participation, prompting viewers
to engage in activities aimed at developing thesis statements tailored to
specific subjects. By employing a systematic approach and providing
tangible examples, the video facilitates the acquisition and application of
expertise in crafting thesis statements for English language learners.

https://youtu.be/7FrYXvJOO44?si=ZOhSo5tmT91w1Y21
The speaker presents three writing recommendations aiming to promptly
enhance their academic writing skills. He underscores the significance of
adhering to the one-point rule when structuring paragraphs, advocates for

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 the utilization of outlines to foster clarity and organization, and introduces
the "PEER" system as a tool for proficient paragraph construction.
Tip 1: Embrace the one-point rule, ensuring each paragraph distinctly
articulates a single idea.
Tip 2: Forge an outline to streamline and structure the writing process
effectively. Tip 3: Employ the "PEER" system – point, evidence, explain,
repeat – to fortify paragraph coherence and relevance.

Writing a paragraph
https://youtu.be/_53AGJMkGas?si=AenOJnI21NtmDWL5
A well-constructed paragraph should: assert a clear point, provide a concise
overview of its content, elucidate connections between ideas, maintain
focus on the topic at hand, and substantiate any assertions with supporting
evidence. Commencing with a strong topic sentence is paramount, as it
encapsulates the paragraph's essence and captivates the reader's attention.
Additionally, coherence between ideas is crucial; each thought should
smoothly transition to the next to ensure fluidity. Moreover, reinforcing
claims or viewpoints with evidence, such as anecdotes, statistics, or
references, bolsters the paragraph's credibility. A robust paragraph typically
concludes by summarizing key points or reinforcing the topic sentence,
imparting a sense of fulfilment.

Writing a summary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bhtz7RSaKlc&ab_channel=LearnAcademicEnglish
The presenter delineates a methodical strategy for efficiently summarizing
an article. She advocates for a thorough reading of the original text with a
critical eye, emphasizing main concepts and accompanying details,
followed by the creation of an outline that rephrases these elements in one's
own language. When crafting the summary, begin with an introductory
sentence that includes the title, author, and primary argument.
Subsequently, succinctly list the principal ideas in sequence, supported by
pertinent evidence but avoiding superfluous examples. It is essential to
maintain an objective tone throughout, incorporating smooth transitions for
coherence. The summary should strike a balance between being
comprehensive and concise, and meticulous proofreading is advised.

Mechanics of writing
206
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yiy0BfxIBnU
Practical tips are: Craft your sentences to be clear and concise, steering
clear of lengthy, convoluted ones that employ passive voice and jargon.
Opt for active voice and robust verbs with a specific and assertive tone to
render your writing more compelling and comprehensible. Should you need
to employ specialized terms, ensure to define them for your readers' clarity.
Guarantee that your essay comprises a well-defined introduction, body
paragraphs, and conclusion. Identify the key points of your essay and
arrange them logically throughout the introduction, body, and conclusion
sections.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtW64ZDSy1A
Guidelines for academic writing: Emulate proficient writing by replicating
sentences to observe how ideas are interconnected. Study exemplary essays
and articles to glean insights into effective writing techniques. Engage in
essay writing exercises and meticulously analyse each sentence to refine
grammar, expand vocabulary, and enhance the coherence of ideas. Be
attentive to smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs. Ensure
each paragraph maintains a central focus, with all sentences contributing to
that focal point. Seek feedback on your writing from individuals proficient
in English. Challenge yourself with complex yet captivating reading
materials to augment your language comprehension and expand your
vocabulary. Refrain from relying on writing templates, as evaluators can
detect them and they may not align with the specific essay topic. Avoid
mimicking someone else's writing style; instead, learn from diverse styles
and cultivate your own voice. Understand that there are no quick fixes;
improving writing skills requires dedication and consistent practice over
time.

https://youtu.be/oLX7oyZB5Ng?si=EinkLyD8Q0FYTx0v
Guidelines for academic writing: Keep it brief: express information clearly,
using minimal words (e.g., action verbs) to avoid unnecessary verbosity.
Organize your paper: Allocate 5 minutes to outline your thoughts before
commencing writing; this aids in structuring your writing effectively. Steer
clear of contractions, idiomatic expressions, and colloquialisms: avoid
informal language to maintain a professional tone. Diversify your sentence
structure: ensure your text flows smoothly with a balanced rhythm by
207
 varying your sentence structures. Employ the active voice: opt for active
constructions to enhance clarity and engagement. Minimize repetition:
utilize a range of vocabulary to avoid redundancy. Review and revise your
writing: take the time to assess the structure, eliminate repetition and
grammatical errors, and ensure logical coherence in your ideas.

https://youtu.be/iTJgIgCtNi4?si=Q5gPtpyFkf7Asjpi
Here is the list of words from the lesson:
1. Adequate /ˈæd.ə.kwət/ – enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose
2. Analysis /əˈnæl.ə.sɪs/ – the study or examination of something in detail
3. Constraints /kənˈstreɪnts/ – something that controls what you do by
keeping you within particular limits
4. Corresponding /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒn.dɪŋ/ – similar to, connected with, or caused
by something else
5. Cycle /ˈsaɪ.kəl/ – a group of events that happen in a particular order, one
following the other, and are often repeated
6. Dominant /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/ – more important, strong, or noticeable than
anything else of the same type
7. Exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ – to prevent someone or something from entering a
place or taking part in an activity
8. Hence /hens/ – that is the reason or explanation for
9. Implication /ˌɪm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – the effect that an action or decision will
have on something else in the future
10. Indicate /ˈɪn.də.keɪt/ – to show, point, or make clear in another way
11. Interpretation /ɪnˌtɝː.prəˈteɪ.ʃən/ – an explanation or opinion of what
something means
12. Link /lɪŋk/ – a connection between two people, things, or ideas
13. Maintenance /ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/ – the work needed to keep a road,
building, machine, etc. in good condition
14. Maximum /ˈmæk.sə.məm/ – being the largest amount or number
allowed or possible
15. Minimum /ˈmɪn.ə.məm/ – the smallest amount or number allowed or
possible
16. Normal /ˈnɔːr.məl/ – ordinary or usual; the same as would be expected
17. Obvious /ˈɑːb.vi.əs/ – easy to see, recognize, or understand
18. Parameters /pəˈræm.ə.t̬ɚ/ – a set of facts that establishes or limits how
something can be done or must be done
19. Period /ˈpɪr.i.əd/ – length of time
208
 20. Proportion /prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/ – the number or amount of a group or part of
something when compared to the whole
21. Shift /ʃɪft/ – to move or change from one position or direction to
another, especially slightly
22. Reliance /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ – the state of depending on or trusting in something
or someone
23. Role (noun) /roʊl/ – the position or purpose that someone or something
has in a situation, organization, society, or relationship
24. Sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/ – a series of related things or events, or the order
in which they follow each other
25. Variables /ˈver.i.ə.bəl/ – a number, amount, or situation that can change

https://youtu.be/58Tjby7Lywk?si=qdVeBeply0IztMYt
The video contains useful phrases which are recommended to be used in
your essays.

Editing

https://youtu.be/KdPaXYffCCw?si=vKhzkwxEjt8XT5KF
The speaker offers an extensive tutorial on editing and proofreading your
text with a focus on register and tone. Register denotes the level of
language formality, ranging from formal to informal, while tone conveys
your perspective towards the subject matter or audience. She further
supplies a checklist of elements to monitor, encompassing non-standard
vocabulary usage, grammar accuracy, spelling, punctuation, and
abbreviations.

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