Chapter 9 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

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Solution We are to verify that a given velocity field is incompressible.

Assumptions 1 The flow is two-dimensional, implying no z component of velocity and no variation of u or v with z.

Analysis The components of velocity in the x and y directions respectively are

u = 1.6 + 2.8x v = 1.5  2.8y

To check if the flow is incompressible, we see if the incompressible continuity equation is satisfied:

su sv sw
+ + =0 or 2.8  2.8 = 0
s x
N N s y sz
N
2.8 2.8 0 since 2-D

So we see that the incompressible continuity equation is indeed satisfied. Hence the flow field is incompressible.

Discussion The fact that the flow field satisfies continuity does not guarantee that a corresponding pressure field exists
that can satisfy the steady conservation of momentum equation.

9-24
Solution We are to expand the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
G  s G s G s G ­¬
Analysis We expand the second term by taking the dot product of the del operator ‹ = žž i + j + k ­­ with
žŸ sx sy sz ­®
G G G G
SV = (Su) i + (Sv) j + (Sw) k , giving

Compressible continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates:

sS s (Su) s (S v) s (S w) (1)
+ + + =0
st sx sy sz

We can further expand Eq. 1 by using the product rule on the spatial derivatives, resulting in 7 terms,

sS su sS sv sS sw sS
Further expansion: +S +u +S +v +S +w =0 (2)
st sx sx sy sy sz sz

Discussion We can do a similar thing in cylindrical coordinates, but the algebra is somewhat more complicated.

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 Chapter 9 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
9-28
Solution For a given axial velocity component in an axisymmetric flow field, we are to generate the radial velocity
component.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is axisymmetric implying that uR = 0 and
there is no variation in the R direction.

Analysis We use the incompressible continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates, simplified as follows for
axisymmetric flow,

1 s (rur ) s (uz )
Incompressible axisymmetric continuity equation: + =0 (1)
r sr sz

We rearrange Eq. 1,

s (rur ) s (uz ) u  uz ,entrance

= r = r z ,exit (2)
sr sz L

We integrate Eq. 2 with respect to r,

r 2 uz ,exit  uz ,entrance
rur =  + f ( z) (3)
2 L

Notice that since we performed a partial integration with respect to r, we add a function of the other variable z rather than
simply a constant of integration. We divide all terms in Eq. 3 by r and recognize that the term with f(z) will go to infinity at
the centerline of the nozzle (r = 0) unless f(z) = 0. We write our final expression for ur,

r uz ,exit  uz ,entrance
Radial velocity component: ur =  (4)
2 L

Discussion You should plug the given equation and Eq. 4 into Eq. 1 to verify that the result is correct. (It is.)

9-19
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 Chapter 9 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
9-31
Solution We are to find the z component of velocity using given expressions for u and v.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible.

Analysis We apply the steady incompressible continuity equation to the given flow field,

sw su sv sw
Condition for incompressibility: =  = 2 a  by + bz 2
sz sx N
N sy sz
2 a +by
bz 2

Next we integrate with respect to z. Note that since the integration is a partial integration, we must add some arbitrary
function of x and y instead of simply a constant of integration.

bz 3
Solution: w = 2 az  byz + + f ( x, y)
3

Discussion To satisfy the incompressible continuity equation, any function of x and y will work since there are no
derivatives of w with respect to x or y in the continuity equation.

9-32
Solution We are to find the most general form of the tangential velocity component of a purely circular flow that
does not violate conservation of mass.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y or r-R plane.

Analysis We use cylindrical coordinates for convenience. We solve for uR using the incompressible continuity equation,

1 s (rur ) 1 s (uR ) s (uz ) s (uR )

+ + =0 or =0 (1)
r sr
 r sR sz sR

0 for circular flow 0 for 2-D flow

We integrate Eq. 1 with respect to R, adding a function of the other variable r rather than simply a constant of integration
since this is a partial integration,

Result: uR = f (r ) (2)

Discussion Any function of r in Eq. 2 will satisfy the continuity equation.

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 Chapter 9 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
9-41
Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an expression for ψ, and we are to calculate the volume flow
rate per unit width between two streamlines.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane.

Analysis We start by picking one of the two definitions of the stream function (it doesn’t matter which part we
choose – the solution will be identical).
sψ
=u =V (1)
sy

Next we integrate Eq. 1 with respect to y, noting that this is a partial integration and we must add an arbitrary function of
the other variable, x, rather than a simple constant of integration.
ψ = Vy + g(x ) (2)
Now we choose the other part of the definition of ψ, differentiate Eq. 2, and rearrange as follows:
sψ
v = = g a ( x ) (3)
sx
where ga(x) denotes dg/dx since g is a function of only one variable, x. We now have two expressions for velocity
component v, the given equation and Eq. 3. We equate these and integrate with respect to x to find g(x),
v = 0 = ga ( x ) ga ( x ) = 0 g( x) = C (4)
Note that here we have added an arbitrary constant of integration C since g is a function of x only. Finally, plugging Eq. 4
into Eq. 2 yields the final expression for ψ,
Stream function: ψ = Vy + C (5)
Constant C is arbitrary; it is common to set it to zero, although it can be set to any desired value. Here, ψ = 0 along
the streamline at y = 0, forcing C to equal zero by Eq. 5. For the streamline at y = 0.5 m,
Value of ψ2: ψ 2 = (5.08 m/s)(0.5 m) = 2.54 m2 /s (6)
The volume flow rate per unit width between streamlines ψ2 and ψ0 is equal to ψ2 – ψ0,
V
Volume flow rate per unit width: = Z2  Z0 = (2.54  0) m 2 /s = 2.54 m 2 /s (7)
W
We verify our result by calculating the volume flow rate per unit width from first principles. Namely, volume flow rate is
equal to speed times cross-sectional area,
Volume flow rate per unit width:
V
= V ( y2  y0 ) = (5.08 m/s)[(0.5  0) m] = 2.54 m 2 /s (8)
W
Discussion If constant C were some value besides zero, we would still get the same result for the volume flow rate
since C would cancel out in the subtraction.

9-28
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334 Solutions Manual x Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

Solution: With u 3y and v 2x, we

may check w u/w x  w v/w y 0  0 0, OK.
Find the streamlines from u w \/w y 3y
and v –w\/wx 2x. Integrate to find
3 2 51°
\ y  x2 Ans. 39°
x
2
Fig. P4.47
Set \ 0, r1, r2, etc. and plot some
streamlines at right: flow around corners of
half-angles 39q and 51q.

P4.48 Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible flow, which clearly satisfies
continuity:
u Uo constant, v Vo constant
Find the stream function \(r, T) of this flow, that is, using polar coordinates.

Solution: In cartesian coordinates the stream function is quite easy:

u w\/w y Uo and v –w\/wx Vo or: \ Uoy – Vox  constant
But, in polar coordinates, y rsinT and x rcosT. Therefore the desired result is
\(r, T) Uor sinT – Vor cosT  constant Ans.

P4.49 Investigate the stream function \

K(x2 – y2), K constant. Plot the streamlines
in the full xy plane, find any stagnation
points, and interpret what the flow could
represent.

Solution: The velocities are given by

w\ w\
u 2Ky; v  2Kx
wy wx
Fig. P4.49
This is also stagnation flow, with the stream-
lines turned 45q from Prob. 4.48.