FUNCTIONS

What is a Relation and how is it connected to a

Function?
• A relation pairs inputs with outputs.
• When a relation is given as ordered pairs, the x-coordinates
are the inputs and the y-coordinates are outputs.
• A relation that pairs each input with exactly one output is a
function.
Relation

Function
Different illustrations of Functions and Relations
• Set of Ordered Pairs
• Mapping / Diagram
• Graphing
Set of Ordered Pair
Diagram
Graphing

One can use the Vertical Line Test to determine if the graph is
a function or a relation.
Vertical Line Test

If any vertical line passes through more than one point

of the graph, then that relation is not a function.
Domain and Range
Consider the relationship between the weight of five
students and their ages as shown below.
We can represent this information as a set of ordered pairs.
An age of 10 years would correspond to a weight of 31 kg.
An age of 16 years would correspond to a weight of 53 kg
and so on.
This type of information represents a relation between two
sets of data. This in formation could then be represented as
a set of ordered pairs.
{( 10, 31), ( 12, 36), ( 14, 48), (16, 53), (18, 65)}
The set of all first elements of the ordered pair is called the domain
of the relation and is referred to as the independent variable. The set
of all second elements is called the range and is referred to as the
dependent variable.

For the above example,

Domain = {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
Range = {31, 36, 48, 53, 65}
Ex. Find the domain of

Since division by zero is undefined we must

The domain can be expressed as the intervals

Ex. Find the domain of

Since the square root of a negative number is undefined, we must have

The domain can be expressed as the interval

Types of Functions and its Operations
Type 1: Constant Function

f(x) = C

Example:
f(x) = 1
Type 2: Power Function

f(x) = xa

Example:
f(x) = xn
Type 2: Power Function

Example (if a is +):

f(x) = xn
Where: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…

The graph shape depends on n either being odd or even

Type 2: Power Function

Example (if a is -1):

f(x) = xn
Where: n = -1

The graph shape becomes a hyperbola

Type 2: Power Function

Root Function
Example (if a is 1/n):
f(x) = x(1/n)
f(x) = n√x
Type 2: Power Function

Polynomial Function
Example:
f(x) = axn + bxn-1 + cxn-2
Where: n = highest degree
For 1st degree; f(x) = ax + b,
Type 2: Power Function

Polynomial Function
For 2nd degree; f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
Type 2: Power Function
Polynomial Function:
Higher Degrees
Type 3: Algebraic Functions

Can be constructed using algebraic operations

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square
root)
Type 4: Trigonometric
Functions
Type 5: Exponential
Functions
Type 6: Log Function

f(x) = logax (inverse

exponential)
Quadratic Function
(Parabola)
Quadratic Function (Parabola)

General form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Standard (Vertex) form
f(x) = a(x−h)2+k
Standard (Vertex) form
As with the general form, if a > 0, the
parabola opens upward and the vertex is a
minimum. If a < 0, the parabola opens
downward, and the vertex is a maximum. The
figure represents the graph of the
quadratic function written in standard form
as y = −3(x+2)2+4. Since x–h = x+2 in this
example, h = –2. In this form, a = −3, h = −2,
and k = 4. Because a < 0, the parabola opens
downward. The vertex is at (−2,4).
Function Operations
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be any two functions. You can add, subtract,
multiply or divide 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) to form a new function.
The domain of new function consist of the 𝒙 -values that are
in the domains of both 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
When new function involves division, the domain does not
include 𝒙 -values for which the denominator is equal to zero.
Function Operations
Sample Problem 1: Find (𝒇+𝒈)(𝒙), (𝒇−𝒈)(𝒙),(𝒇∗𝒈)(𝒙),
and (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) for each 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟓
Sample Problem 1: Find (𝒇+𝒈)(𝒙), (𝒇−𝒈)(𝒙),(𝒇∗𝒈)(𝒙),
and (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) for each 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟓

𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) + (𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔
Sample Problem 1: Find (𝒇+𝒈)(𝒙), (𝒇−𝒈)(𝒙),(𝒇∗𝒈)(𝒙),
and (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) for each 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟓
𝟐
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = (𝒙 +𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝟐
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟒
Sample Problem 1: Find (𝒇+𝒈)(𝒙), (𝒇−𝒈)(𝒙),(𝒇∗𝒈)(𝒙),
and (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) for each 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟓
𝒇 ∗ 𝒈 𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) ∗ (𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝒇 ∗ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟓
Sample Problem 1: Find (𝒇+𝒈)(𝒙), (𝒇−𝒈)(𝒙),(𝒇∗𝒈)(𝒙),
and (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) for each 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟓
𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒙 =
𝒈 𝒙−𝟓
Composition of Functions
The composition of function 𝒇 with function 𝒈 is defined by
(𝒇∘𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

The domain of the composite function 𝒇∘𝒈 is the set of all

such that:
1. 𝒙 is in the domain of 𝒈 and
2. 𝒈(𝒙) is in the domain of 𝒇.
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙+𝟏

𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 =?
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙+𝟏
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 =?
𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 =𝟐 𝒈 𝒙 −𝟑
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 =𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 −𝟑
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟑
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.

𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟑 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝒙 =?
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟑 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝒙 =?
𝒈∘𝒇 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
𝟐
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐+𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 + 𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.

𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 =?
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.
𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 =?
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙
𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = ≠𝟎 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒈 𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = −𝟑≠𝟎 𝒙≠
𝟏 𝒙 𝟑
−𝟑
𝒙
𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.
𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝒙 =?
𝒙 𝒙
Sample Problem 3: Find each composite function.
𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝒙 =?
𝒙 𝒙
𝒈∘𝒇 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = ≠𝟎 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝒙
𝒙
𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐
Limit of a Function
Limit of a Function
y
The limit of f (x), as x approaches a, equals L
L
written:
x
a
if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close
to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to a.
Limit of a Function
Ex.

y
6

Note: f (-2) = 1
x
is not involved
-2
Properties of Limits
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits
Ex.
Properties of Limits: Indeterminate Form n/0
Ex.
Properties of Limits: Indeterminate Form n/0
Ex. Notice form
Properties of Limits: Indeterminate Form n/0
Ex. Notice form

Factor and cancel

common factors
Properties of Limits: Indeterminate Form n/0
Ex. Notice form

Factor and cancel

common factors
Properties of Limits: Indeterminate Form n/0
Find the limit.

Solution:
Begin by factoring the numerator and dividing out any common
factors.

Factor numerator.
 Divide out common
factor.

(x – 2) Simplify.

= –3 – 2 Direct substitution

= –5 Simplify.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Another way to find the limits of some functions is first to rationalize
the numerator of the function. This is called the rationalizing
technique.

We have known that rationalizing the numerator means multiplying

the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator.

For instance, the conjugate of + 4 is – 4.

Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Find the limit.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Find the limit.

Solution:
By direct substitution, you obtain the indeterminate form .

Indeterminate form
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
In this case, you can rewrite the fraction by rationalizing the
numerator.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
In this case, you can rewrite the fraction by rationalizing the
numerator.

Multiply.

Simplify.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique

Divide out common factor.

Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique

Divide out common factor.

Simplify.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Now you can evaluate the limit by direct substitution.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Now you can evaluate the limit by direct substitution.
Properties of Limits: Rationalizing Technique
Now you can evaluate the limit by direct substitution.
Limits at Infinity

For all n > 0,

provided that is defined.

Limits at Infinity

Ex.
Limits at Infinity

Ex.
Divide by
Limits at Infinity

Ex.
Divide by
Limits at Infinity

Ex.
Divide by
One-sided Limits
One-sided Limits
The right-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a, equals L
written:
if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently
close to the right of a.

a
One-sided Limits
The right-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a, equals M
written:
if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close to M by taking x to be
sufficiently close to the left of a.
y

M
x
a
One-sided Limits
Ex. Given
One-sided Limits
Ex. Given

Find
One-sided Limits
Ex. Given

Find
One-sided Limits
Ex. Given

Find Find
One-sided Limits
Ex. Given

Find Find
Continuity of a Function
Continuity of a Function
A function f is continuous at the point x = a if
the following are true: y

f(a)

x
a
Continuity of a Function
The constant function f (x) is continuous everywhere.
Ex. f (x) = 10 is continuous everywhere.

The identity function f (x) = x is continuous everywhere.

Continuity of a Function
If f and g are continuous at x = a, A rational function is
then continuous at all x values in its
domain.

A polynomial function y = P(x) is

continuous at everywhere.
Continuity of a Function
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b] and L is any number
between f (a) and f (b), then there is at least one number c in [a, b] such that
f(c) = L. y

f (b)
f (c) = L
f (a)
x
a c b
Continuity of a Function
Ex.
Continuity of a Function
Ex.
Continuity of a Function
Ex.

f (x) is continuous for all values of x and since

f (1) < 0 and f (2) > 0, by the Intermediate Value
Theorem, there exists a c on (1, 2) such that
f (c) = 0.
Continuity of a Function
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b], and f(a) and f(b) have
opposite signs, then there is at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the
interval (a, b).
y
f(b)

a
x
b
f(a)
Discontinuity in a Function
There are three main types of discontinuities in a function:
removable, jump, and infinite.
A discontinuity is a point
where the graph of a function
breaks. A function that is not
continuous has a
discontinuity.
Discontinuity in a Function
Removable Discontinuity
• For a function f, if the limit lim x→a f(x) exists (i.e., lim x→a- f(x) = lim
x→a+ f(x)) but it is NOT equal to f(a)
• Occurs when a point on a graph is missing or doesn't match a real
limit
• The graph of a function with a removable discontinuity has a hole
or missing point
Discontinuity in a Function
Jump Discontinuity
• Occurs when the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit exist but
are not equal
• There is a sudden leap in function values
• The floor function and the ceiling function are examples of
functions with jump discontinuities
Discontinuity in a Function
Infinite/Essential Discontinuity
• The values of one or both of the limits lim x→a- f(x) and lim x→a+
f(x) is ± ∞.
• A function with an infinite discontinuity has a vertical asymptote
on one or both sides of the discontinuity
Derivatives
Rates of Change
Average rate of change of f over the interval
[x, x+h]
Slope of Secant Line

Instantaneous rate of change of f at x

Slope of the
Tangent Line
Derivatives
The derivative of a function f with respect to x is
the function given by

It is read “f prime of x.”

Derivatives
Four-step process for finding

1. Compute

2. Find

3. Find

4. Compute
Derivatives
Given
Derivatives
Given

1.
Derivatives
Given

1.
2.
Derivatives
Given

1.
2.

3.
Derivatives
Given

1.
2.

4.
3.
Derivatives
Given

1.
2.

4.
3.
Derivatives
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
at any point (x, f(x)).
Derivatives
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
at any point (x, f(x)).
Step 1.
Derivatives
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
at any point (x, f(x)).
Step 1.

Step 2.
Derivatives
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
at any point (x, f(x)).
Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.
Derivatives
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
at any point (x, f(x)).
Step 4.
Differentiability and Continuity
If a function is differentiable at x = a, then it is
continuous at x = a. y
Not
Continuous

x
Still
Not Continuous
Differentiable
Differentiability and Continuity
The function is not differentiable at x
= 0 but it is continuous everywhere.
y

x
O
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Constant

Theorem: The derivative of a constant function

is 0; that is, if c is any real number,
then,
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Constant
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Power Functions
Theorem: (Power Rule) If n is a positive integer,
then,

In words, to differentiate a power function, decrease the constant

exponent by one and multiply the resulting power function by the
original exponent .
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Power Functions
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Power Functions
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function
Theorem: (Constant Multiple Rule) If f is a
differentiable function at x and
c is any real number, then cf is
also differentiable at x and

In words, the derivative of a constant times a function is the

constant times the derivative of the function, if this derivative exists.
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Sums or Differences
Theorem: ( Sum or Difference Rule) If f and g are
both differentiable functions at x,
then so are f + g and f – g, and
or
In words, the derivative of a sum
or of a difference equals the sum or
difference of their derivatives, if
these derivatives exist.
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Sums or Differences
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Sums or Differences
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Product
Theorem: (The Product Rule) If f and g are both
differentiable functions at x, then so
is the product f ● g, and
or

In words the derivative of a product of two functions is the first function

times the derivative of the second plus the second function times the
derivative of the first, if these derivatives exist.
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Product
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Product
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Product
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Quotient
Theorem: (The Quotient Rule) If f and g are both
differentiable functions at x, and if
g(x) ≠ 0 then f/g is differentiable at x
and

or
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Quotient
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Quotient
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Quotient
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Composition
Theorem: (The Chain Rule) If g is differentiable at
x and if f is differentiable at g(x), then
the composition f ◦ g is differentiable
at x. Moreover, if y=f(g(x)) and u=g(x)
then y=f(u) and
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Composition
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivatives of Composition
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Radical with index equal to 2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then

The derivative of a radical whose index is two, is a fraction

whose numerator is the derivative of the radicand, and whose
denominator is twice the given radical, if the derivative exists.
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Radical with index other than 2
If n is any positive integer and u is a
differentiable function of x, then

The derivative of the nth root of a given function is the exponent

multiplied by the product of u whose power is diminished by one
and the derivative of u, if this derivative exists.
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Radical with index
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Radical with index
Differentiation Formulas (Derivatives of a Function)
Derivative of a Radical with index

Prepared by: Engr. Emmanuel Andrae Ramirez