Study of IC engine

ME 4101: Introduction to
Mechanical Engineering
 Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engines

Today’s Lecture
Contents:
 Internal Combustion Engines
 Types of Engine
 Component and engine terminologies
 The 4-stroke cycle
 The 2-stroke cycle

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 Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engine

External Combustion Engines : The combustion of fuel in presence of air occurs outside the
engine cylinder, only the heat produced is transported inside the engine, having its own
working fluid (steam). Example – Steam engines, Steam turbines.

Internal Combustion Engines : Here either the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder,
or the products of combustion works as the working fluid. Example – Petrol Engine, Diesel
engine, Gas Turbine.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engine

IC engine

Rotary Reciprocating

Open cycle Wankel Petrol Diesel

GT Engine Engine (SIE) Engine (CIE)

4 stroke 4 stroke

2 stroke 2 stroke

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 Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engine

❖ Reciprocating Vs Rotary Engine

• Quieter and smoother

• Flexibility and operation
reliability. • Low maintenance
• Easy to start the cost
piston • Long term reliability
• The high degree of
maneuverability
• Poor gas mileage
• Poor part-load and emission
efficiency. • Frequent
• High combustion rate maintenance

4 stroke Petrol Engine Wankel Engine

The reciprocating engines use the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the pistons to translate the
energy while the rotary engine makes use of the rotating motion of the rotor.

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 Internal Combustion Engines
Types of engines
❖ Engines can be classified according to –
❑ No. of cylinders: Single cylinder or Multi-
cylinder (1,2,3,4,5…..)

❑ Arrangement of Cylinders: Inline, V (60° -

90°), Radial, Opposed, W, X*.

❑ No. of strokes: Two-stroke, Four-stroke.

❑ Method of Ignition: SIE – Petrol, CIE –

Diesel

* for more info visit Types of Engine Cylinder Arrangement. Inline

Engine, V Engine, Radial Engine, Delta Engine, Opposed Piston,
Opposed Cylinder | Mecholic
Thermodynamics and Heat transfer (ME 4353) 12/11/2024
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 Internal Combustion Engines
Types of engines
❖ Engines can be classified according to –
❑ Type of cooling: Air-cooled (Motorcycles), Water-cooled (Cars, buses
etc.)

❑ Type of fuel used: Gasoline, C.N.G., Diesel, Alcohol, Hydrogen.

Thus, a modern engine can be called a 4-stroke, V4, spark ignition, water-
cooled, gasoline engine.

Thermodynamics and Heat transfer (ME 4353) 12/11/2024

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 Internal Combustion Engines
Engine Terminology
❖ ICE nomenclature

❑Top Dead Center (TDC):

▪ Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest point away from
the crankshaft.

❑Bottom Dead Center (BDC):

▪ Position of the piston when it stops at the nearest point away from
the crankshaft. Top because this position is at the top of the engines,
and dead because the piston stops as this point.
Stroke:
▪ Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position to the
other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.

Bore:
▪ It is defined as cylinder diameter or pistonface diameter; piston face
diameter is same as cylinder diameter (minus small clearance).
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 Internal Combustion Engines
Engine Terminology
❑Swept volume/Displacement volume :
▪ Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through one stroke.

❑Clearance volume:
▪ It is the minimum volume of the cylinder
available for the charge (air
or air fuel mixture) when the piston reaches at its outermost point
(top dead center or outer dead Center)during compression stroke of
the cycle. Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at
TDC.

❑Compression ratio:
▪ The ratio of total volume to clearance
volume of the cylinder is the
compression ratio of the engine. Typically, compression ratio for SI
engines varies form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to
24.

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 Internal Combustion Engines
Engine Main Components
Piston Connecting Rod Crank Shaft Flywheel
Converts between reciprocal and rotational motion

Piston: The piston is a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in

the engine cylinder. Made of aluminum, cast steel or cast iron. It
contains piston rings (oil & compression).

Connecting Rod: Connecting rod is used to transmit the motion

from the piston to the crankshaft. Made of forged-steel or cast iron.

Crankshaft: It is considered as the backbone of an engine. Its

function is to Convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary
motion with the help of connecting rod. Made of forged steel.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

Flywheel: Mounted on the crankshaft.

To maintain its speed const. Storing
excess energy during the power
stroke, which is returned during other
stroke.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)

The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and
exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working
cycle of the Gasoline and Diesel engine.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ Intake stroke or Induction:
- The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the intake valve open and
exhaust valve closed.
- This creates an increasing volume in the combustion chamber,
which in turn creates a vacuum.
- The resulting pressure differential through the intake system (from
atmospheric pressure on the outside to the vacuum on the inside)
causes air to be pushed into the cylinder.
- As the air passes through the intake system, fuel is added to it in the
desired amount by means of fuel injectors.
❖ Compression stroke:
- When the piston reaches BDC, the intake valve closes and piston
travels back to TDC with all valves closed.
- This compresses the air-fuel mixture, raising both the pressure and
temperature in the cylinder.
- Near the end of the stroke, the spark plug is fired and combustion is
initiated.
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 Internal Combustion Engines
The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)
❖ Combustion or Power stroke (Expansion):-
▪ Combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs in a very short length
of time with the piston near TDC (i.e., nearly constant-volume
combustion).
▪ It starts near the end of the compression stroke slightly bTDC
and lasts into the power stroke slightly aTDC.
▪ Combustion changes the composition of the gas mixture to
that of exhaust products and increases the temperature and
subsequently the pressure in the cylinder to a very high peak
value.
▪ With all valves closed, the high pressure created by the
combustion process pushes the piston away from TDC.
▪ This is the only stroke which produces the work output of the
engine cycle.
▪ As the piston travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder volume is
increased, causing pressure and temperature to drop.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ Exhaust Stroke:-
▪ Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still high relative to
the surroundings at this point. This pressure differential causes
much of the hot exhaust gas to be pushed out of the cylinder
▪ With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston now travels
from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke. This pushes most of the
remaining exhaust gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust
system at about atmospheric pressure, leaving only that trapped
in the clearance volume when the piston reaches TDC.
▪ This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of enthalpy, which
lowers the cycle thermal efficiency.

▪ Near the end of the exhaust stroke bTDC, the intake valve starts to
open, so that it is fully open by TDC when the new intake stroke
starts the next cycle.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ Valve Timing

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ Indicator Diagram:

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (CIE)

 The Diesel engine is also known as Compression Ignition engine (CIE) since ignition of the
fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical
compression instead of incitation by external source (spark plug).

 A fuel injector substitutes the spark plug which sprays liquid diesel onto the incoming air
through inlet valve causing a myriad combustion.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle (CIE)

❖ Intake Stroke
- The same as the intake stroke in an SIE with one major
difference: no fuel is added to the incoming air.
❖ Compression Stroke
- The same as in an SIE except that only air is
compressed, and compression is to higher pressures
and temperature.
- Late in the stroke fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber, where it mixes with the very hot
air. This causes the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite,
causing combustion to start .
❖ Combustion and Power Stroke
- Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues
at about constant pressure until fuel injection is
complete and the piston has started towards BDC.
- The power stroke continues as combustion ends and
the piston travels towards BDC.
❖ Exhaust Stroke: Same as with an SI engine
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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 4-stroke cycle

❖ Combustion of SIE vs CIE

SIE – homogenous combustion (gasoline SIE – lower peak pressure during combustion
particles mixes thoroughly) CIE – relatively higher peak pressure
CIE – myriad combustion (diesel particles do not
get enough time to fully atomize)

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 Internal Combustion Engines
Petrol engine vs Diesel engine
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
Induction Mixture of air and gasoline Only air is inducted
Compression peak Almost 10 bars at the end of compression
Almost 35 bars at the end of the stroke
pressure stroke
The fuel is injected in the form of fine spray. The
The charge is ignited with a spark plug (spark
Ignition temperature of the compressed air is sufficiently high
ignition)
to self-ignite the fuel (compression ignition)
The combustion of fuel takes place approx. at The combustion of fuel takes place approximately at
Combustion
constant volume. It works on Otto cycle. constant pressure. It works on Diesel cycle.
Compression ratio Around 8 – 11 Around 16 – 24
Homogenous combustion (as fuel particles are Myriad combustion (fuel particles do not get enough
State of combustion
uniformly distributed and atomized) time to atomize and vaporize)
Noise Less noise and vibration More noise and vibration (higher peak pressure)
Thermal efficiency Upto about 26% Upto about 40%
Maintenance cost Is less Is relatively higher
The running cost of petrol engines are high The running cost of diesel engines are relatively low
Running cost
due to excessive cost of petrol/ octane. due to lower cost of diesel.

Petrol engines are employed in light duty Diesel engines are generally employed in
Applications
22 vehicles such as scooters, motorcycles, cars. heavy duty vehicles like buses, trucks, etc
 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle

The 2-stroke engine produces 1 power stroke from 2 strokes of piston i.e., 1 revolution
of crank.

(a)Power or expansion
stroke
(b) Exhaust blowdown
(c) Scavenging
(d) Compression stroke
(e) Combustion

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ First Stroke (Compression & Intake)

❑ The already burnt gas from previous cycle goes out.

❑ Gas from crankcase moves above the piston from the Upper transfer port.
❑ Piston pushes up to compress the new gas

Notice the Inlet port opens so that the new gas-fuel mix can enter the lower half of
the chamber from the fuel injector/carburetor.

While the exhaust port is closed by the piston so that the gas cannot simply come in
from the inlet to then go out from the exhaust, unburnt.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle (SIE)

❖ Intake and Scavenging
❑ Spark Plug creates a spark which causes combustion.
❑ Piston gets pushed down due to combustion.
❑ Exhaust port opens due to piston moving down and the burnt
gas is released
 Note the inlet gets closed by the piston as it moves down.
 The placement of the inlet, exhaust, and transfer ports is very
crucial for these engines. The ports must open and close at the
right time.
 This animation shows an ideal engine, but as mentioned earlier,
no machine is “ideal”. Some fuel that enters will go out of the
exhaust unburnt, in fact, in 2-stroke engines, a lot of the gas that
goes out is not burnt. That is the reason why 2-stroke engines
don’t have great efficiency.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle (SIE)

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle

4-stroke engine 2-stroke engine
Construction Complex; Valve, CAM shaft – mechanism Simple; Ports instead of valves
❖ Difference between 4-stroke and 2-stroke engine
executes 1 cycle per 2 crankshafts For one complete revolution of the
Cycle
revolutions. crankshaft, the engine executes one cycle
Weight Around 50% more heavier Lighter; Easier to manufacture
Produces a lot of pollution including burnt
Emissions More environment friendly
oil, fuel leaks in exhaust.
Power to
Relatively lower Relatively higher
weight ratio
Since designed to run at higher RPM, they
Durability More durable
tend to wear out faster.
Efficiency Higher; Fuel consumed once/ 4-stroke Lower; Once every 2-strokes
Applications Almost all modern cars, trucks, buses Lawnmower, Dart bike, Scooter (Old)

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 Internal Combustion Engines

The 2-stroke cycle

❖ The 2-stroke engine is mostly phased out in recent times. The environmental pollution is the
main factor. Although it’s high power-to-weight ratio and low cost attracts small
applications where environmental pollution is not a factor.

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 Internal Combustion Engines

Homework questions
 Question 1. “ The compression ratio of SIE is generally
lower than CIE” – Explain.
 Question 2. “CIE are typically large engines” – Explain in
brief.
 Question 3. Can we use diesel in a spark ignition engine?
 Question 4. Why does a CIE experience more noise and
vibration than SIE ?

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