1.

digitizing the structure map into shapefile

To digitize a structure map (e.g., a contour map) into a shapefile in Petrel, you need
to trace the contours or features and then export them as a shapefile. This process
involves using Petrel's tools to create polylines or polygons that represent the contours
on the map. Here’s how to do it step by step:

Steps to Digitize a Structure Map and Export as a

Shapefile in Petrel

1. Import the Structure Map

1. Open your project in Petrel.

2. Go to the Input Pane and right-click on the Images folder.
3. Import the structure map JPEG or similar format (if not already imported).
4. Georeference the image (as explained earlier) so that it aligns with your project's coordinate
system.

2. Prepare for Digitization

1. Display the Map:

1. Drag and drop the georeferenced image into a Map Window or a 2D Window.

2. Enable the Interpretation Mode:

1. Go to the Window Toolbar and activate the Interpretation tab to access digitization
tools.

3. Create a New Folder for Polylines:

1. In the Input Pane, right-click on the relevant folder (e.g., Lines) and create a new
polyline folder. Name it appropriately (e.g., "Contours").

3. Digitize the Contours

1. Start Drawing Polylines:

1. In the Interpretation Toolbar, select the Create Polyline tool.

2. Click on the map to trace the contour lines:

1. Use the mouse to place points along the contours.

 2. Double-click to finish a line.

3. Repeat this process for all contour lines.

2. Assign Elevations to Contours:

1. After creating a polyline, right-click on it in the Input Pane and select Edit.
2. Assign a Z-value (elevation) to the polyline to represent the contour level (e.g., 9900
ft, 10000 ft).

3. Organize Your Contours:

1. Group polylines by contour levels in separate folders for easy management

(optional).

4. Export the Polylines to Shapefile

1. Select the Polylines:

1. In the Input Pane, right-click on the polyline folder (or specific polylines) that you
want to export.

2. Export to Shapefile:

1. Right-click on the polyline folder and select Export > ESRI Shapefile.
2. Specify a name and location for the shapefile.
3. Ensure the coordinate system is consistent with your project’s CRS.

3. Verify the Export:

1. The exported shapefile will consist of the geometry (polylines) and their associated
attributes (e.g., Z-values if added).

5. Optional: Attribute Data

If you want to include attributes like contour levels (Z-values) in the shapefile:

 Before exporting, ensure you have assigned the Z-values or other attributes to the polylines.
 Petrel will include this metadata in the shapefile automatically.

Tips for Digitizing in Petrel

1. Snap to Grid:

o Use grid snapping to ensure accuracy when tracing lines.

 2. Zoom In for Detail:

o Work in small areas at a time and zoom in to accurately place points.

3. Export Folder vs. Individual Lines:

o Exporting an entire polyline folder will create a single shapefile containing all the
contours. Exporting individual polylines will create separate shapefiles.

Verification in GIS Software

Once the shapefile is exported, you can open it in GIS software (like ArcGIS or
QGIS) to verify:

 The spatial alignment of contours.

 The presence of attribute data (e.g., Z-values for contours).

2. marking top of reservoir for each wells

1. Import the Well Data

1. Import Wells:
1. Ensure that all the wells are properly imported into Petrel.
1. Go to the Input Pane > Right-click on the Wells folder > Select Import
Wells.
2. Import well trajectory, log data, and any relevant markers if available.
2. Verify that the wells appear in the 3D Window and are aligned with the project’s coordinate
system.

2. Visualize the Well Logs

1. Open the Well Section Window:

1. Right-click on a well in the Input Pane and select Open Well Section Window.
2. The well log data, including gamma-ray, resistivity, or other logs, will be displayed in
the window.

2. Load the Logs:

1. Drag and drop the appropriate log curves (e.g., gamma-ray, resistivity) from the
Input Pane into the Well Section Window.
2. This helps in visually identifying the reservoir top.

3. Identify the Reservoir Top

1. Use Well Logs:

 1. Analyze the logs to identify the top of the reservoir. For example:

1. A gamma-ray log may show a low GR value, indicating a sandstone or

reservoir interval.
2. A resistivity log may show a high resistivity value corresponding to
hydrocarbons.

2. Correlate with Seismic Data (if available):

1. If the reservoir top has been mapped as a seismic horizon, overlay the horizon on
the well log for accurate picking.

4. Add a Well Marker for the Top Reservoir

1. Create a New Marker:

1. In the Well Section Window:

1. Right-click in the depth track (or log area) where the reservoir top is
identified.
2. Select Add Marker.

2. Assign a name to the marker (e.g., "Top Reservoir") and save it.

2. Assign Marker Depth:

1. Use the depth scale in the Well Section Window to position the marker accurately at
the identified depth.

5. Apply to Other Wells

1. Repeat the process for all wells:

1. Open each well in the Well Section Window.

2. Identify the reservoir top using logs and assign a marker at the correct depth.

6. Verify in 3D Window

1. Open the 3D Window and enable well markers:

1. Go to the Wells folder > Expand a well > Ensure the Markers folder is visible.
2. The top reservoir marker should appear as a point or annotation along the wellbore.

2. Verify consistency between wells:

1. Check that the markers follow the structural trend of the reservoir.
7. Link with Surfaces (Optional)

1. If a Top Reservoir Horizon exists in the seismic data:

1. Correlate the well markers with the surface.

2. Use the markers to refine or validate the seismic interpretation.

2. If no horizon exists:

1. Use the well markers to create a new structural surface for the top reservoir:

1. Go to the Surfaces module.

2. Interpolate a surface based on the marker depths from all wells.

8. Export or Use in Modeling

1. Use the well markers in further workflows:

1. Reservoir Modeling: Use the markers as input for structural or property modeling.
2. Export Data: Export the markers for external analysis if needed:

1. Right-click on the Markers folder > Select Export > Choose the desired
format (e.g., CSV).

3. Marking water contact for each wells

1. Import and Prepare Well Data

1. Import Well Trajectories and Logs:

1. Make sure the well trajectories, well logs (e.g., resistivity, neutron-density, SP, etc.),
and any associated data are imported into Petrel.
1. Go to the Input Pane, right-click on the Wells folder, and select Import
Wells to load your data.
2. Ensure Well Data is Displayed Correctly:

1. Open the Well Section Window for a specific well by right-clicking the well and
selecting Open Well Section Window.
2. Drag relevant logs (e.g., resistivity, gamma-ray, density, neutron) into the Well
Section Window.

2. Identify the Water Contact Depth

1. Analyze the Resistivity Logs:

1. Look for a sharp decrease in resistivity, which typically indicates a transition from
hydrocarbons to water.
 1. High resistivity → Hydrocarbons (oil or gas).
2. Low resistivity → Water.

2. Use Neutron-Density Logs:

1. For oil-water contact (OWC) or gas-water contact (GWC):

1. Look for a neutron-density crossover in gas zones (for GWC).

2. Identify consistent neutron and density responses for oil and water zones.

3. Correlate with Pressure Data (if available):

1. If you have pressure-depth data (e.g., RFT, MDT, or DST):

1. Plot the pressure data to identify the fluid contact, typically indicated by a
change in gradient:

1. Oil gradient → Water gradient for OWC.

2. Gas gradient → Water gradient for GWC.

4. Cross-Check with Well Tests or Production Data:

1. Confirm the fluid contact depth using test data, if available, to ensure accuracy.

3. Add a Marker for Water Contact

1. Create a New Marker:

1. In the Well Section Window, right-click in the log area (or on the depth track) at the
depth where the water contact is identified.
2. Select Add Marker.

2. Name the Marker:

1. Assign a specific name to the marker, such as:

1. OWC (Oil-Water Contact).

2. GWC (Gas-Water Contact).

2. Save the marker.

4. Repeat for Other Wells

 Follow the same process to identify and mark water contacts for all wells in your project:
 o Open the Well Section Window for each well.
o Analyze the logs, confirm the water contact depth, and place the marker.

5. Visualize Water Contacts in 3D

1. Open the 3D Window:

o Ensure the wells and their markers are visible in the 3D view.

2. Enable Markers:

o In the Input Pane, expand the Wells folder and the specific well.
o Check that the Markers folder is visible, and the water contact marker appears
along the well trajectory.

3. Verify Consistency:

o Check that the markers follow the expected structural trend of the reservoir.

6. Use the Water Contacts in Interpretation

1. Correlate Across Wells:

o Use the Well Correlation Panel to compare the water contact depth across multiple
wells and validate the consistency of the contact.

2. Generate a Fluid Contact Surface:

o Use the water contact markers to create a surface:

 Go to the Surfaces module.

 Interpolate a surface using the marker depths across all wells.

o This surface can represent the oil-water contact (OWC) or gas-water contact (GWC)
for the entire reservoir.

7. Optional: Export the Water Contact Data

1. Export Markers:

o Right-click on the Markers folder for a well (or the entire project) and select Export.
o Choose a format (e.g., CSV or ASCII) to save the water contact depths for use in
other software or reports.
 Make a grid model -> lithology model -> porosity &
perm model

Step 1: Build the Structural Grid Model

This step involves constructing a structural grid that defines the reservoir geometry.

Step 1.1: Load and Define Input Data

 Import well trajectories, well logs, markers, seismic interpretation, and fault and horizon
surfaces into Petrel.

Step 1.2: Create the Structural Framework

 Go to Structural and Zone Modeling:

o Define faults (input fault polygons or surfaces).

o Define horizons (imported or manually interpreted surfaces).
o Use Pillar Gridding to create a 3D structural grid:
 Set the grid dimensions (number of cells in X, Y, and Z).
 Define layering for each reservoir zone (e.g., 5 vertical layers).
 Ensure fault planes and reservoir boundaries are honored.

Step 2: Upscale Well Logs

The upscaling process reduces high-resolution well log data to represent reservoir
properties within the 3D grid.

Step 2.1: Select Well Logs for Upscaling

 Identify the well logs that need to be upscaled, such as raw porosity, lithology, and
permeability.
 Navigate to Petrophysics > Upscaling Well Logs.

Step 2.2: Define the Upscaling Method

 Assign the 3D grid to the upscaling process:

o The grid is divided into cells by pillars (horizontally) and layering (vertically).
o The goal is to average well log values (e.g., porosity) within each cell penetrated by
the wells.

Step 2.3: Apply Averaging Techniques

 Choose the upscaling method:

 o Arithmetic Mean: Common for porosity.
o Geometric Mean: Useful for permeability.
o Harmonic Mean: Preferred for transmissibility properties.

 Upscale Raw Porosity:

o Calculate a single, averaged porosity value for each grid cell intersected by the well
(visualized as a red line representing the Upscaled Porosity).

Step 2.4: Validate Upscaled Data

 Open the Well Section Window:

o Overlay the raw well log with the upscaled values to ensure consistency.

 Check the upscaled logs in the 3D grid to confirm accurate representation of the well data.

Step 3: Lithology Distribution Using Sequential

Indicator Simulation (SIS)

The lithology model defines the spatial distribution of rock types (e.g., sand and
shale) in the reservoir.

Step 3.1: Prepare the Input Data

 Use the upscaled lithology logs as input (e.g., sand-shale classification).

 Define lithology categories (e.g., Sand = 1, Shale = 0).

Step 3.2: Set Up the SIS Method

1. Go to Models > Property Modeling > Facies Modeling.

2. Select Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS):

o SIS is a stochastic method based on Indicator Kriging (IK).

o For each grid cell:

 IK calculates the local probability distribution for each lithology (e.g., sand
or shale) based on upscaled well data and nearby cells.
 A random number (0 to 1) is drawn to assign the lithology:

 Example: If the random number = 0.45 and pshale>psandp_{\

text{shale}} > p_{\text{sand}}pshale>psand, the cell is assigned as
shale.

3. Input the variogram parameters:

o Define ranges, nugget, and sill for lithology properties.

o Use directional variograms if lithology trends (e.g., depositional patterns) are
evident.
Step 3.3: Generate the Lithology Model

 Run the SIS simulation.

 The lithology model will populate the grid with rock types, honoring the upscaled well data
and variogram settings.

Step 4: Porosity and Permeability Distribution Using

GRFS

Gaussian Random Function Simulation (GRFS) is used to model the petrophysical

properties (e.g., porosity and permeability).

Step 4.1: Prepare the Input Data

 Use the upscaled porosity and permeability logs as input data.

 Ensure the lithology model is finalized, as porosity and permeability depend on lithology
types (e.g., sand vs. shale).

Step 4.2: Set Up GRFS Method

1. Go to Models > Property Modeling > Porosity Modeling (or Permeability Modeling).
2. Select Gaussian Random Function Simulation (GRFS):

o GRFS is a geostatistical method based on Kriging.

o It uses a variogram to interpolate and simulate the property distribution.

Step 4.3: Define Variogram Parameters

 Input the variogram for porosity and permeability:

o Define ranges (e.g., major, minor, vertical), sill, and nugget values.
o Incorporate spatial anisotropy if the reservoir has directional trends (e.g., channel
systems).

 Use lithology as a trend:

o Example: Higher porosity in sand zones, lower porosity in shale zones.

Step 4.4: Simulate Porosity and Permeability

 Run the GRFS simulation:

o Petrel will populate the grid with porosity and permeability values, honoring well
data, lithology, and variogram settings.

Step 5: Quality Control

 1. Cross-Validate Property Models:

o Compare simulated porosity and permeability values with well log data.
o Check for consistency between lithology, porosity, and permeability models.

2. Visualize in 3D:

o Use the 3D window to inspect the distribution of lithology, porosity, and

permeability.

Step 6: Export the Model

1. Export Grid and Properties:

o Export the finalized grid model with lithology, porosity, and permeability properties
for use in flow simulation software (e.g., Eclipse or CMG).

2. Use for Volumetrics:

o Calculate hydrocarbons-in-place (STOIIP or GIIP) based on property models.

Summary of Techniques

1. Upscaling Well Logs: Averages raw data into grid cells to use in property modeling.
2. SIS (Lithology): Simulates lithology based on upscaled well logs using Indicator Kriging and
variograms.
3. GRFS (Porosity/Permeability): Distributes petrophysical properties using geostatistics,
honoring spatial trends.

4. Calculate STOIIP
Step 6: Populate the Grid with Reservoir Properties

Once the structural grid is in place, populate it with the necessary properties for
STOIIP calculation.

Step 6.1: Distribute Porosity

1. Import Porosity Logs:

1. Use well porosity logs from well data and upscale them into the grid cells (as done
earlier in Step 2).
2. Create Porosity Model:
 1. Go to Models > Property Modeling > Porosity Modeling.
2. Use Gaussian Random Function Simulation (GRFS) or Kriging to populate porosity
in the grid.
3. Ensure the porosity honors the well data and geological trends.

Step 6.2: Distribute Water Saturation (SwS_wSw)

1. Import Water Saturation Logs:

1. Use well SwS_wSw logs and upscale them into the grid cells.

2. Create Water Saturation Model:

1. Go to Models > Property Modeling > Saturation Modeling.

2. Populate SwS_wSw using an interpolation method (e.g., Kriging or GRFS) to account
for spatial variability.

Step 6.3: Apply Net-to-Gross Ratio (N/G)

1. Create Lithology Model:

1. Use the lithology model (created earlier using Sequential Indicator Simulation - SIS)
to define zones of sand (reservoir) and shale (non-reservoir).

2. Assign N/G Values:

1. Derive N/GN/GN/G from the lithology model or manually assign values to each zone
based on well data and regional trends.

Step 7: Define Fluid Contacts

Fluid contacts are critical for volumetric calculations.

Step 7.1: Identify Fluid Contacts

 Use well logs, pressure data, or production data to determine the depths of:

o Oil-Water Contact (OWC).

o Gas-Oil Contact (GOC), if applicable.

Step 7.2: Input Fluid Contacts

1. Set Contacts in Petrel:

o Right-click on the grid or zone > Edit Fluid Contacts.

o Input the depths of OWC and GOC as required.

2. Visualize Contacts in 3D:

 o Display the contacts in the 3D Window to verify alignment with the reservoir model.

Step 8: Perform Volumetric Calculations

Use Petrel’s volumetric tools to compute STOIIP.

Step 8.1: Open the Volumetric Calculator

 Go to Models > Calculate Volumes.

Step 8.2: Define Calculation Parameters

1. Select Zones:

o Select the reservoir zones for which STOIIP will be calculated.

2. Assign Properties:

o Ensure the following properties are linked to the calculation:

 Porosity (ϕ\phiϕ).
 Water Saturation (SwS_wSw).
 Net-to-Gross (N/GN/GN/G).

3. Input Fluid Properties:

o Set the Formation Volume Factor (BoB_oBo) based on PVT analysis.

o For example, BoB_oBo = 1.2 reservoir barrels/stock tank barrel (RB/STB).

Step 8.3: Define Cutoffs

 Apply property cutoffs to exclude non-productive cells:

o Porosity > 10%.

o Water Saturation < 60%.
o N/G > 20%.

Step 8.4: Run the Calculation

 Click Calculate to run the volumetric analysis.

Step 9: Analyze Results

1. View Results:

o Petrel will display the calculated STOIIP for each reservoir zone.
 o Results include pore volume, hydrocarbon pore volume, and stock tank oil initially
in place.

2. Export Results:

o Right-click on the volumetric results > Export to save as a report or data file.

Step 10: Validate and Refine

1. Cross-Check Results:

o Compare volumetric results with dynamic simulation, well performance data, or

material balance calculations.

2. Iterate as Needed:

o Refine the property models, cutoffs, or grid resolution to improve accuracy.