Survey of Eukaryotic Cell

and Microorganisms
PRESENTED BY:
Joshua Noel Mellor
Mark Rickson Mangubat
Angelica Carillas
Francine Rhey Panuncia
Table of contents

01 02 03
Cell shapes and Size Cell organization Cell external
structure

04 05 06
Kingdom Fungi Survey of Protist: Survey of Protist:
Algae Protozoa
 01
Cell Shapes
and Size
 Cell Size
Metric Meaning Metric Metric Meaning Metric
unit of Prefix Eq. unit of Prefix Eq.
1 m = 100 millime 1 mm =
Meter -
m ter -1/1000 0.001 m =
(mm) 10^−3 m
1 dm =
decimet
1/10 0.1 m = 1 µm =
er (dm) 10^−1 m
microm
1/1,000,000 0.000001
eter m=
1 cm = (μm) 10^−6 m
centime
1/100 0.01 m =
ter (cm) 10^−2 m 1 nm =
nanome
1/1,000,000 0.000000
ter ,000 001 m =
(nm) 10^−9 m
Cell Shapes
● In Eukaryotes (plant, animal,
fungal cells), the shape of the
cell depends on its function;

● Humans have cells of various

shapes; circular and biconcave
(RBC), amoeboid (WBC), long
and stretched and branched
cells (nerve cells), long and
narrow cells (columnar
epithelium) etc.
Cell Shapes
● Plant cells usually have square
or rectangle shape. Even in
plants some specialized cells
have different shapes e.g.
Guard cells of stomata
(kidney/Dumbell shaped)

● Fungal cells have a variety of

shapes. Single cellular fungi are
usually spherical and some
fungi are tubular and some
form long chains of cells.
 02
Cell
Organization
Cell Wall
● The cell wall is created from sturdier
compounds such as cellulose in plants and
peptidoglycan in bacteria.
● Composition varies depending on the
organism
● Examples:
○ Fungi: chitin/cellulose
○ Plants/algae: cellulose
○ Yeast: glucan/mannan
● Protozoa have pellicles instead of cell walls
● Animals lack cell walls, but have plasma
membrane with glycocalyx
● There are two types of cell walls found in
plants: primary cell walls and secondary cell
walls.
 Plasma Membrane
● Selectively permeable membrane enclosing the
cytoplasm of a cell
● Outer layer in animal cells
● Between cell wall and cytoplasm in other
organisms
Cytoplasmic membrane
● Composed of proteins and lipids
● Carbohydrates used to uniquely identify the cell
● Lipids help prevent cell destruction when
osmotic pressure increases and provide stability
● Lysis is the destruction of a cell
Plasma membrane function
● Substances enter and leave the cell through the
cytoplasmic membrane using simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active
transport
 Cytoplasm and Nucleus
Eukaryotic cytoplasm
● Contains cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and a
cytoskeleton
● Cytoskeleton provides structure, shape, and transport
Eukaryotic nucleus
● Contains DNA (hereditary information) and is
surrounded by a nuclear envelope
● DNA is also found in the mitochondria and
chloroplasts
● Nucleolus (within the nuclear envelope) is the site of
ribosomal RNA synthesis
● Chromatin (DNA and histones) condenses and coils to
form chromosomes during nuclear division
Eukaryotic cell division
● Mitosis is the formation of two daughter cells from a
parent cell
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Contributes to the mechanical support and distribution of
the cytoplasm
● Pathway for transporting lipids and proteins throughout
the cell
● Provides the surface area for the chemical reaction that
synthesizes lipids
● Stores lipids and proteins until the cell needs them
● Consists of cisterns, which are a network of flattened
membranous sacs
● Cisterns can be pinched off to become secretory vesicles,
which transport synthesized material in the cell
There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticula.
● Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Covered by ribosomes,
which are the sites for synthesizing protein.
● Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Not covered by ribosomes,
this is the site for synthesizing lipids.
 Golgi Apparatus/Complex

● Packages and delivers proteins,

lipids, and enzymes throughout the
cell and to the environment
● Contains cisternae, which are sacs or
vessels filled with proteins or lipids
● Cisternes detach from the Golgi
complex and are transported to
other parts of the cell
Lysosomes

● Spherical organelles in animal cells

● Formed from the Golgi complex, but
separate from it
● Contain enzymes used to digest
molecules that have entered the cell
● Can be thought of as the digestive
system of the cell
Mitochondria
● Organelle that is responsible for the cell's
energy production and cellular
respiration
● Contains cristae, which are folds that
increase the surface area for chemical
reactions
● Contains a matrix, which is a semifluid in
which ATP is produced
● ATP is the energy molecule in the cell
● The mitochondrion is often called the
"powerhouse of the cell"
Chloroplast
● Organelles found in eukaryotic cells of
green plants and algae
● Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid
pigments, which are used to gather light
● Contain enzymes necessary for
photosynthesis, which is the process of
converting light energy into chemical
energy
● Pigments are stored in membranous sacs
called thylakoids, which are arranged in
stacks called grana
Centrioles

● Pair of cylindrical structures near the

nucleus
● Composed of microtubules
● Aid in the formation of flagella and cilia
● Play a role in eukaryotic cell division
 03
Cell External
Structure
Flagella ● are long, whip-like appendages that are used for
locomotion
● The flagella have a whip-like appearance that helps
to propel a cell through the liquid
● They are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells, but they have different structures and
functions in each type of cell.
● They are made up of a bundle of microtubules that
are surrounded by a membrane. Eukaryotic flagella
are also powered by a motor protein, but the motor
protein is located inside the flagellum.
Examples of eukaryotic cells that have flagella:
○ Sperm cells
○ Protozoa, such as Euglena and Trypanosoma
○ Some algae, such as Chlamydomonas and
Volvox
Cilia ● are shorter and more numerous than flagella. They are
also used for locomotion, but can also be used to move
substances along the surface of the cell.
● Eukaryotic cilia are more complex structures than
prokaryotic cilia. They are made up of a bundle of
microtubules that are surrounded by a membrane.
Eukaryotic cilia are powered by a motor protein called
dynein.
● to move a cell or group of cells or to help transport fluid
or materials past them.
● Cilia are used for a variety of functions in eukaryotic
cells, including: LOCOMOTION, FLUID MOVEMENT, and
SENSORY FUNCTION
Here are some examples of organisms that use cilia:
○ Protozoa: Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Vorticella
○ Algae: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix
○ Animals: humans, other animals
Glycocalyx
● is a thin, gel-like layer that covers the
outside of the plasma membrane. It is
made up of carbohydrates and
proteins.
● The glycocalyx has a variety of
functions, including protection,
adhesion, and communication.
● The glycocalyx is a molecular
signature used to identify cells to
other cells.
● All eukaryotic cells
Plasma Membrane
● The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible
membrane that surrounds all eukaryotic
cells. It protects the cell from its
environment and regulates the movement
of substances into and out of the cell.
● separates the interior of the cell from the
outside environment.
● The cell membrane consists of a lipid
bilayer that is semipermeable.
● The cell membrane regulates the
transport of materials entering and exiting
the cell.