Experiment 4: Exploring Buffer Systems - Reviewer’s Material

Part 2: Exploring Buffer Systems

Introduction: Set A: Distilled water + acid/base
Concepts: Set B: Acetate buffer + acid/base
- Acids and bases dissociate in aqueous systems forming their Set C: Phosphate buffer + acid/base
conjugate pairs. For acids, this can be represented as:
Test Tube Contents: PWEDE PA TABLE? thanks
REFERENCE PO NASA BABA
Tube 1: Water + 1.5 mL acid
- Equilibrium constant Ka :
Tube 2: Water + 1.0 mL acid
Tube 3: Water + 0.25 mL acid
Tube 4: Water + 0.25 mL base
Tube 5: Water + 1.0 mL base
Tube 6: Water + 1.5 mL base
Tube 7: Acetate buffer + 1.5 mL acid
Buffer Systems: Tube 8: Acetate buffer + 1.0 mL acid
- When both a weak acid and its conjugate base are present, Tube 9: Acetate buffer + 0.25 mL acid
they form a buffer system that resists pH changes upon adding Tube 10: Acetate buffer + 0.25 mL base
Tube 11: Acetate buffer + 1.0 mL base
small amounts of acids or bases. This system is described by the
Tube 12: Acetate buffer + 1.5 mL base
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: Tube 13: Carbonate buffer + 1.5 mL acid
Tube 14: Carbonate buffer + 1.0 mL acid
Tube 15: Carbonate buffer + 0.25 mL acid
Tube 16: Carbonate buffer + 0.25 mL base
Tube 17: Carbonate buffer + 1.0 mL base
Tube 18: Carbonate buffer + 1.5 mL base
Materials and Reagents:
Apparatus:
Steps:
- Test tubes and rack
1. Measure and mix the specified amounts in each test tube.
- 250 mL beakers
2. Shake the test tubes and add droplets of the red cabbage
- 10 mL graduated cylinder
indicator.
- Two 1 mL syringes (to be brought by the student)
3. Compare the indicator color to the provided chart to
- Universal pH indicator
estimate the pH.
- Iron stand and ring
4. Document the color changes and photograph the results
- Water bath
against a white background.
- Bunsen burner

Data Collection and Analysis:

Reagents:
Estimation of pH: Use the indicator color chart to estimate
- Distilled water
and record pH values.
- 0.1 M HCl
- 0.1 M NaOH
- CH_3COOH/CH_3COONa buffer (pH 5)
- Na_2CO_3/NaHCO_3 buffer (pH 10)
- Red cabbage (for indicator preparation)

Procedure:
Part 1: Preparing a Red Cabbage Indicator
1. Boil 20 g of red cabbage with 100 mL of water for 10
minutes. Buffer Effectiveness: Observe and compare the pH stability in
2. Strain and let the cabbage extract cool. The extract will be water, acetate, and phosphate buffers upon addition of acids
used to estimate pH. and bases.
Experiment 4: Exploring Buffer Systems - Reviewer’s Material

Calculation-Based Review: PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

1. Calculation of pH: Problem 1: Calculating pH of a Buffer Solution
- Review the method of calculating pH using the Problem:
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution that contains 0.25 M
- Ensure accuracy in the calculations and correct application acetic acid (CH_3COOH) and 0.15 M sodium acetate
of the equation. (CH_3COONa). The K_a of acetic acid is 1.8 \times 10^{-5}.

2. Buffer Capacity: Solution:

- Assess the calculations to determine the buffer capacity of 1. Write the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
the acetate and phosphate buffers.
- Verify that the calculations show how well the buffer system
resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are
added. 2. Calculate pK_a :

Example Calculation from Experiment:

Let’s calculate the pH of an acetate buffer solution using the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
3. Substitute the given concentrations into the equation:
Given:
- Ka (acid dissociation constant) for acetic acid
(CH_3COOH) = 1.8 \times 10^{-5}
4. Calculate the ratio and its logarithm:
- Concentration of acetic acid, [HA] = 0.1 M
- Concentration of acetate ion, [A^-] = 0.01 M

Steps:
1. Calculate pK_a : 5. Combine the values:
pH = 4.74 + (-0.22)
pH = 4.52
Conclusion:
The pH of the buffer solution is 4.52.

2. Apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:

Substitute the given concentrations:

3. Calculate the logarithm:

4. Combine the values:

pH = 4.74 + (-1)
pH = 3.74
Conclusion:
The pH of the acetate buffer solution is 3.74.
Experiment 4: Exploring Buffer Systems - Reviewer’s Material

Problem 2: Buffer Capacity Conclusion:

Problem: The change in pH after adding 0.01 moles of HCl is from
Calculate the change in pH when 0.01 moles of HCl are added 9.26 to approximately 9.303, indicating a slight increase
to 1 L of a buffer solution containing 0.2 M NH_3 (ammonia) in pH.
and 0.2 M NH_4^+ (ammonium ion). The K_b of ammonia
is 1.8 x 10^{-5}. Problem 3: Dilution Effect on Buffer
Problem:
Solution: Calculate the pH of a buffer solution initially containing 0.1 M
1. Write the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:** CH_3COOH and 0.1 M CH_3COONa after dilution to
twice its original volume. The K_a of acetic acid is 1.8 \times
10^{-5}.

2. Calculate pK_b :
Solution:

1. Write the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:

2. Calculate pK_a :

3. Calculate the initial pH of the buffer:

3. Determine the new concentrations after dilution:

- Initial concentrations:

[CH_3COOH] = 0.1 \text{ M}

4. Determine the effect of adding HCl: [CH_3COONa] = 0.1 \text{ M}

- HCl will react with NH_3 to form NH_4^+:
- After dilution to twice the volume:

5. *Calculate the new concentrations after adding 0.01 moles

of HCl:
- Initial moles of NH_3 = 0.2 moles
- Initial moles of NH_4^+ = 0.2 moles 4. Substitute the new concentrations into the equation
- Moles of HCl added = 0.01 moles
- New moles of NH_3 = 0.2 - 0.01 = 0.19 moles
- New moles of NH_4^+ = 0.2 + 0.01 = 0.21 moles

6. Calculate the new pH:

Experiment 4: Exploring Buffer Systems - Reviewer’s Material

Conclusion:
The pH of the buffer solution remains unchanged at 4.74
after dilution.