IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Harvard - Anglia Style Reference Guide –

Adapted for The IIE

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Harvard - Anglia Style Reference Guide – Adapted for The IIE

Different academic institutions, and the faculties within those institutions, make use of different kinds of referencing systems. Given the wide
variety of instances in which you may need to reference, this guide provides more detail with regards to specific examples of how you might
use the Harvard style of referencing in your academic writing within the context of The IIE.

Specific guidance on the principles of referencing, paraphrasing and use of sources may be found in the prescribed text for The IIE’s various
Academic Literacy modules, but this guide provides clear examples of the various instances in which you might need to reference.

This document is presented in a table format, with the type of source in the first column, followed by its practical execution in paraphrased and
quoted examples, and its final appearance in the reference list in the last column. Please note that while most of these examples are real titles,
many examples refer to hypothetical (imagined) texts to demonstrate the style.

Special notes on referencing are also included at the end of this document to guide you through some of the more common questions on
referencing practice.

Please remember that there are a number of ways that each style is implemented and that even if the faculty you are studying in uses the
Harvard style of referencing, it might still use slight variations of this method. Law students, for example, use a completely different reference
method for law modules, so will only use Harvard for non-law modules. As such, you should always ensure that you follow the required style
guide as provided by your faculty/ lecturer.

1 This text has been adapted for The IIE by Cheryl Siewierski as an additional resource for students and is based on guidance in Chapter 2 and 6 of the following title:

Siewierski, C. 2015. An Introduction to Scholarship: Building Academic Skills for Tertiary Study. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
2 Guide to the Harvard Anglia style of referencing. Version 6.1.2. 2019.

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Table of Contents
Book (one author)...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Two or three authors for a work .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Four or more authors for a work ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Books (same author, multiple publications) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Book (editor/s).......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Book (chapter of edited book) ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
eBook (online database/ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Website) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books .............................................................................................. 12
Pdf documents ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Poem (from a book/website).................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Journal article........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Journal article obtained from an online database/website ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Newspaper or magazine article (printed and online) ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Website ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
YouTube/TEDx- type videos.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Blog article ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Card and board games........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Computer Online video games.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Artworks/Images/figures ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Photographs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Online images/figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Pinterest images ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Tables and diagrams .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Film (cinema, video, DVD format)......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
TV series................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Television/ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

YouTube commercials ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32

Newspaper, magazine or journal advertisement ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Interviews and personal communication ............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Conference proceedings ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Dissertations and theses (unpublished work) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Organisation as author ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Acts/Bills/White and Green Papers of parliament .............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Dictionaries and online dictionaries ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Module Outlines/Guides/ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Arcmaterial/ lecture notes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Source integration (multiple sources)................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Secondary referencing ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Own photographs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Own drawings .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Information from diary/personal journal ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Scripts or manuscripts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45
Pamphlets................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Instagram post ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Facebook post ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Twitter post ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
TikTok post ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Code snippets/computer program from the Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
App ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Sound Clip/music .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
CD .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Radio ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Podcast ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Special notes on referencing ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
1. Quoting errors............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56

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2. Publisher names and locations................................................................................................................................................................................ 56

3. Citing URLs.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
4. More about the ‘year’ reference ............................................................................................................................................................................... 57
5. Latin abbreviations for missing information (date, place, or publisher)....................................................................................................... 58
6. Reference list or Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................................................. 58

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Book (one author) Hüther (2006) argues that According to Hüther (2006, p.6), “… Hüther, G. 2006. The compassionate
psychological and social decisions are the most important decisions a brain: How empathy creates
of central importance to human brain human being can make in the course intelligence. Boston: Trumpeter.
development. of his life are psychosocial in nature.” • Author surname (comma);
• Initials (full-stop between
Psychological and social decisions “… [T]he most important decisions a initials) (full stop);
are of central importance to human human being can make in the • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
brain development (Hüther, 2006). course of his life are psychosocial in • Name of book (italics) (no
nature” (Hüther, 2006, p.6). unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
Please Note: Page numbers: • Edition number (if not first
preceded with p. for a single page edition) in numerical form and
and pp. for a range of pages. superscript ordinal, and
lowercase ed (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Two or three authors During the mid-nineties research Strunk and White (20023 p.72) argue Strunk, W. and White, E.B., 2023. The
for a work undertaken in Luton (Slater and that “[r]ich, ornate prose is hard to elements of style. 4th ed.
Jones, 1996) showed that …Strunk digest …” Massachusetts: Allan & Bacon.
and White (2023) argue that
overwriting should be avoided, since It is best to steer clear of • Author surnames, initials
it makes understanding and overwriting, since “[r]ich, ornate (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
engaging with texts difficult for prose is hard to digest” (Strunk stops between initials);
readers. and White, 2000, p.72). • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
Further research (Green, Harris and • Name of book (italics) (no
Dunne, 1969) showed... On the topic of professional unnecessary capitalisation in
writing and referencing Cormack title – sentence case) (full stop);
Please note: When there are two and Brown (1994, p.32) have • Edition number (if not first
or three authors for a work they stated…“When writing for a edition) in numerical form and
should all be listed (in the order in professional readership, writers superscript ordinal, and
which their names appear in the invariably make reference to lowercase ed (full stop);
original publication), with the name already published works…” • Place of publication (city,
listed last preceded by an and. not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Four or more Green, G., Pecar, B., Santana, L. and
authors for a work Green, et al. (1995) found that the Green, et al. (2014, p.3) suggest that Burke,
majority … “if the work involves creating or A. 2014. Statistics for the social
Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) collecting data, … then statistics will sciences using Excel®: A first
has found that the majority of … typically be involved in some way.” course for South African students.
Note: Where there are several Cape Town: Oxford University Press
authors (four or more), only the first “[I]f the work involves creating or Southern Africa.
author should be used, followed by collecting data, … then statistics will
et al. meaning and others: typically be involved in some way” • Author surnames, initials
(Green, et al., 2014, p.3). (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
stop after last set of initials);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
title sentence case) (full stop);
• Edition number (if not first
Please note: You may use the first edition) in numerical form and
author’s surname and the superscript ordinal, and
abbreviation et al. (‘and others’) to lowercase ed (full stop);
represent the additional authors after • Place of publication (city,
first (full) use. Note that et al is used not country) (colon);
for in-text citations, but not as part of • Publisher name (full stop).
a reference list. The phrase et al.
should also always be followed with a
full stop
regardless of its position in a sentence.

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Books (same Different years … Smith, R.G. 2011. Turning school
author, multiple Note: When the same author has Smith (2011, p.7; 2015, p.3) has policy on its head. Sandton:
publications) more than one text but in different repeatedly argued that schools could be Fairbooks.
years, then arrange these more successfully transformed if we
chronologically. approach them “the wrong way around.” Smith, R.G. 2015a. Approaching
Please note: If multiple publications pedagogy the ‘wrong’ way around.
An expert in the field of teaching from the same author make the same Pretoria: Inventa Press.
and learning, Smith (2011; 2015) point and they were published in
has repeatedly argued different years, then references Smith, R.G. 2015b. Changing
should be cited in chronological order policy paradigms. 2nd ed. Cape
(from most oldest to recent). Town: Education House.
Same (and different) year …
Please note: When the same author Teaching and learning expert
has more than one text in the same Robert Smith (2011, p.16; 2015a, • Author surnames, initials
year, use the letters a, b, c to p.21; 2015b, pp.45–46) has long (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
distinguish between them and then held that … stop after last set of initials);
arrange the titles alphabetically in • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
your reference list. • Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
Teaching and learning expert title sentence case) (full stop);
Robert Smith (2011; 2015a; • Edition number (if not first
2015b) has edition) in numerical form and
repeatedly stated … superscript ordinal, and
lowercase ed (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Book (editor/s) Loubser (2005) posits that … According to Loubser (2005, p.25) Loubser, C.P. ed. 2005.
“[a]lmost all … deforestation occurs in Environmental education: Some
Steffen and Bluestone (2011) clarify the moist forests and open woodlands South African perspectives.
this of the tropics.” Pretoria: Van Schaik.
concept by …
“Almost all … deforestation occurs in Steffen, A. and Bluestone, C. eds.
The concept …. (Steffen & Bluestone, the moist forest and open woodlands 2011. World changing: A user’s
2011). of the tropics” (Loubser, 2005, p.25). guide for the 21st century. New
York: Abrams.
Please note: In-text references to Steffen and Bluestone (2011, p.54)
editors are the same as for authors. argue that “[t]he fair-trade movement … • Editor(s) surname(s), initials
has set the stage for fair-trade- (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’)
label[l]ing initiatives in twenty (comma after initials of first
countries.” author) (full stop after initials);
• ‘ed’ for single editor, ‘eds’ for
“The fair-trade movement … has set multiple editors (no brackets)
the stage for fair-trade-label[l]ing (full stop);
initiatives in twenty countries” (Steffen • Year (no brackets) (full stop).
& Bluestone, 2011, p.54). • Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
• place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Book (chapter of Davis (2014) argues that … Davis (2014, p.95) argues that Davis, C. 2014. The aims of
edited book) “[r]esearch as a process is determined research. In: F. du Plooy-Cilliers, C.
It is essential that students and redetermined by the choices you Davis, and R.M. Bezuidenhout, eds.
understand the continuous nature make on a continuous basis.” Research matters. Claremont: Juta,
of research decisions (Davis, Chapter 5: pp.72 - 81.
2014). “Research as a process is determined
and redetermined by the choices you • Chapter author surname/s,
make on a continuous basis” (Davis, initials (full stop between and
2014, p.95). after initials);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Name of chapter (no italics)
(full stop);
• ‘In’ (colon) initials and surname
of editor(s) (comma) ‘ed’/‘eds’
(full stop);
• Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (comma);
• Chapter reference (colon);
• Page numbers of the
chapter in the book (full
stop).

Please note: The title of the

publication (book) is in italics, not
the title of the chapter.

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

eBook (online Cox (2008) proposes that … Cox (2008, p.x) argues that “[f]or the Cox, A. 2008. The short story. [eBook]
database/ writer, formal distinctions are fluid and Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars
Website) Short stories can be considered the short story will find its own length.” Publishing. Available through:
an innovative literary form (Cox, Independent Institute of Education
2008). “If reading and writing a novel means website <at:
dwelling in a haunted house, then http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.
Please note: In-text references for the equivalent in the short story is iielearn.ac.za/login.aspx?direct=true&
eBooks should follow the same format the overnight stay in the spooky db=
as those for books, based on the hotel room from which we may never e000xww&AN=539843&site=ehost-
number of authors/ editors). recover” (Cox, 2008, p.xiv). live> [Accessed 31 October 2017].

Please note: In-text references for Please note: As shown above,

eBooks should follow the same format reference list for eBooks combine the
as those for books, based on the format for books (based on the
number of authors/editors). number of authors/editors) with the
format for websites.
If you include a quotation from an e-
book without page numbers, use the Make sure that you have cited the
section heading or chapter heading as permalink (persistent link) to any
a guide to locating your quotation, if eBooks etc. and not any temporary
available. ‘session’ URLs you may have been
working with. Session URLs, which
are used during most database
searches, such as those conducted on
EBSCOhost, expire as soon as you
have finished working and so will not
assist your reader in following your
source’s citation. See Special note 3.
Citing URLs for further details.
For e-books accessed through a
password protected database from the
University/ college Library.
Open access e- Cookson and Church (2007) proposed Cookson and Church (2007, p.102) Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds.,
book freely that … argues that “[r]esearch as a process 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book]

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

available over the It is essential that students understand is determined and redetermined by Wallingford: ABS Publishers.
internet such as the continuous nature of research the choices you make on a Available at: Google Books
through Google decisions (Cookson and Church, 2007). continuous basis.” <http://booksgoogle.com> [Accessed
books 9 June 2008].
“Research as a process is determined
and redetermined by the choices you
make on a continuous basis”
(Cookson and Church, 2007, p.108).
Pdf documents Bank of England (2008) found out Technology and online resources Bank of England, 2008. Inflation
that… have become primary sources of Report. [pdf] Bank of England.
knowledge globally (Bank of England, Available at:
p.28). http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publi
cations/inflationreport/ir08nov.pdf.
[Accessed 20 April 2009].

Department of Health, 2008. Health

inequalities: progress and next steps.
[pdf] London: Department of Health.
Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publications
andstatistics/Publications/Publications
PolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307>
[Accessed 9 June 2008].

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Poem (from a Gcina Mhlophe’s (2013) poetry “Say No, Black Woman / Say No / Mhlope, G. 2013. Say no. In: Moffett,
book/website) speaks to the struggles of Black When they give you a back seat” H. Seasons come to pass: A poetry
South African women during (Mhlophe, 2013, p.272, lines 32–34) anthology for Southern African
apartheid. students. Cape Town: Oxford
Please note: When quoting multiple University Press Southern Africa,
The imagery in this line focuses lines from a poem, separate each line pp.271–272.
on a representation of trauma using a forward slash ( / ) as shown in
(Mhlophe, 2013, p. 271, line 15). the example above. Line number(s) of Mhlope, G. 2013. Say no. [Online
the quoted line(s) must always be poem]. Available at:
Please note: Page numbers are included in- text as shown. <http://www.gcinamhlophe.co.za/
only indicated in-text when a poem gcinamhlophe-poetry.html>
has been published within a book. [Accessed 09 February 2018].
Line number(s) must be included in-
text when paraphrasing specific Please note: Specific line numbers
line(s) of a poem. are not included in the reference list
entries of poems.

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Journal article Spaull (2013) argues that a bimodal …. According to Spaull (2013, p.438), Spaull, N. 2013. Poverty and
South Africa is dealing with “… an privilege: Primary school inequality in
ongoing crisis” in education. South Africa. International Journal of
Educational Development, 33(2),
p.436-447.

• Author surname/s, initials

(full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of article (sentence case)
(full stop);
• Name of Journal (title
case) (comma),
• Volume and issue number in
round brackets (no space)
(colon);
• Page numbers of the article
(full stop).

Please note: The title of the

publication (journal) must appear in
italics, and not the title of the article.
Journal article Barker (2009) believes that a According to Barker (2009, p.7), Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative
obtained from an realistic researcher designs “choosing a simple design for thematic analysis of Facebook
online simple projects. research makes it more realistic.” profiles. Journal of Qualitative
database/website Research, [e-journal] 42(1), pp.7–
14.. 10.1177/1745691612442904.

Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative thematic

analysis of Facebook profiles. Journal
of Qualitative Research, [e-journal]
Please note: Remember to use 42(1), pp.7–14. Available at:
DOIs as far as possible in the <http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/3/2

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

references list for journal articles! 03

(see .short > [Accessed 22 July 2021].
Section B for more detail)

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Newspaper or Du Preez (2014) surmises that … Du Preez (2014) surmises that Du Preez, S.P. 2014. Smarter than he
magazine “politically, the president has looks. Politics Today, 4 October. p.4.
article (printed Gcoyi (2015) argues that we should played his cards well – even if his
and online) reject the current consideration of social cards have him heading for a Please note: (In the page reference. p.4b - “4”
foreign policy as an exclusive tool fold.” indicates that the article is on the fourth page
for making economic gains. of the newspaper, columns of print on a page
“[W]e should disabuse ourselves are labelled left to right alphabetically, so in this
of the notion that foreign policy example “b” indicates that this is the second
exists only for the pursuit of column of newsprint across the page from left
economic ends” (Gcoyi, 2015). to right.)

Gcoyi, T. 2015. Diplomatic missions are a

critical component of foreign policy
implementation. Daily Maverick, [online] 18
November. Available at:
<http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinioni sta/
2015-11-18-diplomatic-missions-are- a-
criticalcomponent-of-foreign-
policyimplementation /#.VlHaUHYrLcs>
[Accessed 19 November 2015].

An example of corporate authorship where the

newspaper article authorship is not stated.

The Times.2005. Corporate manslaughter:

responses from the legal profession (Editorial
comments), Times, 8 Sep. p.4b.
Website In one year alone, air-pollution According to the World Health World Health Organisation, 2015. WHO calls
related diseases were responsible Organisation (2015), “[i]n 2012 … 7 on countries to protect health from climate
for millions of death (World Health million people died from air pollution change. [online] 17 November Available at:
Organisation, 2015). related diseases, making it the <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/
world’s largest single environmental statements/2015/climate-
Please note: Please do NOT health risk.” change/en/>[Accessed 20 November 2015].
include the web address (URL) in

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

the in-text citation. As with any Foundation for Economic Education (FEE),
reference, your in-text citation 2014. England’s Whetstone named FEE’s first
requires the same first two points “Blinking Lights” award recipient. [online]
of reference you would include in Available at: <
your reference list: usually the http://www.fee.org/publications/detail/englands-
‘author’, and the date of whetstone-named-fees-first-blinking-lights-
publication. award-recipient > [Accessed 16 July 2014].

Please note: The same guidelines that are

used to refer to authors of books, chapters
and articles in journals are used to indicate
the author(s) of Internet articles. The first date
refers to the year in which the website was
most recently updated (usually found at the
bottom of the web page). Where possible,
provide the full date of publication of the
article – this may not, however, always be
available.

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

YouTube/TEDx- The principle research states “The Defra, 2007. Sustainable
type videos need for substainable development…” development: the bigger picture.
(Defra, 2007) [video online] Available at:
<http://youtu.be/keZmg56ahdM>
[Accessed 23 June 2012].

Mrgeorged, 2009. Top Gear The Stig

revealed. [video online] Available at:
<http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=e
TapK5dRaw4> [Accessed 23 June
2009].
Blog article DGeezer (2009) argues that the DGeezer (2009) asserts that “… the DGeezer, 2009. Conservationists are
Chinese government appears to Chinese authorities understand the not making themselves heard.
understand the value of gold for future importance of gold as an investment Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18
planning in ways that other and as a backing for future currency.” June. Available at:
governments do not. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blo
g/2009/jun/18/conservation-extinction-
open-ground> [Accessed 23 June
2009].
• Author, Initials.,
• Year.
• Title of individual blog entry.
• Blog title,
• [medium]
Please note: Try to avoid citing • Blog posting date.
blog articles if you are looking for
• Available at: include web site
credible evidence – they are,
address/URL (Uniform Resource
generally, of a more subjective
Locator) [Accessed date].
nature and should be treated as
•
such.
Respected journalists/political
analysts/thought leaders in various
areas should be used as far as
possible if you do wish to use a blog

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

for citing purposes.

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Card and board On describing the game, Horton Horton, M. 2019. We’re doomed!
games (2019) argues that it highlights the game of global panic [Board
important qualities of collaboration, Game]. Hillside, NY: Breaking
retaliation, diplomacy and Games.
conspiracy.
• Author/publisher if no
author information;
• Year of publication;
• Title of the game followed
by [Board Game];
• Place of publication;
• Publisher.
Computer Online This is a fun-filled game for ninjas, Sugg, D. 2017. Fortnite [Online
video games shooters, builders and explorers Digital Game], PS4. Poland: Gearbox
(Sugg, 2017). Publishing.

• Author/publisher if no
author information;
• Year of publication;
• Title of the game followed by
[the format, e.g. Online Digital
Game] and console type;
• Place of publication;
• Publisher.

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Artworks/Images/fi Please note: The caption of the figure Gardener (2012) points out the In the Reference List: Gardener, A.
gures should state where you obtained the “Picasso’s (1907) Les demoiselles 2012. Art Through the Ages. London:
figure, the medium, the measurements d’Avignon (Figure 1) is a seminal work Thames and Hudson.
and the collection (where relevant). in the history of 20th century art.”
The caption is typed not in bold text, in • Author surname (comma);
single spacing, and both the figure and • Initials (full stop);
caption are centre-aligned. When you • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
replicate an image from a source, add • Title (full stop);
a citation below the image to • City of publication (colon);
acknowledge the source.
• Publisher (full stop).
Also, remember to number the figure.
In the List of Figures:
Picasso’s (1907) work, Les
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
demoiselles d’Avignon (see Figure
demoiselles d’Avignon. Oil on canvas.
1), is perhaps one of the most iconic
243.9 x 233.9cm. Museum of Modern
examples of …
Art, New York.
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
As evident in Figure 1, Picasso used demoiselles d’Avignon. Oil on canvas.
• Figure number (colon);
the muted tones and different 243.9 x 233.9cm. Museum of Modern
viewpoints characteristic of Cubism Art, New York. (Gardener, 2012, p. • Artist/Creator surname (comma);
since early 20th century... • Initials (punctuation
372)
between initials) (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Author surname (comma);
• Title of artwork/image/figure (full
• Initials (punctuation stop);
between initials) (full stop);
• Medium/media (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Measurements (full stop);
• Title of artwork (full stop);
• Location of artwork/image
• Medium/media (full stop);
(full stop).
• Measurements (full stop);
• Location of artwork/image
(full stop);
• Citation below image
to acknowledge the

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 22 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

source.

Please note: The caption is typed in

single spacing, and both the figure
and caption is centre-aligned.
Remember to number the figure.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 23 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Photographs (O’Malley, 2010, p.55) O'Malley, M., 2010. The wisdom of

bees. London: Portfolio.
Please note: Include the page
number in your in-text citation. The full Artist/Photographer’s name (if
reference would be the reference to known),
the book or journal article you found Year of production.
the image in. Title of image. [type of medium]
Collection Details as available
(Collection, Document number,
Geographical Town/Place:
Name of Library/Archive/Repository).

Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe.

[photograph] (Marilyn Monroe’s own
private collection).

Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A

mother resting her head on her sick
child's pillow in the Canadian Mission
Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph]
(London, Imperial War Museum
Collection).

Electronic image:
Artist/Photographer’s name,
Year of production.
Title of image. [type of medium]
Available at: include web site
address/URL(Uniform Resource 51

Locator) and additional details of

access, such as the routing from the
homepage of the source.
[Accessed date].
Dean, R., 2008. Tales from

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 24 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Topographic Oceans. [electronic

print] Available at:
<http://rogerdean.com/store/product_i
nfo.php?cPath=4&products_id=88>
[Accessed 18 June 2008].

Please note: When using an image

from a book or journal article, an in-
text reference should be included and
a full reference included at the end of
the piece of work. Look for the name
of the image creator – either beneath
the image, in the text, or in a list of
figures, or copyright statement. If
there is no author or artist given for
the image, it is fair to assume the
image was created by the author(s) of
the book or journal article.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 25 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Online Please note: When referring to the figure or image, In the Reference list: Nova
images/figures include the figure number. The title of the figure should Entertainment. 2015. 15 faces turned
be in italics when referred to in-text. into amazing optical illusions.
[electronic print]. Available at:
In Khoklov and Khutsan’s (s.a.) image, The Art of the <http://www.smoothfm.com.au/enterta
Face – Optical Illusion nr. 13, it is evident that … in ment/15-faces-face-paintingoptical
illusions#sthash.b7V3MKES.dpuf >
[Accessed 18 June 2015].

In the List of Figures:

Figure 1: Khokhlov, A. and Kutsan,
V. [s.a.]. The Art of Face – Optical
Illusion nr.13.
Figure 1: Khokhlov,
A. and Kutsan, V.
[s.a.]. The Art of
Face - Optical
Illusion nr.13. (Nova
Entertainment,
2015)

• Author
surname
(comma)
and initials
(full stop)
(if
available);
• Year (no
brackets)
(full stop)
(if available
– if not,
use [s.a.]);

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 26 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

• Title of
image/figure
(full stop);
• Add a citation
below the
image to
acknowledge
the source.

Note: If no
author/artist is
evident, use title
first, then date, then
source. Caption is
typed in single
spacing, and figure
and caption are
centre-aligned.
Number the figure.
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Reference List
Quote
Pinterest images Please note that images on Pinterest are images Jessmegan. 2020. Sustainable interior
pinned and are mostly linked or saved from other design for your study room. [Image
websites. When using an image from Pinterest to Online]. Available at:
reference, rather use the link where it was saved from <https://www.instagram.com/p/B89QdQ
(original link). oBTTl/>[Accessed 05 April 2021].

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 27 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Original source of the above

Example referencing

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 28 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Figure 2: Jessmegan. 2021. Sustainable interior design for your

study room (Jessmegan, 2021).

Intext citation example:

In Figure 2, Jessmegan (2021) image demonstrates an example
of sustainable interior designs for a study room.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 29 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Tables and Refer to tables and diagrams in the Note: When you replicate a table or Henry, P.J. 2015. An overview of South
diagrams same way that you would to the diagram from a source, add a citation Africa’s currency volatility: 1995 to
overall author/editor of the title. below it to acknowledge the source. 2015. Johannesburg: Stock
Also, remember to number the Merchants.
In Table 1, Henry (2015, p.34) outlines table/diagram accordingly.
…. Henry, P.J. 2015. An overview of South
Africa’s currency volatility: 1995 to
As is evident in Figure 3, 2015. Johannesburg: Stock
Henry’s (2015, p.23) claim Table 1: Currency fluctuations in Merchants.
that … South Africa (Henry, 2015, p.34)

Figure 3: Fluctuations in Rand value

over two decades (Henry, 2015,
p.23)

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 30 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Film (cinema, Jay Gatsby affects a superior Jay Gatsby’s frequent affected The Great Gatsby. 2013. [Film]
video, DVD education with frequent utterances of utterances of “Old sport” (The Great Directed by Baz Luhrmann.
format) old English phrases in his public Gatsby, 2013) belie his … California: Warner Bros.
moments (The Great Gatsby, 2013).
NB: Both DVDs • Title of film (full stop);
and videos can Please note: ‘Film’ is from the British • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
contain ‘films’; English vocabulary, whilst ‘movie’ is • [Type of medium] (full stop);
thus, rather state from the American English • Director (full stop);
‘film’ unless vocabulary.
•
referring to a
• City (or countries if not
music video.
available) (colon);
• Distribution company(s) (full
stop).
TV series In Fringe (2005), Olivia’s character is ... Please note: Television (TV) Fringe. 2012. The bullet that saved
programmes are usually referred to the world, Series 5 episode 4.
by their titles, in italics. The name of Directed by David Straiton. Written
the specific episode should also be by Alison Schapker. [DVD]. First
mentioned if possible. broadcast 2012. California: Fox.

• Series title (full stop);

• Year of broadcast (no
brackets) (full stop);
• Episode name, series and
number (sentence case) (full
stop);
• Directed by (full stop);
• Written by (full stop);
• [Type of medium] (full stop);
• Date/ Year of first broadcast
(full stop);
• Broadcasting organisation’s
location and name (full stop).

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 31 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Television/ South African Tourism’s (Meet Meet South Africa. 2014. South
YouTube South Africa, 2014) advert … African Tourism. [Brand video]
commercials Directed by Dean Blumberg,
Velocity Africa, 22 May 2014.
Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=zv1MU_Nh8ck [Accessed 20
November 2015].

Please note: TV commercials should

be referred to by the name of the
product or service. The date and
specific name of the commercial
should be given where possible, as
well as the names of the director and
producer (if known). The date and TV
channel on which it was broadcast
should be given if relevant.
Newspaper, Please note: Print advertisements in The Land Rover (2015, p.12) Land Rover. 2015. Getaway, March
magazine or magazines are referred to by the advertisement employs a 2015: 12.
journal name of the product or service and romanticised notion of nature to drive
advertisement the magazine, journal or newspaper home its message.
in which they were
located.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 32 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Interviews and According to political science Leon (2013) claims that there are 23 Leon, S. 2013. Political analyst,
personal experts, there are a total of 23 different forms of government.’ Institute for Security Studies.
communication different forms of government (Leon, Interviewed by John Boyd. [radio]
2013). Please note: For the reference list, Power FM, 10 June 2013, 08:30.
you need the full name of the person
with whom the interview was held, • Author surname, initials (full
his/her position and affiliation, and the stop);
date/s of the interview/s. You also • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
need to indicate what format the • Title or occupation of
personal communication assumed interviewee (full stop);
[Personal interview] [Telephonic • Interviewed by name (first
conversation] [Email conversation] name and surname).
[Forum message] • [Type of medium/format]/
[Telephonic conversation]/
[Email conversation]/[Forum
message] (full stop);
• Date of interview (full stop).
• Time of interview (full stop).

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 33 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Conference Professional public relations are Anderson (2011) sees Anderson, A.A. 2011. Public
proceedings becoming increasingly important in “…professional public relations Relations challenges in emerging
both the public and private sector becoming increasingly important in countries. Public Relations
(Anderson, 2011). both the public and private sector.” Possibilities Conference. New York,
United States of America, 19–23
September 2011. New York, NY:
United Nations.

UNDESA (United Nations

Department of Economic and Social
Affairs), 2005. 6th Global forum on
reinventing government: towards
participatory and transparent
governance. Seoul, Republic of
Korea, 24-27 May 2005. New York:
United Nations.

• Author surname, initials (full

stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of conference paper (no
italics) (sentence case) (full
stop);
• Conference title (italics)
(sentence case) (full stop);
• Date of conference (full stop);
• Place of conference (colon);
Conference organisers (full stop).

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 34 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Dissertations and Siewierski (2015) argues that … Siewierski (2015, p.3) found that “… Siewierski, C.L. 2015. What teachers think
theses a massive 76% of sampled teachers about teacher unions: a stratified probability
(unpublished work) Please note: Dissertations and in this study … rejected outright the survey of central Gauteng teachers. MEd
theses follow the same conventions use of unprotected strikes to achieve dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand.
as for the author(s) of books, with the union goals.”
exception that the title of the • Author surname (comma);
dissertation or thesis, if unpublished, • Initials (no punctuation between
is not typed in italics. initials) (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of dissertation (full stop);
• Unpublished dissertation
qualification name (full stop);
• University or tertiary institution from
which the dissertation was
obtained.

Required elements for an e-version are:

Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title
of dissertation. Level. Official name of
University. Available at <url> [Accessed
on date].

Fisher, C.W., 2008. The legacy of

leadership - a study of leadership
influence within a single organisation.
DEd. University of Sheffield.
Available at: <uk.bl.ethos.489114>
[Accessed 30 July 2012].

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 35 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Government
Publications
Organisation as According to the Department of According to the Department of Department of Basic Education.
author Basic Education (2013), early Basic Education (2013, p.2), 2013. Dinaledi schools and the
childhood ensuring that “… children are adopt-a-school programme.
learning is … provided with the correct level and Pretoria: Department of Basic
kind of learning at the early stages Education.
Early childhood learning is an of learning is vital” to their long-
essential component of the term academic success. • Name of government
education process (Department of organisation (full stop);
Basic Education, 2013) Ensuring that “… children are • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
provided with the correct level and • Title of document (title case)
Please note: If the work is by a kind of learning at the early stages of (full stop);
recognised organisation and has learning is vital” to their long-term • Place of publication (full stop);
no personal author then it is usually academic success (DBE, 2013. p.2). • Publisher (full stop).
cited under the body that
commissioned the work. This Please note: Government
applies to publications by publications are usually freely
associations, companies, available via government portals on
government departments etc. such the Web – if you access the title
as Department of the Environment from this space, simply use the
or Royal College of Nursing. normal website referencing format
to indicate the URL and date
It is acceptable to use standard accessed etc.
abbreviations for these bodies, e.g.
RCN, in your text, providing that Note that the full name is the
the full name is given at the first preferred format in the reference
citing with the abbreviation in list.
brackets:

First citation:

… following major pioneering

research in 2006 undertaken by the

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 36 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Royal College of Nursing (RCN) it

has been shown that …

Second citation:

More recently the RCN (2012) has

issued guidelines for …

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 37 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Acts/Bills/White According to the Department of “Despite very significant growth, For White/ Green Papers:
and Green Papers Higher Education and Training South Africa still has a post-school Department of Education. 2013.
of parliament (2013), a focus on social … education and training system that White paper for post-school
does not offer sufficient places to education and training: Building an
If you need to refer to a specific section the many youth and adults seeking expanded, effective and integrated
and paragraph, include the section, education and training” (Department post-school system (White Paper).
paragraph number and subsection. of Higher Education and Training, Pretoria: Department of Higher
2013, p.2). Education and Training.
Finance Act 2007. s.45(9)(b).
Acts of Parliament
Please note: Government
publications include items such as Short title (with key words capitalized)
government gazettes, Acts and which includes the year followed by the
Laws and Green or White Papers. chapter number in brackets. Place of
The authors are often government publication: Publisher.
departments. If documents do not
have page numbers, refer to the Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8).
relevant section of the Act or Paper. London: HMSO.
Citing these is also more
appropriate when referring to legal For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year
documents like the Constitution. and parliamentary session are
included:

Road Transport Lighting Act 1957.

(5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51). London: HMSO.

• Name of department/author
(full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Name of Act or Bill (full stop);
• Place of publication (full stop);
• Publisher (full stop).

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 38 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

For Acts/Bills:
Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.
77D of 2001. 2001. Cape Town:
Government Printers.

• Name of Act or Bill (full stop);

• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Chapter (or paper) (full stop);
• Place of publication (full stop);
• Publisher (full stop).

Note: Government documents are

freely available online through a
government portal – where these are
the source you should also include
the relevant URL and ‘accessed’
information as per usual website
reference.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 39 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Dictionaries and According to the Oxford English Etymology can be defined as “a Oxford, 2010. Oxford English Dictionary.
online dictionaries Dictionary (2010), etymology can chronological account of the birth and Oxford: Clarendon.
be defined as ... development of a word” (Oxford,
p.234). • Dictionary publisher
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Name of Dictionary (title case) (full
stop);
• Place of publication (city, not
country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).

Chambers, 2010. Chambers paperback

dictionary thesaurus. London: Chambers
Harpers Publishers Ltd.

Encycopaedia Britannica, 2012.

Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [online]
London: Encyclopædia Britannica (UK).
Available through: <
encyclopaediabritannica.co.uk/intro
>[Accessed 12 June 2011].
• Dictionary publisher
• Year of publication (full stop).
• Name of Online Dictionary (title
case) (full stop);
• [Type of medium] (comma);
• Place of publication
• Publisher.
• Available through: URL (Please
note: All hyperlinks need to be
active!);
• [Date, month and year of access]

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 40 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

(full stop).
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Module The IIE (2014) argues that a The IIE (2014, p.64) posits that “... a The IIE. 2014. Leadership in
Outlines/Guides/ change in leadership in a change in leadership in a democracy education [EDML8419 Module
Arcmaterial/ lecture democracy can have an effect on can significantly impact on Outline]. The Independent Institute
notes education. education.” of Education: Unpublished.

The IIE. 2014. Leadership in

education [EDML8419 Learn]. The
Independent Institute of Education:
Unpublished.
Course material – electronic

Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project

management, BD45001S Management.
[online via internal VLE] Anglia Ruskin
University. Available at: < J:\AIBS\AIBS
Admin\ASSESSMENT
MATERIAL\ASSESSMENT MATERIAL
2009-10\IBS & MARKETING & MA
ARTS\IBS Sem 2 2009-10 Approved
Material\Sem 2> [Accessed Date 13 June
2008].

• Lecturer/Author, Initials.,
• Year.
• Title of item,
• Module Code
• Module Title.
• [online via internal VLE], HE
Institution.
Available at: web address if available
over the internet, otherwise indicate if
available through WebCT, SharePoint
or other virtual learning environment

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 41 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

address.
• [Accessed date].
Source integration Elmore (2009) and Rincón-Gallardo Please note: When we make use of Ferraz, C. 2005. The use of
(multiple sources) (2007) both claim that celebrities’ source integration, we cannot make celebrities in public relations.
names and pictures are often used in use of direct quotes. London: Penguin.
the pre- promotion of special events.
Please note: When we use source Simon, S.S. 2007. The role of
Celebrities’ names and pictures are integration in brackets, the sources celebrities in corporate
often used in the pre-promotion of are ordered from oldest and then in communication. New York, NY:
special events (Ferraz, 2005; Simon, alphabetical order and separated Norton.
2007). by a semi-colon.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 42 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Secondary Barber and Mourshed (2007, cited Barber and Mourshed (2007, p.41, Barber, M. and Mourshed, M. 2007.
referencing in Spaull, 2013) suggest that cited in Spaull, 2013, p.24) argue that How the world’s best-performing
teachers are the key to good “the quality of an education system school systems come out on top.
education. cannot exceed the quality of its New York, NY: McKinsey &
teachers.” Company. Cited in: Spaull, N. 2013.
The quality of teachers determines South Africa’s education crisis: The
the quality of the education system “[T]he quality of an education system quality of education in South Africa
itself (Barber and Mourshed, 2007, cannot exceed the quality of its 1994- 2011. Parktown: Centre for
cited in Spaull, 2013). teachers” (Barber and Mourshed, Development & Enterprise.
2007: p.41, cited in Spaull, 2013,
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, p.24). • Author cited and details of
Please note: 1986, p.142) source from which secondary
Secondary Research recently carried out in the reference is cited (as above).
referencing is a very Greater Manchester area by Brown • Cited in: Author(s) and
common (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) source in which the
requirement - most found that … secondary reference
reputable authors appears.
use other reputable
authors to support Please note: This is technically just
their claims. Pay two references connected with ‘Cited
close attention to in’ – as such, use the format for
how this is done. referencing that is relevant for your
You need to indicate particular needs (you might, for
both references! example, need to cite an online
reference and a journal article, or two
journal articles etc.).
The reference list at the end of
your document should only
contain works that you have read.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 43 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Own photographs The photograph depicts • Student name (surname and
ambience in one of the South initial/s);
African malls (Scott, 2021). • Year when photograph was
taken (in round brackets);
Please note: In theory there is • Title of photograph
no need to reference the photo (description of photograph);
that one has taken themselves, • [Personal Collection];
however, the photo still needs to • Unpublished.
be added as a figure and
provide a caption. The photo will Scott, A. 2021. An image depicting
need to be included in the body ambience in one of South African
of the essay and referred to malls. [Photograph] [Personal
accordingly. If a photo is shared Collection]. Unpublished.
with other peers to use in their
work, they will have to cite it
accordingly.
Own drawings Figure 2 drawing is a personal Michael, B. 2021. Visual affinity
sketch illustrating visual affinity diagram. [Personal drawing]. Durban:
diagram… (Michael, 2021). Unpublished.

Add the caption beneath the • Author;

drawing. Since the drawing will • Year;
not have a title, you will need to • Description of the drawing;
provide a caption describing the • [Personal drawing];
drawing. • Place;
• Unpublished.
Figure 2: a drawing illustrating
visual affinity diagram (Michael,
2021).

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 44 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Information from Bundy (1916-1919) kept a diary of Bundy, A. E. 1916-1919. Diary of Major A.
diary/personal journal his experiences in the war. His E. Bundy. [Diary-online] Available at: War
experiences of the war were diaries from the Imperial War Museum: the
recorded in a diary (Bundy, 1916- Great War. Available at:
1919). www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk (Accessed
20 January 2017). P.371.

• Author Surname, Initial/s;

• Year/s;
• Title or description of diary. [Diary-
online];
• Available at:
• Name of database or website
followed by URL;
• (Accessed date);
• Reference number, if applicable.

Scripts or In the mock poem manuscript, • Author;

manuscripts Colvil (ca.1680) demonstrates… • Year;
• Title;
• At: Place: holding institution,
department (if applicable);
• Identifier (if applicable).

Colvil, S. ca.1680. The mock poem, I-

II. [Manuscript]. At: Leeds: Leeds
University Library, Brotherton Collection.
MS Lt 1.
ca. is an abbreviation of "circa", meaning
"approximately".
Please note: You may find that this is
used in dates for old manuscripts.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 45 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Pamphlets The pamphlet (Royal College of Royal College of Physicians, British
Physicians, 2008) … Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society.
2008. The assessment of pain in younger
people: local guidelines. London: RCP.

• Author/editor;
• Year of publication;
• Title (in italics);
• Edition (only include the edition
number if it is not the first edition);
• Place of publication: publisher;
• Series and volume number (where
relevant).

Instagram post Design thinking comic (2021) has Design Thinking Comic, 2012. Customer
an interesting collection of comics Focus Group [Instagram]. 11 November.
that may appeal to designers. Available at:<
https://www.instagram.com/p/DE0H_CjTB
sT/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=
MzRlODBiNWFlZA==> [Accessed 11
November 2010].

• Surname, Initial(s)/organisation/
username handle;
• Year;
• Title or first few words [Instagram];
• Day/Month post
• Available at: URL;
• [Date accessed].

Please note: If the post does not have a

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 46 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

title, use the text of the post as a title.

If a post is longer than 20 words, write
the first 20 words and then insert […] to
indicate that extra words have been
omitted.

© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2025 – Page 47 of 59

IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Facebook post @helmafashionsa (2020) @helmafashionsa. 2020. South African
showcases vibrant African print fashion and design. [Facebook]. May 7.
textiles. Available at:
https://web.facebook.com/helmafashionsa/?_r
dc=1&_rdr [Accessed 22 July 2021].

• Surname, Initial(s)/organisation/
username handle;
• Year;
• Title or first few words of the post.
[Facebook];
• Day/Month post
• Available at: URL;
• [Date accessed].

Twitter post @graphicdesignju (2021) @graphicdesignju. 2021. Inspirational quote

showcases a collection of for life […]. [Twitter]. June 14. Available at:
inspirational and motivational https://twitter.com/graphicdesignju/status/1404
quotes. 220156348350464/photo/1 [Accessed 22 July
2021].

• Surname,
Initial(s)/organisation/username handle;
• Year;
• Title or first few words of the post.
[Twitter];
• Date of the post in full;
• Available at: URL;
• [Date accessed].

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

TikTok post Deliveroo (2021) Deliveroo. 2021. Anyone else at the door
demonstrates… before they even get a chance to knock?
[TikTok]. 8 April. Available at:
https://www.tiktok.com/foryou?is_copy_url
=1&is_from_webapp=v1&item_id=694883
0183537331462#/@deliveroo/video/69488
30183537331462 [Accessed 22 July
2021].
• Author;
• Year that the TikTok was published;
• Title;
• Date of TikTok;
• Available at: URL;
• [Date accessed].

Code Smith (2021) demonstrates Smith, J. 2011. Graphics Drawer source

snippets/computer how… code (Version 2.0) [Source code].
program from the Available at:
Internet Please note: If there is a group http://www.graphicsdrawer.com [Accessed
of people responsible for the 10 May 2021].
code or programme, use the
main person in place of an • Author(s) name (Individual or
author. Where the corporate corporation);
author is responsible for the • Date;
work, use the name of the • Title of program/source code;
corporate. Where the name of • Code version;
the author has not been • Type (e.g. computer program,
provided, use the name of the source code);
programme/code in place of an
author.

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• Available at: Web address or

publisher (e.g. program publisher,
URL);
• [Date accessed].

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

App Skyscape (2021) includes Skyscape. 2010. Skyscape medical
functions…. resources. Version 1.9.11. [App].
Available at:
https://www.skyscape.com/index/ho
me.aspx [Accessed 22 July 2021].
OR

Skyscape. 2010. Skyscape medical

resources. Version 1.9.11. [App].
Available from Google Play [Accessed
22 July 2021].

• AuthorshipOriginator/s,
• Year. (Use year accessed if
release date is not available)
• Title of app. (in italics) Version
number/ mobile app type (if
known). [App]
• Available at: URL
• [Date accessed].

Sound Clip/music In collaboration with acapella RangeR.

choir Korus, RangeR (2018) 2018. Bazokonwaba. [Sound
released a nice blend of jazz, recording]. Available
house and soul that is appealing at: https://soundcloud.com/waellas-
to South African fans. choice/ranger-feat-korus-
bazokonwaba?in=waellas-
choice/sets/portable-presents-ranger
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Tippett, M., 1993.Symphony no.4 .

[sound recording] Performed by the

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Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra

conducted by Richard Hickox.
Colchester: Chandos Records.

Lennon, J. and McCartney, P., 1966.

Yellow submarine (Remastered
2009). [sound recording] Performed
by The Beatles on the album
Revolver,. Hayes: EMI.

Mercer, J. and Bloom, R., 1963. Fools

rush in. (reissued 2002.) [sound
recording] Performed by Rick Nelson
on the album Rick Nelson Greatest
hits. US: Capitol Records, Inc.

Gallagher, N., 1994. Live forever.

Oasis. Definitely maybe. [CD].
Manchester: Creation Records.

• Surname name, Initials (of

originator/Composer,
• Year;
• Title;
• [Medium/Sound recording];
• Name of recording artist.
• Place of recording: Label
• Available at: URL;
• [Date accessed].

CD Oasis, 1994. Definitely maybe. [CD]

Manchester: Creation Records.

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

• Surname name, Initials (of

originator/Composer,
• Year.
• Title of recording. [CD]
• Place of distribution (if known):
• Distribution company.

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Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List

Radio According to the latest research (The The Sun. 2015. BBC Radio 4, 1
Sun, 2015) … January. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048
nlfb#auto [Accessed 22 July 2021].

• Title of programme;
• Year of original transmission;
• Radio station/Name of
channels;
• Date and time of transmission;
• Available at: URL;
• [Accesseddate].

Podcast It was clear that George Osborne was Yesterday in Parliament. 2015.
well out of his depth (Yesterday in [Podcast]. 18 June. Available at:
Parliament, 2015) … http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02t
ys33 [Accessed 22 July 2021].

National Gallery, 2008. Episode

Seventeen (March 2008), The National
Gallery Monthly Podcast. [podcast]
March 2008. Available at: <
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podca
sts> [Accessed 23 June 2009].

Broadcaster/Author/presenter/title if
anon;
• Year that the site was
published/last updated (in round
brackets);
• Title of podcast/programme (in
italics);

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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2025

• Series title
• [Podcast];
• Day/month of posted message/
transmission;
• Available at: URL;
• [Accesseddate].

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Special notes on referencing

1. Quoting errors

Although it is not recommended that you quote or use information containing errors (since it may be a reflection of the general quality of work), it
is occasionally useful to do so, particularly in essays of critique. In these cases, it is still important to ensure that you quote the original information
exactly as expressed by the author to ensure that you accurately convey their intention. You do, however, also need to indicate any grammatical
or spelling errors from the original as follows:

• ‘… an indication of the mascara [sic] that occurred at Tiananmen Square’; o sic: Latin (meaning ‘thus, so’, used or spelled as given);
• Insert the word in italics in square brackets, immediately after the incorrect word, inside the quotation;
• Please note that you should not use [sic] to ‘correct’ U.S. English spelling – you can simply indicate any changes to U.K. English in
square bracket as follows: ‘…legitimi[s]e his reign.’

2. Publisher names and locations

It is not necessary to include words such as ‘Books’, ‘Education’, ‘Press’, ‘Publishers’, etc. after the names of the publishing companies: e.g. the
end of a reference list for an item published by Heinemann Publishers (Pty) Ltd would simply read: Sandton: Heinemann.

It is also common that multiple cities of publication appear on the title page. If this is the case, use the first-listed city as your city of publication.

Additionally, if the city of publication is little-known, or could be confused with another place of the same name, provide the state as well in
abbreviated forms after a comma: o E.g. the end of a reference list for an item published by Dream Visual Publishers could read: Rome, NY:
Dream Visual.

In the above example, simply writing ‘Rome’ as the city of publication would likely cause readers to assume that the book was published in
Italy, and not in New York, USA, so it is safer to indicate the state in such cases to avoid confusion.

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3. Citing URLs

Make sure that any sites you have cited are active and working – in this regard, make sure that you have, as far as possible, cited the permalink
(persistent link) to any journal articles etc. and not any temporary ‘session’ URLs you may have been working with. Session URLs, which are
used during most database searches, such as those conducted on EBSCOhost, expire as soon as you have finished working and so will not
assist your reader in following your source’s citation. Permalinks, however, are designed to offer a stable location for the document, and so are
also much less susceptible to what IT people term ‘link rot’. The icon for permalinks usually looks something like the below example:

Click on this icon, and then copy and paste the URL detail it leads you to into your reference to ensure that your reader will be able to follow
the link.

Another related concept used here is the Digital Object Identifier, more commonly referred to as a DOI. DOIs are unique tags or serial numbers
that are given to electronic documents like journal articles that remain the same regardless of where the documents might be moved to on the
WWW. Since these are permanent (they are a bit like an ISBN number), it makes sense to provide this tag on any journal article etc. that you
cite, since it will ensure that your reader always has a working link to access your source.

4. More about the ‘year’ reference

The ‘year’ that is mentioned in both in-text and referencing list refers to the year of the specific edition’s publication, and not to any subsequent
reprint/impression dates. A reprint is not a new edition. If you are not sure whether or not you have used the correct date, check the title page
and look for the Copyright year. The title page may, for example, indicate ‘Copyright © 2009 Van Schaik Publishers’ and then indicate a number
of impressions, such as ‘First edition 2009; Second impression 2011; Third impression 2015’. You would then use the 2009 year as the year
of publication, even though subsequent impressions have been printed.

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5. Latin abbreviations for missing information (date, place, or publisher)

The required information that you need for in-text and referencing list may not always be available. If this is the case, please do first try to obtain
the information from another source (use your Google-Fu from Chapter 5 for this little challenge). If you really cannot establish reliable
information, then make use of these three different Latin abbreviations:

• s.a. (sine anno: without year) o s.l. (sine loco: without place) o s.n. (sine nomine: without printer’s name)
• Examples of how these works are included in the table below:

Source In-text Paraphrased and/or Direct Quote Reference List

No date of publication According to Calder ([s.a.]) … Calder, P.R. [s.a.]. A brief introduction to
s.a. (sine anno: without year) OR n.d. (no quantum mechanics. New York: Science
date) According to Calder ([s.a.]:16) … Today.
No place of publication Calder, P.R. 2012. A brief introduction to
s.l. (sine loco: without place) quantum mechanics. [s.l.]: Science Today.
No publisher Calder, P.R. 2012. A brief introduction to
s.n. (sine nomine: without a [printer’s] name) quantum mechanics. New York: [s.n].

While there may be other unusual situations in which the general principles are not immediately clear, these special notes, in addition to the
extensive sample list under the General Referencing section should see you through most references that you are likely to encounter in your
studies. If you do make use of any titles or material that is not represented in this guide, remember to follow the following simple principles:

• Apply the sample principles of ordering and format throughout your in-text and referencing list;
• Use your Google-Fu when in doubt, and double-check with your Faculty/University Referencing Style Guide if you are unsure about any
‘tricky’ references.

6. Reference list or Bibliography

The reference list should include details for everything that you cite in your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the
different types of material in one sequence.

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Bibliography is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment, but which are not necessarily cited in your
text, e.g. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.

A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment.

The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used interchangeably. Make sure that you know what is required from you before you
complete your assignment.

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