SET 1

1. Challenges in Mobile Computing

o Limited bandwidth and network congestion
o Power consumption constraints
o Security and privacy issues
o Frequent disconnections and handovers
2. Cellular Phone Standards
o 1G: Analog (AMPS, NMT)
o 2G: Digital (GSM, CDMA)
o 3G: High-speed (UMTS, CDMA2000)
o 4G: LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
o 5G: Ultra-fast, low latency
3. Reason Collision Detection is Unsuitable for Wireless Networks
o Wireless signals experience high interference and signal fading.
o Collision detection requires simultaneous transmission and reception, which is
difficult in wireless communication.
4. Role of a MAC (Medium Access Control) Protocol
o Controls access to the shared wireless medium.
o Prevents data collisions and manages efficient channel utilization.
5. TDMA Scheme for Satellite Systems
o In Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), satellite communication is
divided into time slots assigned to different users, reducing interference and
optimizing bandwidth use.
6. Meaning of GSM
o Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard for mobile
networks, providing voice and data services over digital cellular technology.
7. Three Levels of Security in GSM
o Network Security: Authentication of users via SIM cards.
o Radio Interface Security: Encryption of data transmission.
o Subscriber Identity Security: Protecting user identity with temporary
identifiers.
8. Reasons for Handover
o Weakening signal strength as the mobile user moves.
o Reducing network congestion by switching to a less crowded cell.
o Maintaining call continuity without dropping connections.
9. GPRS vs. GSM
o General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offers faster data transfer than GSM.
o It supports an always-on internet connection.
o Efficient use of bandwidth with packet switching rather than circuit switching.
10. Information Stored in a SIM Card
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Authentication Key (Ki)
• Stored phone numbers and SMS
• Network-specific information for connectivity
 SET 2
1. Advantages of Mobile Computing
o Provides flexibility and remote access to data.
o Enhances productivity with anytime-anywhere connectivity.
o Supports multiple applications like communication, gaming, and e-commerce.
o Reduces infrastructure costs by leveraging wireless technologies.
2. Types of Wireless Networks
o Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) – e.g., Wi-Fi
o Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) – e.g., WiMAX
o Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) – e.g., Bluetooth, Zigbee
o Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) – e.g., Cellular networks
3. Objectives of MAC Protocols
o Efficient utilization of wireless bandwidth.
o Avoidance of data collisions and interference.
o Fair access to the medium for multiple users.
o Support for real-time and delay-sensitive applications.
4. Types of Mobility
o User Mobility – The ability of a user to move across networks.
o Device Mobility – The ability of a device to change locations.
o Session Mobility – Maintaining an active session while moving.
o Service Mobility – Continuity of services regardless of location.
5. Working of RTS/CTS in MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
o Sender sends Request to Send (RTS) to the receiver.
o Receiver replies with Clear to Send (CTS) if the channel is free.
o Sender transmits data upon receiving CTS, preventing collisions.
6. Important Features of GSM Security
o Authentication using SIM-based credentials.
o Encryption for secure data transmission.
o Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) to protect user identity.
o Network challenge-response mechanism for fraud prevention.
7. Frequency Range of Uplink and Downlink in GSM
o Uplink: 890 – 915 MHz (mobile to base station).
o Downlink: 935 – 960 MHz (base station to mobile).
8. Types of Handoff
o Hard Handoff – Break-before-make transition between cells.
o Soft Handoff – Make-before-break transition using multiple connections.
o Horizontal Handoff – Handoff within the same network type.
o Vertical Handoff – Handoff between different network technologies.
9. Goals of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
o Efficient packet-switched data transmission.
o Always-on internet connectivity.
o Higher data rates compared to GSM.
o Optimized spectrum utilization.
10. Main Elements of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
• User Equipment (UE) – Mobile device used by users.
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) – Handles radio
communication.
• Core Network (CN) – Manages voice and data traffic.