VECTORS

2
of three smooth curves C.
as it is composed curve while the
curve
1S piecewise smocth
circle is a smooth closed
CG andC. The

A
B
Piecewise smooth curve

of the four sides of a rectangle is a piccewise smooth

consisting
closed curve.
has a unique
Smooth surface. Suppose S is a surface which
of this normal
normal at cach of its points and the direction
a smooth
depends continuouslyon the points of S. Then S is called
Sturface.
finite
If asurface S is not smooth but can be subdivided into a
number of smooth surfaces, then it is called a piecewise smooth
sarface. The surface of a sphere is smooth while the surface of a
cube is piecewise smooth.
Classification of regions. A region R in which every closed
curve can be contracted to a point without passing out of the
region is called a simply connected region. Otherwise the region R
is maltiply-connected. The region interior toa circle is a simply
connected plane region. The region interior to a sphere is a
simply-connected region in space. The region between two concen
triccircles lying in the same plane is a multiply connected plane
region.
If we takea closed curve in this region surrounding the inner
circle, then it cannot be contracted to a
point without passing out of the region.
Therefore the region is not simply-connec
ted. However the region between two
concentric spheres is a simply-connected
region in space. Theregion between two
infinitely long coaxial cylinders is a multi
ply-connected region in space.
§2. Line Integrals. Any integral which
is to be
evaluated along a curve is called a line integral.
Suppose r ()=x () i+y (1) j+z (1) k, where r () is the posi
tion vector of (*, y, z) i.e. r
()=xi+yj+
simooth curve joining two points zk, defines a piecewise
A and B. Let t=t, at A and
at B. Suppose F (x, y, z)= i+F, t=h
tion defned and continuous jF, k is a vector point func
alongC. Ifs denotes the arc length
GREEN's, GAUSS's AND STOKE'S THEOREMS 3
dr
of thecurve C, then ds t is a unit vector along the
tangent to
the curve C at the point r. The component of the vector F along
dr
this tangent is F. ds' The integral of F.
dr
ds along C from A to B
written as
dr
Fds-F.dr- F.dt
is an example of a line integra. It is called the tangent line integral
of F along C.
Since r=xi+j+zk, therefore, dr dxi+dyj +dzk.
F"dr=(i+Fj+F;k)-(dxi+ dyj+ dzk)
=F, dx+F, dy+ F; dz.
Therefore in components form the above line integral is
written as

F"dr -(F dx+F, dy+F, d-).

C

The parametric equations of the curve C are x=x(t), y= y()

and z=z().
Therefore we may write
dx dy
F.dr- tf
(i.e. u curve which
Circulation. If C is asimple clTsed curve
itself anywhere), thn the tangent line integral of
does not intersect circulation of Fabout C. It. is often de
FaroundCis called the
noted by
dx+F, dy+f, dz).

parti
by a Force. Suppose a forceF acts upon a
Work done path C in space.
displaced along a given
cle. Let the particlebe C, then
dr is a unit
on
denotes the positionvector of apoint ds
Ifr in the direction of
.s
C at the point r
tangent to tangent to C is
Vector along the of force F along
Increasing. The component
done by F during a small displacement
dr
F. Therefore the
work
ds dr] ds i.e., F.dr. The total work
ds of the particle along Cis F
 GR
VECTOR

4 the line
displacement along C, is given by
this
Wdone by F in
integral
w-. F.dr, of the
displacement.
taken in the sense
the integration being
§3. Surface Integrals. be evaluated over a surface is called a
Any integral which is to
surface integral. Suppose S is a
surface of finite area. Suppose
f(x,y, z) is a single valued func
tion of position defined over S.
Subdivide the area S into n ele
ments of areas 8S;, 8S,..., S,.
In each part 8Sk we ch0ose an
arbitrary point Pk whose coordi
nates are (Xk, Vks Zk). We define
SP)=fxA, yk,Za). Form the sum
2 f(P)8St.
k=1
Now take the limit of this sum as n->o in such a way that the
largest of the areas 8S, approaches zero. This limit if it exists, is
called the surface integral of fx, y, z) over S and is denoted by

I, f . ) ds.
It can be shown that if the surface S is piecewise smooth and
the function f (3, y, z) is continuous over S, then the above limit
exists i.e., is independent of the choice of sub-division and points
P&.
Flux. Suppose S is a piece
wise smooth surface and
F (x, y, z)
is a vector function of position
defined and continuous over S.
Let P be any point on the sur
face S and let n be the unit ds
vector at P in the direction of
outward drawn normal to the S
surface S at P. Then F"n is the
normal component of F at P. The
integral of F"n over S is
 GREEN's, GAUSS's AND STOKE'S THEOREMS 5

F"n dS.
It is called the flux of F over S.
Iet us associate with the
differential of
vector dS (called vector area) whose magnitudesurface area dS a
is dS and whose
direction is that of n. Then ds- ndS.
Therefore we can write
En
F"n
ds =I|, F.dS.
S
Suppose the outward drawn normal to the surface S at P
makes angles a, B. y with the positive directions of x, y and z axes
respectively. If l, m, n are the direction cosines of the outward
drawn normal, then
l=c0S , m=C0S B, n=cOS Y.
Also n=cos i +cos pj+cos yk =li+mj+nk.
Let F (x, y, z)=Fi+F,j+Fk. Then
F"n=; cos a +F, cos p+F, cos Y=Fl+Fm+Fn.
Therefore we can write

. F"ndS=|(E cos «+F cos p+F, cos Y) dS

-(Fidy dz+ F, dz dx+ F, dx dy), if we define
E cosa dS F, cos pdS-|| F, dz dx,

. F, cosy dS =|.F, dx dy.

Note 1. Other examples of surface integrals are
fn ds,|l.Fxds
z) is a scalar function of position.
Where f(x,y, order to evaluate surface
integrals
Note 2 Important. In
as double integrals taken over
them
It 1s convenient to
express
the surface S on one of the coordi
projection of perpendicular
the orthogonal is possible only if any line
nate planes. But this meets the surface S' in no more
co-ordinate plane chosen satisfy this condition.
to the does not
one point. If the surface S surfaces which do satisfy thjs
tnan sub-divided into
then it can be
perpendicular to
condition. that any line
is such
Suppose the surface S
Then the equa-
than one point.
meets S in no more
the XP-plane
 VECTORS
6
can be
tion of the surface S
written in the form
z-h (x, ).
Let R be the orthogonal
projection of S on the xy
plane. If y is the acute angle
wbich the undirected normal
a at P(x, y, z) to the surface
S makes with z-axis, then it
can be shown that R.
cos y dS-dx dy,
where dS is the small element
of area of surface S at the point P.
Therefore dS= dx dy dx dy where k is the unit vector
cos y |n"k|
along z-axis.
Hence Fon ds=|| F"n dx dy
Thus the surface integral on S can be evaluated with the help
of a double integral integrated over R.
§4. Volume Integrals.
Suppose Vis a volume bounded .by a surface S. Suppose
S(x, y, z) i_a single valued function of position defined over V.
Subdivide the volume Vinto n elements of volumes 8V, 8V2,... ...,
$Vn In each part 8Vk we choose an arbitrary point Pk
whose co
ordinates are (xk. yk, za). We define f(P:)=fXk yk Zk).
Form the sum

kl

Now take the limit of this sum as

the largest of the volumes 8Vk n+oo in such a way that
approaches zero. This limit, if it
exists, is called the volume integral of f(x, ), z) over V and is
denoted by
)dv.
It can be shown that if the
the function f(, y, z) is surface is piecewise smooth and
limit exists i.e. is independentcontinuous over V, then the above
of the choice of
points Pk. sub-divisions and
GREBN's GAUSs's AND STOKE'S THEOREMS

If we subdivide the volume Vinto small cuboids by drawing

lines parallelto the three co-ordinate axes, then dVdx dy dz and
theabove volume integral becomes
) dx dy dz.
If F(x, y,z) is a vector function, then

integral.
is also an example of a volume
Solved Examples
Ex. 1. Evaluate F"dr, where F-xi+yi and curve C

the arc of the parabola y=x* in the x-y plane from (0, 0) to
is
(1, 1).
shall illustrate two methods for the solution of
Solation. We
such a problem. parabola y=x* from (0, 0) to
Method 1, The curve C is the
(1, 1). If ris the position vector of any point
y=t².
Let x=t; then ()=xi+j=ti+j.
(3,) on C, then r dr =i+2tj.
dt
F:-t2i+9j.
Also in terms of t, =x=0. At the point (1, 1), t=1.
At the point (0,
0), t
- (+1)-(+2rj) dt
dt
1.1 7
3 21
r=xityj.
In the xy-plane we have
Method 2. dr --dxi+dyj. dy.
F"dr--(rity)"(dxi+dyj)=x*dx+y
Therefore
F.dr Therefore dy-2x d.
y=x*.
Now along thecurve C,
F.d1- [x dk+*(2x)d«] 7
.:. 12
curve
F=(*-y)i+xyj and
F.dr,where
EvaluateFdr,
Ex, 2. Evaluate 8).
y=x from(0, 0) to(2,
the curve
C is the arc of
 VECTORS
Solution. The curve C is the curve y= from (0,0) to (2, 8).
Let x=t, then y=t3. Ifr is the position vector of any point (x, y)
on C, then r(()=xi+j=ti+j.
dr
dt =0+31j.
Also in terms of 1, F=((2-1) i+j.
At the point (0, 0), t=x=0. At the point (2, 8), t=2.
dr

-(P-9+3r9]d=|+21)d

Ex. 3. IfF=3xy i-yj, evaluate F.dr, where C is the curve

C

in the xy-plane, y=2:*, from (0, 0) to (1, 2).

[Kanpur 1978; Agra 76; Calicut 83)
Solution. The parametric equations of the parabola y=2x
can be taken as
X=t,y=212,
At the point (0, 0), x=0 and so (-0. Again at the point
(1, 2), x=land so t=1.
Now

[" =xi+yj,so that dr=dxi+ dyil

-(3..21°,|-41.4) dt
[: *=1,y=212 so that dx<dt =1 and dy/dt=41]
t611 t
(6r'-16/) d -|6;-i6..
6 16 3 8 7

Ex. 4. Evaluate F"dr along the curve x+y=1, 2=1 in the

positive direction from (0, 1, 1l)to (1,0, 1)where
F=(2x+yz) i+ xzj+(xy+22) k.
Solution. Let the given curve be denoted by Cand let A andB
be the points (0, 1, l)and (1, 0, 1)
respectively.
GREEN'S, GAUSS's AND STOKE'S THEOREMS 9

Along the given curve C, we haver-xi+yj +zk.

dr-dxi-+dyj+ dzk.
B

Jc F"dr -[(2x+ yz) i+ xzj+(xy+ 22) kJ-(dxi +dyi+ dzk)

(2x+yz) dx+ xzdy+(xy+2z) da]. ...(1)

In moving from A to B, x varies from 0 to 1, y varies from

dz=0.
1to 0and z remains constant. We have z=1and $o
Hence from (1)

Fodr= (2x+y) dx+

0 1
xdy +0

=1,
by a property of definite integrals.
the last two integrals cancel
when a force
Ex. 5. Find the work done
F=(r-y+x) i-(2xy+y) i
xy-plane from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along the parabola
mOves a particle in [Kanpur 1980]
y'=x. the
denote the arc of the parabola y² =x from
Solution. Let C
The parametric equations of the
1).
point (0, 0) tothe point (1,
taken as x=t, y=t. At the point (0, 0),
parabola y²=x can be The required work
done
(1, 1), t=1.
Iz0and at the point
i+dy j)
{(*-y²+x) i-(2xy+) i}-(dx
-[(y°+x)dx-(2xy+y)dy]
--+*)-(29+»4
- |(-+).21-(2r+1).1]dt
‘211

=}--+--.
 VECTORS
10

circle x?+=1.
(Ex. 6. Evaluate |(xdy-y dx)around the
Let C denote the circle x*+y*== 1. The parametric
Solution, t.
y= sin
equationsof this circle arc x=cos t,
around the circle C we should vary t from 0 to 2z.
To integrate
2 dy
(* dy-y de)-,- ai) dt
r25

- (cos -+sin³1) dtd=2.

/E7. 7.) Evaluate F.dr,
JC

where F=icos y-jxsin y

and C is the curve y=V(l-x) in xy-plane from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
Solation, We have F"dr
JoC
(icos y-jx sin y)-(i dx +j dy) = (cos ydx-x sin y dy)

-4(cosy) -x cosy-0-1--1.
J10)

Ex. 8. Evaluate_F"dr, where F-xyi+(+y) j and curve

Cis the arc of y=x-4from (2, 0) to (4, 12). [Garhwal 1981]
Solution. We have Fdr

-yi+(2+) il-(dsi+dyi)

Along C, y= x*-4 and x²=y+4.

P12
x (*-4) dx+ o+4 +y)dy
-- + . =732.

x. 9. Evaluate xy ds, where C is the segment of the line

y=2x in the xy-plane from (-1, -2) to (1, 2).