Lecture 1-2

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The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they can be
reused, reproduced, modified, and distributed by others for academic purposes only with
proper acknowledgements.

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1: To realize fundamental concepts of optics such as reflection, refraction and diffraction in
designing optical elements.
CO2: To learn basics and working principle of some optoelectronic devices.
CO3: To gain an integrative overview and applications of different optical microscopes,
telescopes and spectroscopes.
CO4: To acquire fundamental knowledge of interferometry and apply it in optical metrology.

As informed earlier that this has been prepared Solely for Teaching/Learning purposes and not for
wide circulation in any social media etc. You can share/discuss with Enrolled Students for OE
PHO852) of Optoelectronic Instrumentation classmates only.
 Exam Pattern:

CA +MID TERM+ END TERM = 15+25+60 = 100 (FM)

or as suggested by the Institute

CA–

Components-
Regular performance in the class + Homework + Assignments
or
as will be declared time to time or as suggested by the Institute
 Course Title of the course Program Core Total Number of contact hours Credit
Code (PCR) / Lecture (L) Tutorial (T) Practical (P) Total Hours
Electives (PEL)
PHO852 Optical PEL 3 0 0 3 3
Instrumentation
Pre-requisites Course Assessment methods: (Continuous (CT), mid-term (MT) and end assessment (EA))
NIL CT+MT+EA
Course CO1: To realize fundamental concepts of optics such as reflection, refraction and diffraction in designing optical elements.
Outcomes CO2: To learn basics and working principle of some optoelectronic devices.
CO3: To gain an integrative overview and applications of different optical microscopes, telescopes and spectroscopes.
CO4: To acquire fundamental knowledge of interferometry and apply it in optical metrology.
Topics Optical elements:
Covered* Reflective and Refractive optical elements, Diffractive optical element, Holographic Optical Element, Grating, Prism. [6]
(Topics Microscopy:
planned Bright field microscopy, Dark field microscopy, Phase-Contrast microscopy, Polarized light microscopy, Differential Interference
to be contrast microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Confocal microscopy, Digital Holographic microscopy. [8]
covered Spectroscopy: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR Spectroscopy. [4]
by Prof. Optical Interferometer:
P. Common path interferometer, Multiple-Beam interferometer, Multiple wavelength interferometer, Shearing interferometer, Speckle
Kumbha interferometer. [6]
kar) Optoelectronic devices:
Photomultiplier Tubes, Photodiodes, CCD, acousto-optic modulator, electro-optic modulator. [6]
Optical Instruments: Optical Coherence Tomography, Particle Image Velocimetry. [6]
Optical Metrology: Moire, fringe projection, Holography and Speckle techniques. [6]
Text TEXT BOOKS
Books, 1. Optical Shop Testing, D. Malakara, Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007.
and/or 2. Practical Holography, G. Saxby, CRC Press, 2017.
reference 3. Materials Characterization, Yang Lang, Wiley-VCH, 2013.
material REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Fundamental of Photonics, B. E. A. Saleh, M. C. Teich, Wiley, 2007.
2. Optics, E. Hecht, Addison-Wesley, 2001.
3. Optics, A. Ghatak, Tata McGrawHill, 2005.
Objectives
 What is Spectroscopy?
 What is a spectrum?
 Types of Spectroscopy:
 Applications
 EM Radiation and Spectroscopy
 Recapitulations of a Few Terms
 Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy
 Names of Some Spectroscopic Techniques
 Ultraviolet–visible Spectroscopy
INTRODUCTION:
The Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) with matter
(liquid, solid and gas) is considered in Spectroscopy.

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08/emwave.gif

What is Spectroscopy?
Spectroscopy- Spectroscopy refers to a plethora of different
techniques that employ radiation in order to obtain data on the
structure and properties of matter, which is used for solving a wide
variety of analytical problems.
 In short, spectroscopy deals with measuring and interpreting spectra that
arise from the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (a form of energy
propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves) with matter.

 It is concerned with the absorption, emission, or scattering of

electromagnetic radiation by atoms or molecules.

 Since its inception in the second half of the 19th century, the technique has
developed to include every region of electromagnetic spectrum and every
attainable atomic or molecular process.

 Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most

fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and
general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics.

 Consequently, most engineers and scientists work directly or indirectly with

spectroscopy at some point in their career.
Types of Spectroscopy:
Initially Spectroscopy can be categorised into following two types.
1. Absorption Spectroscopy
2. Emission Spectroscopy

UV-VISIBLE
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
(HITACHI U-3010)

Nanoscience Lab,
Dept. of Physics, NIT Durgapur LUMINESCENCE SPECTROMETER
(PERKINELMER INC. - LS 55)

Nanoscience Lab,
Dept. of Physics, NIT Durgapur
Applications:
Spectroscopic techniques have been applied in virtually all technical fields of
science and technology.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
 Radio-frequency spectroscopy of nuclei in a magnetic field is used to
visualize the internal soft tissue of the body with unprecedented
resolution.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the body's natural magnetic
properties to produce detailed images from any part of the body. For
imaging purposes the hydrogen nucleus (a single proton) is used because
of its abundance in water and fat.
Microwave spectroscopy:
 It is concerned with transitions between rotational energy levels in the
molecules, the molecule gives a rotational spectrum only If it has a
permanent dipole moment.
 Microwave spectroscopy involves measuring the rotational spectra of
molecules in the wavelength region of 1 cm to 100 μm.
 Used to discover the remnant of the big bang (i.e., the primeval
explosion) from which the universe is thought to have originated.
Optical spectroscopy: It is used routinely to identify the chemical
composition of matter and to determine its physical structure.
Analytical Chemistry: It is used for the identification of any unknown
substances.