PLANTAE

PLANT

VASCULAR NON VASCULAR

SEED PRODUCING NON SEED PRODUCING

GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

MONOCOTYLEDON DICOTYLEDON
 WHY LEARNING PLANTS?
◼ To organize our knowledge with respect to:

◼ their shared or diagnostic features, including features that may be of economic or other
importance,

◼ hence their relationships,

◼ hence their evolutionary history,

◼ so that we can make rational decisions about utilization, conservation, or other human
activities affecting the diversity of the world's plants.

◼ To learn skills that can be used in academia, in the

workplace, and in a vocational pursuits (e.g. cooking,
camping, gardening, volunteering, etc.)
◼ knowing at least the rudiments of plant classification and identification can give access to
short- or long-term work with research projects, government and other agencies, or private
sector employers

◼ being able to recognize plant taxa and their morphology can enhance one's enjoyment of
the plants encountered in everyday activities
 HOW TO PRESERVE?
•Specimen is collected and all sources of the vegetative morphology of a
plant that relates to how it makes a living are recorded.

•The dried specimen is glued, labeled & pressed manually.

•Herbaria are collections of pressed, dried, and labeled plant specimens that
are kept in systematic order.

•Herbaria vary from simple scrapbooks to vast collections of millions of

specimens that are housed in botanical gardens or other botanical research
institutions.

•Herbaria are kept in herbarium.

 VASCULAR vs NON VASCULAR
i) Vascular ii) Non-Vascular
- have internal tissues that conduct: - lack these tissues
- Xylem- Transports water
- Phloem- Transports sugars
 NON VASCULAR PLANTS
◼ Comprise over 15,000 species

◼ Originated over 400 million years ago

◼ No vascular tissue

◼ No true stems, roots or leaves-anchored by rhizoids

◼ Body is a thallus or differentiated into simple ‘leaves-like’ &

‘stem-like’

◼ Unlike all other plants, the gametophyte is the dominant stage

◼ Live mainly in damp, shady places

◼ Classified into three Divisions:

i) Bryophyta (mosses),
ii) Hepatophyta (liverworts)
iii) Anthocerophyta (hornworts).
NON VASCULAR PLANT

Life cycle Evolution of plant structures

 DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
◼ Live in dense colonies @ beds
◼ Each has upright stemlike structure that bear leaflike blades
◼ Each has rhizoids anchor to the soil
◼ Possesses one type of spore (homosporous) from which gametophyte
produces antheridia & archegonia
◼ Sperm cells possess two flagella
◼ Beneficial as soil conditioner & prevent erosion
◼ Provide food for animals
Antheridia

Archegonia
LIFE CYCLE OF BRYOPHYTA

Moss spores germinate and

produce protonemata (filaments
of cells), eventually developing
into a new moss gametophyte
 DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
◼ More simple structure than mosses
◼ Confined to damp & shady habitats
◼ Each has rhizoids
◼ Leaves like in three ranks along the stemlike
◼ Gametophyte generation that predominates
◼ Made up of flat, lobed thalli (singular=thallus, it looks like a liver).
◼ There are pores on the upper surface that allow gas exchange and are always
open.
◼ They also have circular structures, gemmae cups, on their upper surface which
contain gemmae.
◼ The gemmae are dispersed by rain and develop into new liverworts (asexual
reproduction).
Archegonia

Antheridia
Structure and Life Cycle of a Marchantia liverwort
 DIVISION ANTHOCEROPHYTA
◼ Gametophyte is always thalloid
◼ The antheridia and archegonia are sunken on the dorsal surface of the
gametophyte
◼ Possesses a single chloroplast in each cell.
◼ The sporophyte has basal growth and produces a needle-shaped
capsule with columella and stomata.
◼ Elaters are muticellular or absent
◼ The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure

◼ Grow only in places that are damp or humid.

LIFE CYCLE OF ANTHOCEROPHYTA
 VASCULAR PLANTS
A) Seedless vascular plants

◼ Seedless vascular plants are well-suited to moist areas, but do not do well in
arid habitats.

◼ They are still dependent on water for external fertilization and for development
of the free-living embryo.

◼ These plants have several derived traits that they share with the seed plants:
1) a vascular system which transports water, nutrients and photosynthetic
products around the plant,
2) sporophytes as the dominant life stage, and
3) stomata.

However, they retain some ancestral features:

1) free-living gametophyte,
2) no seeds, and
3) motile sperm that require water for fertilization.

◼ Most seedless vascular plants produce one type of spore (homospory) which
develops into a gametophyte.

◼ There are 2 divisions:

i) Division Lycophyta
ii)Division Pterophyta
 DIVISION LYCOPHYTA
◼ Club mosses used to be important members of the flora during
the Carboniferous period.
◼ The spore-producing sporangia are found either at the stem
tips in strobili or along the stem at the leaf bases.
◼ Selaginella (shown below) is heterosporous and has sporangia
in strobili
◼ Lycopodium (Club Moss) is a homeopathic remedy used
LIFE CYCLE OF Lycopodium
 DIVISION PTEROPHYTA
◼ Pterophytes were common in the Carboniferous period.

◼ Whisk ferns are small and dichotomously-branched. Spores are dispersed

by air

◼ Ferns are very leafy; leaves arise from an underground stem (rhizome).

◼ On the underside of some leaves (sporophylls), sporangia are clustered in

sori
LIFE CYCLE OF FERN
 VASCULAR PLANTS
B) Vascular Seed plants- GYMNOSPERMS

◼ Gymnosperms are vascular plants with a dominant sporophyte stage. Compared to ferns, they have
additional adaptations to life on land:

1) Seeds, which contain a dormant embryo and nutrients within a protective cover.
The seed is resistant to harsh conditions and can be dispersed by air and animals as
well as by water.

2) Reduced gametophyte: the male gametophyte is a pollen grain, and the female
gametophyte is maintained within the sporangium of the sporophyte.

3) Pollination replaced swimming through water as the mode of transferring sperm to egg.
Pollination can be accomplished by air or animal.

◼ More advanced vascular tissue.

◼ These characteristics reduced gymnosperms’ reliance on water to complete their life cycle.

◼ Gymnosperms are heterosporous – a microspore develops into pollen, while a megaspore develops
into the female gametophyte.

◼ Within the gymnosperm group are four distinct divisions:

i) Division Ginkgophyta
ii) Division Cycadophyta
iii)Division Gnetophyta
iv)Division Coniferophyta
 DIVISION GINKGOPHYTA
•The Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba; '銀杏' in Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko",
and also known as the Maidenhair Tree.

•It is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class
Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo.

•The leaves are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating
out into the leaf blade

•Ginkgos are dioecious

•Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls each bearing two
microsporongia spirally arranged around a central axis.

•Female plants do not produce cones.

•The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are esteemed in and outside of Asia,
and are a traditional Chinese food. Called yín xìng (银杏; literally "silver apricot")
or bái guǒ (白果; literally "white fruit")

•Ginkgo nuts are used in congee often served at special occasions such
as weddings and the Chinese New Year (as part of the vegetarian dish called
Buddha's delight).

•Used as memory enhancer and anti-vertigoagent

Ginkgo biloba
 DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA
◼ Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large
crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk.

◼ They are evergreen, gymnospermous

◼ Dioecious

◼ Plants having large pinnately compound leaves

◼ They are able to grow in full sun or shade, and some are salt
tolerant.

◼ The starch obtained from the stems which was used as food by
some indigenous tribes
Cycad sp.
 DIVISION GNETOPHYTA
◼ Gnetophytes differ from other gymnosperms in having vessel
elements as in the flowering plants

◼ The Gnetales consist of a single genus, Gnetum, which are mostly

woody climbers in tropical forests

◼ The plants are shrubs or woody vines with large simple leaves

◼ Dioecious.

◼ Pollinferous strobili are long and slender; ovuliferous strobili possess

separated whorls of ovules

◼ Its seeds are used to produce a crispy krupuk snack known as emping
or krupuk belinjo

◼ Many Gnetum species are edible, with the seeds being roasted, and
the foliage used as a leaf vegetable.

◼ Some are also valued in herbal medicine

Gnetum gnemon
 DIVISION CONIFEROPHYTA
◼ The conifers are an ancient group, with a fossil record extending back about
300 million years

◼ All living conifers are woody plants

◼ Most are trees, the majority having monopodial growth form (a single, straight
trunk with side branches) with strong apical dominance

◼ The leaves of many conifers are long, thin and needle-like, but others have flat,
triangular scale-like leaves

◼ Most conifers are monoecious, but some are subdioecious or dioecious

◼ All are wind-pollinated.

◼ Conifer seeds develop inside a protective cone called a strobilus (or, very
loosely, "pine cones", which technically occur only on pines, not other conifers

◼ The male cones have structures called microsporangia which produce

yellowish pollen

◼ Pollen is released and carried by the wind to female cones

◼ The male cone and unfertilized female cone are called "male flower" and
"female flower", respectively. After fertilization, the female cone is termed
"fruit", which undergoes "ripening" (maturation).
 The megasporangium
contains ovules and
megaspores, which develop
into the female gametophyte.
Below is an ovulate cone.
This gametophyte is
maintained within the parent
sporophyte tissue and
produces eggs

When a pollen grain lands on a

megasporangium, it makes a pollen
tube and fertilizes an egg with the
sperm nucleus. The embryo
develops inside the gametophyte,
which itself is within a coating of
sporophyte tissue. This structure is
the seed
Life Cycle of Conifer
◼ To fertilize the ovum, the male
cone releases pollen that is
carried on the wind to the
female cone.

◼ A fertilized female gamete

(called a zygote) develops into
an embryo.

◼ Along with integument cells

surrounding the embryo, a seed
develops containing the
embryo.

◼ Mature seed drops out of cone

onto the ground.

◼ Seed germinates and seedling

grows into a mature plant.

◼ When mature, the adult plant

produces cones.
 VASCULAR PLANTS
C) Vascular Seed plants- ANGIOSPERMS

◼ The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land
plants

◼ The flowers of flowering plants are the most remarkable feature distinguishing
them from other seed plants.

◼ Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

◼ Stamens are much lighter

◼ Reduced male parts

◼ In flowering plants the fertilization process begins very soon after pollination,
allowing angiosperms, ultimately, to set seeds sooner and faster than
gymnosperms.

◼ Closed carpel enclosing the ovules (carpel or carpels and accessory parts may
become the fruit)

◼ Once the ovary is fertilized the carpel and some surrounding tissues develop
into a fruit

◼ Divided into monocotyledon & dicotyledon

MONOCOT vs DICOT
Seeds: Monocots vs. Dicots
Root: Monocot vs Dicot