DATE FUNCTIONS

 Sysdate
 Current_date
 Current_timestamp
 Systimestamp
 Localtimestamp
 Dbtimezone
 Sessiontimezone
 To_char
 To_date
 Add_months
 Months_between
 Next_day
 Last_day
 Extract
 Greatest
 Least
 Round
 Trunc
 New_time
 Coalesce

Oracle default date format is DD-MON-YY.

We can change the default format to our desired format by using the following command.

SQL> alter session set nls_date_format = ‘DD-MONTH-YYYY’;

But this will expire once the session was closed.

a) SYSDATE

This will give the current date and time.

Ex:
SQL> select sysdate from dual;

SYSDATE
-----------
24-DEC-06

b) CURRENT_DATE

This will returns the current date in the session’s timezone.

Ex:
SQL> select current_date from dual;

CURRENT_DATE
------------------
24-DEC-06

c) CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

This will returns the current timestamp with the active time zone information.

Ex:
SQL> select current_timestamp from dual;

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-DEC-06 03.42.41.383369 AM +05:30

d) SYSTIMESTAMP

This will returns the system date, including fractional seconds and time zone of the
database.
 Ex:
SQL> select systimestamp from dual;
SYSTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-DEC-06 03.49.31.830099 AM +05:30

e) LOCALTIMESTAMP

This will returns local timestamp in the active time zone information, with no time
zone information shown.

Ex:
SQL> select localtimestamp from dual;

LOCALTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-DEC-06 03.44.18.502874 AM

f) DBTIMEZONE

This will returns the current database time zone in UTC format. (Coordinated Universal
Time)

Ex:
SQL> select dbtimezone from dual;

DBTIMEZONE
---------------
-07:00

g) SESSIONTIMEZONE

This will returns the value of the current session’s time zone.

Ex:
SQL> select sessiontimezone from dual;

SESSIONTIMEZONE
------------------------------------
+05:30

h) TO_CHAR

This will be used to extract various date formats.

The available date formats as follows.

Syntax: to_char (date, format)

DATE FORMATS

D -- No of days in week
DD -- No of days in month
DDD -- No of days in year
MM -- No of month
MON -- Three letter abbreviation of month
MONTH -- Fully spelled out month
RM -- Roman numeral month
DY -- Three letter abbreviated day
DAY -- Fully spelled out day
Y -- Last one digit of the year
YY -- Last two digits of the year
YYY -- Last three digits of the year
YYYY -- Full four digit year
 SYYYY -- Signed year
I -- One digit year from ISO standard
IY -- Two digit year from ISO standard
IYY -- Three digit year from ISO standard
IYYY -- Four digit year from ISO standard
Y, YYY -- Year with comma
YEAR -- Fully spelled out year
CC -- Century
Q -- No of quarters
W -- No of weeks in month
WW -- No of weeks in year
IW -- No of weeks in year from ISO standard
HH -- Hours
MI -- Minutes
SS -- Seconds
FF -- Fractional seconds
AM or PM -- Displays AM or PM depending upon time of day
A.M or P.M -- Displays A.M or P.M depending upon time of day
AD or BC -- Displays AD or BC depending upon the date
A.D or B.C -- Displays AD or BC depending upon the date
FM -- Prefix to month or day, suppresses padding of month or day
TH -- Suffix to a number
SP -- suffix to a number to be spelled out
SPTH -- Suffix combination of TH and SP to be both spelled out
THSP -- same as SPTH

Ex:
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd month yyyy hh:mi:ss am dy') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD MONTH YYYYHH:MI

----------------------------------------------------
24 december 2006 02:03:23 pm sun

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd month year') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDMONTHYEAR')
-------------------------------------------------------
24 december two thousand six

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd fmmonth year') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD FMMONTH YEAR')

-------------------------------------------------------
24 december two thousand six

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'ddth DDTH') from dual;

TO_CHAR(S
------------
24th 24TH

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'ddspth DDSPTH') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDSPTHDDSPTH
------------------------------------------
twenty-fourth TWENTY-FOURTH

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'ddsp Ddsp DDSP ') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDSPDDSPDDSP')
------------------------------------------------
twenty-four Twenty-Four TWENTY-FOUR

i) TO_DATE
 This will be used to convert the string into date format.

Syntax: to_date (date)

Ex:
SQL> select to_char(to_date('24/dec/2006','dd/mon/yyyy'), 'dd * month * day')
from dual;

TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('24/DEC/20
--------------------------
24 * december * Sunday

-- If you are not using to_char oracle will display output in default date format.

j) ADD_MONTHS

This will add the specified months to the given date.

Syntax: add_months (date, no_of_months)

Ex:
SQL> select add_months(to_date('11-jan-1990','dd-mon-yyyy'), 5) from dual;

ADD_MONTHS
----------------
11-JUN-90

SQL> select add_months(to_date('11-jan-1990','dd-mon-yyyy'), -5) from dual;

ADD_MONTH
---------------
11-AUG-89

 If no_of_months is zero then it will display the same date.

 If no_of_months is null then it will display nothing.

k) MONTHS_BETWEEN

This will give difference of months between two dates.

Syntax: months_between (date1, date2)

Ex:
SQL> select months_between(to_date('11-aug-1990','dd-mon-yyyy'), to_date('11-
jan-1990','dd-mon-yyyy')) from dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('11-AUG-1990','DD-MON-YYYY'),TO_DATE('11-JAN-1990','DD-MON-YYYY'))
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
SQL> select months_between(to_date('11-jan-1990','dd-mon-yyyy'), to_date('11-
aug-1990','dd-mon-yyyy')) from dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('11-JAN-1990','DD-MON-YYYY'),TO_DATE('11-AUG-1990','DD-MON-YYYY'))
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-7

l) NEXT_DAY

This will produce next day of the given day from the specified date.

Syntax: next_day (date, day)

Ex:
 SQL> select next_day(to_date('24-dec-2006','dd-mon-yyyy'),'sun') from dual;

NEXT_DAY(
-------------
31-DEC-06

-- If the day parameter is null then it will display nothing.

m) LAST_DAY

This will produce last day of the given date.

Syntax: last_day (date)

Ex:
SQL> select last_day(to_date('24-dec-2006','dd-mon-yyyy'),'sun') from dual;
LAST_DAY(
-------------
31-DEC-06

n) EXTRACT

This is used to extract a portion of the date value.

Syntax: extract ((year | month | day | hour | minute | second), date)

Ex:
SQL> select extract(year from sysdate) from dual;
EXTRACT(YEARFROMSYSDATE)
------------------------------------
2006

-- You can extract only one value at a time.

o) GREATEST

This will give the greatest date.

Syntax: greatest (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

Ex:
SQL> select greatest(to_date('11-jan-90','dd-mon-yy'),to_date('11-mar-90','dd-
mon-yy'),to_date('11-apr-90','dd-mon-yy')) from dual;

GREATEST(
-------------
11-APR-90

p) LEAST

This will give the least date.

Syntax: least (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

Ex:
SQL> select least(to_date('11-jan-90','dd-mon-yy'),to_date('11-mar-90','dd-mon-
yy'),to_date('11-apr-90','dd-mon-yy')) from dual;

LEAST(
-------------
11-JAN-90

q) ROUND

Round will rounds the date to which it was equal to or greater than the given date.
 Syntax: round (date, (day | month | year))

If the second parameter was year then round will checks the month of the given date in
the following ranges.

JAN -- JUN
JUL -- DEC

If the month falls between JAN and JUN then it returns the first day of the current year.
If the month falls between JUL and DEC then it returns the first day of the next year.

If the second parameter was month then round will checks the day of the given date in
the following ranges.

1 -- 15
16 -- 31

If the day falls between 1 and 15 then it returns the first day of the current month.
If the day falls between 16 and 31 then it returns the first day of the next month.

If the second parameter was day then round will checks the week day of the given date
in the following ranges.

SUN -- WED
THU -- SUN

If the week day falls between SUN and WED then it returns the previous sunday.
If the weekday falls between THU and SUN then it returns the next sunday.

 If the second parameter was null then it returns nothing.

 If the you are not specifying the second parameter then round will resets the time to the begining of the current day
in case of user specified date.
 If the you are not specifying the second parameter then round will resets the time to the begining of the next day in
case of sysdate.

Ex:
SQL> select round(to_date('24-dec-04','dd-mon-yy'),'year'), round(to_date('11-mar-
06','dd-mon-yy'),'year') from dual;

ROUND(TO_ ROUND(TO_
------------ ---------------
01-JAN-05 01-JAN-06

SQL> select round(to_date('11-jan-04','dd-mon-yy'),'month'), round(to_date('18-

jan-04','dd-mon-yy'),'month') from dual;

ROUND(TO_ ROUND(TO_
------------- ---------------
01-JAN-04 01-FEB-04

SQL> select round(to_date('26-dec-06','dd-mon-yy'),'day'), round(to_date('29-dec-

06','dd-mon-yy'),'day') from dual;

ROUND(TO_ ROUND(TO_
-------------- --------------
24-DEC-06 31-DEC-06

SQL> select to_char(round(to_date('24-dec-06','dd-mon-yy')), 'dd mon yyyy

hh:mi:ss am') from dual;
TO_CHAR(ROUND(TO_DATE('
---------------------------------
24 dec 2006 12:00:00 am
r) TRUNC

Trunc will chops off the date to which it was equal to or less than the given date.

Syntax: trunc (date, (day | month | year))

 If the second parameter was year then it always returns the first day of the current year.
 If the second parameter was month then it always returns the first day of the current month.
 If the second parameter was day then it always returns the previous sunday.
 If the second parameter was null then it returns nothing.
 If the you are not specifying the second parameter then trunk will resets the time to the begining of the current day.

Ex:
SQL> select trunc(to_date('24-dec-04','dd-mon-yy'),'year'), trunc(to_date('11-mar-
06','dd-mon-yy'),'year') from dual;

TRUNC(TO_ TRUNC(TO_
------------- --------------
01-JAN-04 01-JAN-06

SQL> select trunc(to_date('11-jan-04','dd-mon-yy'),'month'), trunc(to_date('18-jan-

04','dd-mon-yy'),'month') from dual;

TRUNC(TO_ TRUNC(TO_
------------- -------------
01-JAN-04 01-JAN-04

SQL> select trunc(to_date('26-dec-06','dd-mon-yy'),'day'), trunc(to_date('29-dec-

06','dd-mon-yy'),'day') from dual;
TRUNC(TO_ TRUNC(TO_
------------- --------------
24-DEC-06 24-DEC-06

SQL> select to_char(trunc(to_date('24-dec-06','dd-mon-yy')), 'dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss

am') from dual;

TO_CHAR(TRUNC(TO_DATE('
---------------------------------
24 dec 2006 12:00:00 am

s) NEW_TIME

This will give the desired timezone’s date and time.

Syntax: new_time (date, current_timezone, desired_timezone)

Available timezones are as follows.

TIMEZONES

AST/ADT -- Atlantic standard/day light time

BST/BDT -- Bering standard/day light time
CST/CDT -- Central standard/day light time
EST/EDT -- Eastern standard/day light time
GMT -- Greenwich mean time
HST/HDT -- Alaska-Hawaii standard/day light time
MST/MDT -- Mountain standard/day light time
NST -- Newfoundland standard time
PST/PDT -- Pacific standard/day light time
YST/YDT -- Yukon standard/day light time

Ex:
SQL> select to_char(new_time(sysdate,'gmt','yst'),'dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss am') from
dual;

TO_CHAR(NEW_TIME(SYSDAT
-----------------------------------
24 dec 2006 02:51:20 pm

SQL> select to_char(new_time(sysdate,'gmt','est'),'dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss am') from

dual;
TO_CHAR(NEW_TIME(SYSDAT
-----------------------
24 dec 2006 06:51:26 pm

t) COALESCE

This will give the first non-null date.

Syntax: coalesce (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

Ex:
SQL> select coalesce('12-jan-90','13-jan-99'), coalesce(null,'12-jan-90','23-mar-
98',null) from dual;

COALESCE( COALESCE(
------------- ------------
12-jan-90 12-jan-90
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

 Uid
 User
 Vsize
 Rank
 Dense_rank

a) UID

This will returns the integer value corresponding to the user currently logged in.

Ex:
SQL> select uid from dual;

UID
----------
319

b) USER

This will returns the login’s user name.

Ex:
SQL> select user from dual;

USER
----------------
SAKETH

c) VSIZE

This will returns the number of bytes in the expression.

Ex:
SQL> select vsize(123), vsize('computer'), vsize('12-jan-90') from dual;

VSIZE(123) VSIZE('COMPUTER') VSIZE('12-JAN-90')

------------- ----------------------- ----------------------
3 8 9

d) RANK

This will give the non-sequential ranking.

Ex:
SQL> select rownum,sal from (select sal from emp order by sal desc);
 ROWNUM SAL
---------- ----------
1 5000
2 3000
3 3000
4 2975
5 2850
6 2450
7 1600
8 1500
9 1300
10 1250
11 1250
12 1100
13 1000
14 950
15 800

SQL> select rank(2975) within group(order by sal desc) from emp;

RANK(2975)WITHINGROUP(ORDERBYSALDESC)
---------------------------------------------------------
4

d) DENSE_RANK

This will give the sequential ranking.

Ex:
SQL> select dense_rank(2975) within group(order by sal desc) from emp;

DENSE_RANK(2975)WITHINGROUP(ORDERBYSALDESC)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3

CONVERSION FUNCTIONS

 Bin_to_num
 Chartorowid
 Rowidtochar
 To_number
 To_char
 To_date
a) BIN_TO_NUM

This will convert the binary value to its numerical equivalent.

Syntax: bin_to_num( binary_bits)

Ex:
SQL> select bin_to_num(1,1,0) from dual;

BIN_TO_NUM(1,1,0)
------------------------
6

 If all the bits are zero then it produces zero.

 If all the bits are null then it produces an error.

b) CHARTOROWID

This will convert a character string to act like an internal oracle row identifier or rowid.

c) ROWIDTOCHAR
 This will convert an internal oracle row identifier or rowid to character string.

d) TO_NUMBER

This will convert a char or varchar to number.

e) TO_CHAR

This will convert a number or date to character string.

f) TO_DATE

This will convert a number, char or varchar to a date.

GROUP FUNCTIONS

 Sum
 Avg
 Max
 Min
 Count

Group functions will be applied on all the rows but produces single output.

a) SUM

This will give the sum of the values of the specified column.

Syntax: sum (column)

Ex:
SQL> select sum(sal) from emp;

SUM(SAL)
----------
38600

b) AVG

This will give the average of the values of the specified column.

Syntax: avg (column)

Ex:
SQL> select avg(sal) from emp;

AVG(SAL)
---------------
2757.14286

c) MAX

This will give the maximum of the values of the specified column.

Syntax: max (column)

Ex:
SQL> select max(sal) from emp;

MAX(SAL)
----------
5000

d) MIN
 This will give the minimum of the values of the specified column.

Syntax: min (column)

Ex:
SQL> select min(sal) from emp;

MIN(SAL)
----------
500

e) COUNT

This will give the count of the values of the specified column.

Syntax: count (column)

Ex:
SQL> select count(sal),count(*) from emp;

COUNT(SAL) COUNT(*)
-------------- ------------
14 14

CONSTRAINTS

Constraints are categorized as follows.

Domain integrity constraints

 Not null
 Check

Entity integrity constraints

 Unique
 Primary key

Referential integrity constraints

 Foreign key

Constraints are always attached to a column not a table.

We can add constraints in three ways.

 Column level -- along with the column definition

 Table level -- after the table definition
 Alter level -- using alter command

While adding constraints you need not specify the name but the type only, oracle will internally name the constraint.
If you want to give a name to the constraint, you have to use the constraint clause.

NOT NULL

This is used to avoid null values.

We can add this constraint in column level only.

Ex:
SQL> create table student(no number(2) not null, name varchar(10), marks
number(3));

SQL> create table student(no number(2) constraint nn not null, name varchar(10),
marks number(3));

CHECK
This is used to insert the values based on specified condition.
We can add this constraint in all three levels.

Ex:
COLUMN LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3) check
(marks > 300));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3)
constraint ch check(marks > 300));

TABLE LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3), check
(marks > 300));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint ch check(marks > 300));

ALTER LEVEL

SQL> alter table student add check(marks>300);

SQL> alter table student add constraint ch check(marks>300);

UNIQUE

This is used to avoid duplicates but it allow nulls.

We can add this constraint in all three levels.

Ex:
COLUMN LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) unique, name varchar(10), marks

number(3));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) constraint un unique, name varchar(10),
marks number(3));

TABLE LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),

unique(no));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint un unique(no));

ALTER LEVEL

SQL> alter table student add unique(no);

SQL> alter table student add constraint un unique(no);

PRIMARY KEY

 This is used to avoid duplicates and nulls. This will work as combination of unique and not null.
 Primary key always attached to the parent table.
 We can add this constraint in all three levels.

Ex:
COLUMN LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) primary key, name varchar(10), marks
number(3));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) constraint pk primary key, name varchar(10),
marks number(3));

TABLE LEVEL

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),

 primary key(no));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint pk primary key(no));

ALTER LEVEL

SQL> alter table student add primary key(no);

SQL> alter table student add constraint pk primary key(no);

FOREIGN KEY

 This is used to reference the parent table primary key column which allows duplicates.
 Foreign key always attached to the child table.
 We can add this constraint in table and alter levels only.

Ex:
TABLE LEVEL

SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),

primary key(empno), foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno));
SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),
constraint pk primary key(empno), constraint fk foreign key(deptno) references
dept(deptno));
ALTER LEVEL

SQL> alter table emp add foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno);

SQL> alter table emp add constraint fk foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno);

Once the primary key and foreign key relationship has been created then you can not remove any parent record if the
dependent childs exists.

USING ON DELTE CASCADE

By using this clause you can remove the parent record even if childs exists.
Because when ever you remove parent record oracle automatically removes all its dependent records from child table, if this
clause is present while creating foreign key constraint.

Ex:
TABLE LEVEL

SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),

primary key(empno), foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno) on delete
cascade);
SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),
constraint pk primary key(empno), constraint fk foreign key(deptno) references
dept(deptno) on delete cascade);
ALTER LEVEL

SQL> alter table emp add foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno) on delete
cascade;
SQL> alter table emp add constraint fk foreign key(deptno) references dept(deptno) on
delete cascade;

COMPOSITE KEYS

A composite key can be defined on a combination of columns.

We can define composite keys on entity integrity and referential integrity constraints.
Composite key can be defined in table and alter levels only.

Ex:
UNIQUE (TABLE LEVEL)

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),

 unique(no,name));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint un unique(no,name));

UNIQUE (ALTER LEVEL)

SQL> alter table student add unique(no,name);

SQL> alter table student add constraint un unique(no,name);

PRIMARY KEY (TABLE LEVEL)

SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),

primary key(no,name));
SQL> create table student(no number(2) , name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint pk primary key(no,name));

PRIMARY KEY (ALTER LEVEL)

SQL> alter table student add primary key(no,anme);

SQL> alter table student add constraint pk primary key(no,name);

FOREIGN KEY (TABLE LEVEL)

SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),

dname varchar(10), primary key(empno), foreign key(deptno,dname) references
dept(deptno,dname));
SQL> create table emp(empno number(2), ename varchar(10), deptno number(2),
dname varchar(10), constraint pk primary key(empno), constraint fk foreign
key(deptno,dname) references dept(deptno,dname));
FOREIGN KEY (ALTER LEVEL)

SQL> alter table emp add foreign key(deptno,dname) references dept(deptno,dname);

SQL> alter table emp add constraint fk foreign key(deptno,dname) references
dept(deptno,dname);

DEFERRABLE CONSTRAINTS

Each constraint has two additional attributes to support deferred checking of constraints.
 Deferred initially immediate
 Deferred initially deferred
Deferred initially immediate checks for constraint violation at the time of insert.
Deferred initially deferred checks for constraint violation at the time of commit.

Ex:
SQL> create table student(no number(2), name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint un unique(no) deferred initially immediate);
SQL> create table student(no number(2), name varchar(10), marks number(3),
constraint un unique(no) deferred initially deferred);
SQL> alter table student add constraint un unique(no) deferrable initially deferred;

SQL> set constraints all immediate;

This will enable all the constraints violations at the time of inserting.

SQL> set constraints all deferred;

This will enable all the constraints violations at the time of commit.

OPERATIONS WITH CONSTRAINTS

Possible operations with constraints as follows.

 Enable
 Disable
 Enforce
 Drop

ENABLE
This will enable the constraint. Before enable, the constraint will check the existing data.

Ex:
SQL> alter table student enable constraint un;

DISABLE

This will disable the constraint.

Ex:
SQL> alter table student disable constraint un;

ENFORCE

This will enforce the constraint rather than enable for future inserts or updates.
This will not check for existing data while enforcing data.

Ex:
SQL> alter table student enforce constraint un;
DROP

This will remove the constraint.

Ex:
SQL>alter table student drop constraint un;
Once the table is dropped, constraints automatically will drop.
CASE AND DEFAULT

CASE

Case is similar to decode but easier to understand while going through coding

Ex:
SQL> Select sal,
Case sal
When 500 then ‘low’
When 5000 then ‘high’
Else ‘medium’
End case
From emp;

SAL CASE
----- --------
500 low
2500 medium
2000 medium
3500 medium
3000 medium
5000 high
4000 medium
5000 high
1800 medium
1200 medium
2000 medium
2700 medium
2200 medium
3200 medium

DEFAULT

Default can be considered as a substitute behavior of not null constraint when applied to new rows being entered into the
table.
When you define a column with the default keyword followed by a value, you are actually telling the database that, on insert
if a row was not assigned a value for this column, use the default value that you have specified.
Default is applied only during insertion of new rows.

Ex:
SQL> create table student(no number(2) default 11,name varchar(2));
SQL> insert into student values(1,'a');
SQL> insert into student(name) values('b');

SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME
------ ---------
1 a
11 b

SQL> insert into student values(null, ‘c’);

SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME
------ ---------
1 a
11 b
C
 -- Default can not override nulls.

ABSTRACT DATA TYPES

Some times you may want type which holds all types of data including numbers, chars and special characters something like this.
You can not achieve this using pre-defined types.
You can define custom types which holds your desired data.

Ex:
Suppose in a table we have address column which holds hno and city information.
We will define a custom type which holds both numeric as well as char data.

CREATING ADT

SQL> create type addr as object(hno number(3),city varchar(10)); /

CREATING TABLE BASED ON ADT

SQL> create table student(no number(2),name varchar(2),address addr);

INSERTING DATA INTO ADT TABLES

SQL> insert into student values(1,'a',addr(111,'hyd'));

SQL> insert into student values(2,'b',addr(222,'bang'));
SQL> insert into student values(3,'c',addr(333,'delhi'));

SELECTING DATA FROM ADT TABLES

SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME ADDRESS(HNO, CITY)

--- ------- -------------------------
1 a ADDR(111, 'hyd')
2 b ADDR(222, 'bang')
3 c ADDR(333, 'delhi')

SQL> select no,name,s.address.hno,s.address.city from student s;

NO NAME ADDRESS.HNO ADDRESS.CITY

---- ------- ----------------- ----------------
1 a 111 hyd
2 b 222 bang
3 c 333 delhi
UPDATE WITH ADT TABLES

SQL> update student s set s.address.city = 'bombay' where s.address.hno = 333;

SQL> select no,name,s.address.hno,s.address.city from student s;

NO NAME ADDRESS.HNO ADDRESS.CITY

---- ------- ----------------- ----------------
1 a 111 hyd
2 b 222 bang
3 c 333 bombay
DELETE WITH ADT TABLES

SQL> delete student s where s.address.hno = 111;

SQL> select no,name,s.address.hno,s.address.city from student s;

NO NAME ADDRESS.HNO ADDRESS.CITY

---- ------- ----------------- ----------------
2 b 222 bang
3 c 333 bombay
DROPPING ADT
SQL> drop type addr;