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Tieniu Tan · Guoping Wang
Shengjin Wang · Yue Liu · Xiaoru Yuan
Ran He · Sheng Li (Eds.)

Communications in Computer and Information Science 634

Advances
in Image and Graphics
Technologies
11th Chinese Conference, IGTA 2016
Beijing, China, July 8–9, 2016
Proceedings

123
Communications
in Computer and Information Science 634
Commenced Publication in 2007
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Alfredo Cuzzocrea, Dominik Ślęzak, and Xiaokang Yang

Editorial Board
Simone Diniz Junqueira Barbosa
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio),
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Phoebe Chen
La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
Xiaoyong Du
Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
Joaquim Filipe
Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
Orhun Kara
TÜBİTAK BİLGEM and Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Igor Kotenko
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
Ting Liu
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, China
Krishna M. Sivalingam
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Takashi Washio
Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7899
Tieniu Tan Guoping Wang
•

Shengjin Wang Yue Liu

•

Xiaoru Yuan Ran He

•

Sheng Li (Eds.)

Advances
in Image and Graphics
Technologies
11th Chinese Conference, IGTA 2016
Beijing, China, July 8–9, 2016
Proceedings

123
Editors
Tieniu Tan Xiaoru Yuan
Institute of Automation Peking University
Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing
Beijing China
China
Ran He
Guoping Wang Institute of Automation
Peking University Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing Beijing
China China
Shengjin Wang Sheng Li
Tsinghua University Peking University
Beijing Beijing
China China
Yue Liu
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing
China

ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Communications in Computer and Information Science
ISBN 978-981-10-2259-3 ISBN 978-981-10-2260-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2260-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947926

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 Preface

It was a pleasure and an honor to have organized the 11th Conference on Image and
Graphics Technologies and Applications. The conference was held during July 8–9,
2016, in Beijing, China. The conference series is the premier forum for presenting
research in image processing and graphics and their related topics. The conference
provides a rich forum for sharing the progress in the areas of image processing tech-
nology, image analysis and understanding, computer vision and pattern recognition, big
data mining, computer graphics and VR, image technology application, with the
generation of new ideas, new approaches, new techniques, new applications, and new
evaluations. The conference is organized under the auspices of the Beijing Society of
Image and Graphics, in Peking University, Beijing, China.
The conference program includes keynotes, oral papers, posters, demos, and exhi-
bitions. For this year’s conference, we received 138 papers for review. Each of these
was assessed by at least two reviewers, with some of the papers being assessed by three
reviewers; finally, 27 submissions were selected for oral and poster presentation.
We are grateful for the effort of everyone who helped to make this conference a
reality. We thank all the reviewers for completing the reviewing process on time. The
local host, Peking University, facilitated many of the local arrangements for the con-
ference and provided a warm welcome to all of the delegates.
The conference continues to be a leading forum for cutting-edge research and case
study in image and graphics. We hope you enjoy reading these proceedings.

July 2016 Guoping Wang

 Organization

General Conference Chairs

Tan, Tie-niu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Wang, Guo-ping Peking University, China

Executive and Coordination Committee

Ruan, Qiu-qi Beijing Jiaotong University, China
Wang, Run-sheng China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for
Land and Resources, China
Chen, Chao-wu The First Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security
of P.R.C., China
Zhou, Ming-quan Beijing Normal University, China
Jiang, Zhi-guo Beihang University, China

Program Committee Chairs

Wang, Sheng-jin Tsinghua University, China
Yuan, Xiao-ru Peking University, China
He, Ran Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Organizing Chairs
Li, Sheng Peking University, China
Liu, Yue Beijing Institute of Technology, China

Organizing Committee
Ma, Hui-min Tsinghua University, China
Yang, Lei Communication University of China, China
Di, Kai-chang Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Lei, Jing-wen Peking University, China

Program Committee
Ran He National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, China
Fengjun Zhang Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Xin Geng Southeast University, China
Muhammad Rauf Chinese Academy of Science (CASIA), China
VIII Organization

Yadong Wu Southwest University of Science and Technology, China

Jia Li Beihang University, China
Xiaohui Liang Beihang University, China
Xiaoru Yuan Peking University, China
Weiming Dong Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Jiwen Lu Tsinghua University, China
Xiaoju Dong Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Shengcai Liao NLPR, China
Jie Liang The University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Junyu Dong Ocean University of China, China
Yebin Liu Tsinghua University, China
Yi Chen Beijing Technology and Business University, China
Jing Dong National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, China
Liang Liu Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
Qiguang Miao Xidian University, China
Jin Xiao Beihang University, China
Ruiping Wang Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Yinghao Cai University of Southern California, USA
Shiqi Yu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Liang Chang Beijing Normal University, China
Zhongke Wu Beijing Normal University, China
Nenghai Yu University of Science and Technology of China, China
Peihua Li Dalian University of Technology, China
Yankui Sun Tsinghua University, China
Hua Li Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Huimin Ma Tsinghua University, China
Shihong Xia Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, China
Cheng Yang Communication University of China, China
Xiangwei Kong Dalian University of Technology, China
Di Huang Beihang University, China
Si Liu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Man Zhang CASIA, China
Wei-Shi Zheng Sun Yat-sen University, China
Bin Fan NLPR, CASIA, China
Wang Xingce Beijing Normal University, China
Bineng Zhong Huaqiao University, China
Vishal Patel Rutgers University, USA
Bo Wang Dalian University of Technology, China
Yanqing Guo Dalian University of Technology, China
Yuchun Fang Shanghai University, China
Danpei Zhao Beihang University, China
Yan Jiang Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, China
Shengjin Wang Tsinghua University, China
Binghong Zhan Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, China
Hanqing Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Yunqi Tang People’s Public Security University of China, China
 Organization IX

Huijie Zhao Beihang University, China

Xuelong Hu Yangzhou University, China
Guangyou Xu Tsinghua University, China
Xiaochun Cao Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Hua Lin Beijing University of Technology, China
Guangda Su Tsinghua University, China
Xueqiang Lv Beijing Information Science and Technology University,
China
 Contents

A New Approach for Measuring Leaf Projected Area for Potted Plant Based
on Computer Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kaiyan Lin, Huiping Si, Jie Chen, and Junhui Wu

Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Gaoliang Tao, Liang Bai, Xinshan Zhuang, and Qizhi Hu

Application of Typical Set on Automatic Counting of Round Brilliant

Cut Gems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Minghua Pan, Hengbing Wei, and Shaohua Sun

An Algorithm for Automatic Recognition of Manhole Covers Based

on MMS Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Zhang Chong and Liu Yang

An Adaptive Error Concealment Algorithm Based on Partition Model . . . . . . 35

Chengxing Li, Li Xu, Feng Ye, and Jiazhen Chen

Calibration Method to the Temperature Measuring System Based

on Color CCD Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Tianhe Yu, Yongjin Zhang, and Jingmin Dai

A High-Capacity Image Data Hiding Based on Extended EMD-2

Reference Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Xue-Jing Li, Yu-Qi Feng, and Wan-Li Lyu

Improved Design of UEP-LDPC Encoder Using Two-Stage Dynamic

Programming in Image Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Xiangran Sun and Han Ju

Rich and Seamless Texture Mapping to 3D Mesh Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Jie Shu, Yiguang Liu, Jie Li, Zhenyu Xu, and Shuangli Du

A Novel Interaction System Based on Management of Students’ Emotions. . . 77

Yunyun Wei and Xiangran Sun

The Face-Tracking of Sichuan Golden Monkeys via S-TLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Pengfei Xu, Yu Long, Dongmei Zheng, and Ruyi Liu

Random Selective Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaos Search . . . . 92

Hang Gao, Tiegang Gao, and Renhong Cheng
XII Contents

The Recognition of Cirrhotic Liver Ultrasonic Images of Multi-feature

Fusion Based on BP_Adaboost Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Shourun Wang, Zhenkuan Pan, Weibo Wei, Ximei Zhao,
and Guodong Wang

The Improved Canny Edge Detection Algorithm Based on an Anisotropic

and Genetic Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Mingjie Wang, Jesse S. Jin, Yifei Jing, Xianfeng Han, Lei Gao,
and Liping Xiao

An Algorithm of Detecting Moving Foreground Based on an Improved

Gaussian Mixture Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mingjie Wang, Jesse S. Jin, Xianfeng Han, Wei Jiang, Yifei Jing,
Lei Gao, and Liping Xiao

Structured Sparsity via Half-Quadratic Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Jinghuan Wei, Zhihang Li, Dong Cao, Man Zhang, and Cheng Zeng

Deformable Part Model Based Hand Detection against Complex

Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chunyu Zou, Yue Liu, Jiabin Wang, and Huaqi Si

A Construction Algorithm of Measurement Matrix with Low Coherence

for Compressed Sensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Shengqin Bian, Zhengguang Xu, and Shuang Zhang

Non-rigid Point Set Registration Based on Iterative Linear Optimization . . . . 167

Hongbin Lin and Daqing Zhang

An Independently Carrier Landing Method Using Point and Line Features

for Fixed-Wing UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Jia Ning, Lei Zhihui, and Yan Shengdong

Pose Estimation of Space Objects Based on Hybrid Feature Matching

of Contour Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Xin Zhang, Haopeng Zhang, Quanmao Wei, and Zhiguo Jiang

A Software Watermarking Algorithm Based on the Full Array

of Expression Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Cheng Cheng, Niande Jiang, Huiyuan Li, and Rong Zeng

A Framework Analysis of Measuring the Index Node Considering Local

and Global Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Xinyi Fan, Shan Liu, and Jianping Chai

Image Content Authentication and Self-recovery Using Rehashing

and Matrix Combined Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Xue-Jing Li, Wan-Li Lyu, and Jie Xie
 Contents XIII

A Perfect Hash Model Used for Image Content Tamper Detection . . . . . . . . 220
Jing Sun and Wan-Li Lyu

Vertebrae Detection Algorithm in CT Scout Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Guodong Zhang, Ying Shao, Yoohwan Kim, and Wei Guo

Image Colorization Using Convolutional Neural Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Yili Zhao, Dan Xu, and Yan Zhang

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

 A New Approach for Measuring Leaf Projected Area
for Potted Plant Based on Computer Vision

Kaiyan Lin, Huiping Si ✉ , Jie Chen, and Junhui Wu

( )

Modern Agricultural Science and Engineering Institute of Tongji University,

No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
[email protected]

Abstract. Leaves are the main organs for plant photosynthesis and transpiration,
and thus accurate and rapid measurements of their surface area are of great
significance in plant growth studies. A novel method was developed to utilize
computer vision to determine the leaf projected area for potted plants using a
reference object. During leaf extraction, the excess green vegetation index and
the Otsu algorithm were used for image binarization. Blob analysis was then
performed to eliminate noise and extract leaf images. After grey level transform
and obtaining the binary image, the Sobel operator and Hough transform were
utilized to detect pot’s external boundary. The image including the extracted
leaves and the detected reference borders were then processed using a Geometric
correction to improve the measurement accuracy, and based on this, the leaf
projected area was calculated. Results of the experimental image showed that this
newly proposed method proved is effective and can continuously measure the
plant’s leaf area for non-destructive monitoring.

Keywords: Image segmentation · Edge detection · Hough transform · Projected

area · Image correction

1 Introduction

Leaf area is frequently expressed as the leaf area index (LAI), which is defined as the
total one-sided area of leaf tissue per unit ground area [1]. LAI is an important crop
parameter that determines the radiation intercepted by the crop canopy, and has a strong
impact on the calculation of crop canopy photosynthesis and transpiration [2]. In crops
like tea, tobacco, and green leafy vegetables, where leaves are the major commercial
product, leaf area is a good direct indicator of product yields. Since leaf area plays an
important role in photosynthesis, light interception, water and nutrient use, crop growth,
and yield potential, measurement of leaf area is valuable in plant growth studies [3, 4].
The importance of leaf area determination in plant sciences has stimulated the use of
many leaf area measurement methods.
Researchers have studied the use of machine vision technology in the measurement
of the leaf area. Trooien and Heermann [5] developed a simulation model of potato
canopy architecture to evaluate an image-processing leaf-area measurement method.
Kacira et al. [6] used features derived from top-projected canopy area (TPCA) to detect

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

T. Tan et al. (Eds.): IGTA 2016, CCIS 634, pp. 1–7, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-2260-9_1
2 K. Lin et al.

plant water stress. Igathinathane et al. [3] measured detached leaf area that required
human intervention using semi-automatic interactive software. Story et al. [7] combined
TPCA and color information to develop a vision system to detect lettuce calcium defi‐
ciency. Xia et al. [8] proposed a quick on-line measuring method of tobacco leaf area
for analyzing tobacco strip size distribution. Tong et al. [9] studied machine vision
techniques to calculate the leaf area of seedlings for quality evaluation. However, the
problems associated with most existing methods are that the measurements were
performed in controlled environments, requiring that the camera maintains a perpen‐
dicular orientation to the projection plane, and the leaf area was expressed in pixels of
the projected object instead of the actual area. These shortcomings limit their application
to actual crop production.
Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a new approach for accurate and rapid
measurement of leaf area using a reference object that can be used in actual production.
The potted plant is a common cropping pattern in greenhouses, where the pot is regular
and can be used as a reference object. Using our approach, Hough transform (HT) was
carried out after edge detection to determine the reference object’s boundaries. The HT
is robust for determining a regular object’s boundaries. In this paper, to improve meas‐
urement accuracy, the images were processed using a geometric correction, based on
which leaf area and the size of the reference were calculated. Once the reference’s size
is known, the actual projected area of the leaf is easy to calculate.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Plants and Image Acquisition

Experiments on plants were performed in the agricultural park of Tongji University in

the Jiading district. For potted plants, white rectangular pots were selected for the tests.

Fig. 1. Image acquisition system

 A New Approach for Measuring Leaf Projected Area for Potted Plant 3

Figure 1 shows the image acquisition system for plants, which comprised a support to
fix the CCD camera. The image processing system worked on an Intel Core 2 computer
equipped with 4 GB memory. Top-view plant images were captured in natural light
every day at a given time and were then digitized into 24-bit red-green-blue (RGB)
images with a resolution of 4000 × 2248 pixels. As shown in Fig. 2, each basin contains
3 plants and the pot was selected as the reference object.

Fig. 2. Image of lettuce in a white rectangular pot

2.2 LAI Calculation with Image Processing

Figure 3 shows the system block diagram, which illustrates the algorithms used and the
order during image processing. The diagram shows that leaf extraction and calculation
of the pot’s outer boundary are two important steps in measuring a plant’s projected
area. During leaf extraction, the excess green (ExG) index and Otsu approach are
combined to obtain a binary image. To segment vegetation from soil, researchers have
employed different kinds of indices [10–13]. We selected the ExG index for calculation,
which yielded results similar to binary images. The ExG index is defined as:

(1)
The area of interest is green vegetation, and the color component differences between
leaves and background are obvious. The difference in the background area is slight and
the leaf area can be extracted easily with a suitable threshold, which was determined
using Otsu’s approach [14] in this paper. Then, blob analysis was used to eliminate noise
and extract the leaf image.
Our main aim was to use HT to determine the pot boundary. The first step in pot
boundary determination was pot segmentation, which was achieved using the gray level
transform and image binarization with a suitable threshold value. The gray level trans‐
form formula is given by:

(2)
A binary image could be obtained by manually selecting the appropriate threshold
based on histogram analysis and application to the gray image resulting from Eq. (2).
4 K. Lin et al.

Image

ExG index calculation Gray level transform

Otsu thresholding Sobel edge detection

Blob analysis Hough transform

Reference object’ s boundary

Leaf image extraction
detection

Geometric transform

Projected Area calculation

Fig. 3. LAI calculation block diagram, illustrating the algorithms followed and the order during
image processing

This value was thus selected as a fixed threshold that could affect binary image segmen‐
tation. After gray level transform, the Sobel operator and HT were utilized to calculate
the reference object’s outer boundary position. Geometric transform is performed to
overcome image distortion due to the camera view not being perpendicular to the ground,
thereby improving measurement accuracy. The leaf area and the reference area in the
image are then calculated. Because the size of the pot is known, the actual projected area
of the leaves is easy to compute.

3 Results and Discussion

The proposed approach was verified using the experimental images and C# program‐
ming with the Aforge Imaging library from the Aforge.net Framework. Formula (1) was
utilized to calculate the ExG index to obtain the gray image in Fig. 1. A grey level image
resulted from the ExG, and to convert this grey level image to a binary image, an Otsu
approach was performed to achieve the optimized threshold. After segmenting the
image, there were noise residues (Fig. 4 (a)). Blob analysis was implemented to eliminate
the noise that was less than 100 pixels and to fill the holes in the object (Fig. 4(b)), and
the leaf images were then extracted. Results are illustrated in Fig. 4(c).
 A New Approach for Measuring Leaf Projected Area for Potted Plant 5

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4. Plant image extraction. (a) Image segmentation using the ExG index and the Otsu
approach; (b) Filtering and filling with blob analysis; (c) Extracting the leaf image

Pot segmentation was the first step in detecting the pot’s boundaries. With formula
(2), grey level transform was carried out and an appropriate threshold (T = 220) was
selected using histogram analysis to obtain the binary image (Fig. 5(a)). The Sobel
operator was then used to detect boundary edges, as illustrated in Fig. 5(b). Similar to
leaf extraction, noise was removed using blob analysis as displayed in Fig. 5(c), and
there were several lines present. The position of these lines could be detected using HT.
In our approach, the four most outer lines were needed to define the pot’s boundary.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5. Pot edge detection. (a) Image segmentation with grey level transform; (b) Sobel edge
detection; (c) Blob filtering to eliminate noise

According to the result of HT, the four boundary lines were selected and labeled in
red in Fig. 6. The boundary line and the leaf image were then corrected using GT
(Fig. 7), based on which the leaf area and pot area (in pixels) were calculated. Because
the pot real area Apt is known, it is easy to compute the leaf-projected area Apj, which
is defined as follows:

(3)

where w and h are the width and height of pot after GT, and Al is the area of leaf in
pixels. In Fig. 2, the Apj is 352.3 cm2, the real projected area calculated with a leaf area
meter (AM-300, ADC, UK) is 352.1 cm2. The error is small and our approach is effective.
6 K. Lin et al.

Fig. 6. Leaf image extracted using Blob Fig. 7. Image after geometric correction
analysis and boundary detected using Hough
transform

4 Conclusion

An image processing method was developed for non-destructive measurement of the

leaf area using a reference object. For potted plants, the pot was naturally selected as a
reference object. The image processing procedure was comprised of leaf extraction and
boundary detection. During leaf extraction, the Otsu approach based on the ExG index
and the blob analysis were applied to obtain leaf images. An image processing procedure,
which comprised grey level transform, noise removal, edge detection and HT, was used
to detect the reference object’s boundaries. Moreover, the image containing the leaves
and the boundary was processed using GT to improve the measurement accuracy.
Experiments demonstrated that the proposed approach was effective for measuring
projected leaf area for potted plants. This newly proposed method can measure a plant’s
leaf area continuously for non-destructive monitoring.

Acknowledgment. This work was supported by Grant No. 2014BAD05B05 from the Ministry
of Science and technology of China and the fundamental research funds for the central universities
of China.

References

1. Breda, N.J.: Ground-based measurements of leaf area index, a review of methods: instruments
and current controversies. J. Exp. Bot. 54(11), 2403–2417 (2003)
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Agric. For. Meteorol. 150, 541–552 (2010)
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for leaf area measurement. Comput. Electron. Agric. 51, 1–16 (2006)
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and dry weight of hydroponically grown cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) using leaf length,
width, and SPAD value. Sci. Hortic. 111, 330–334 (2007)
 A New Approach for Measuring Leaf Projected Area for Potted Plant 7

5. Trooien, T.P., Heermann, D.R.: Measurement and simulation of potato leaf area using image
processing III. Measur. Trans. ASAE 35(5), 1719–1721 (1992)
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detection of plant water stress. Trans. ASAE 45(4), 1147–1153 (2002)
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with machine vision computed plant features in controlled environments. Comput. Electron.
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vision. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 43(10), 167–173 (2012)
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quality based on leaf area. Biosyst. Eng. 115, 369–379 (2013)
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machine vision. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced
Intelligent Mechatronics, pp. 1079–1083 (2003)
11. Meyer, G.E., Neto, J.C.: Verification of color vegetation indices for automated crop imaging
applications. Comput. Electron. Agric. 63, 282–293 (2008)
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for weed detection in cereal fields. Comput. Electron. Agric. 25, 197–212 (2000)
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identification under various soil residue and lighting conditions. Trans. ASAE 38, 259–269
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 Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material

Gaoliang Tao ✉ , Liang Bai, Xinshan Zhuang, and Qizhi Hu

( )

School of Civil Engineering and Architectural, Hubei University of Technology,

Wuhan 430068, China
[email protected]

Abstract. A proposed method was introduced to study the meso-pore structures

of eco-material in this paper. Firstly, the samples were solidified by using the
mixtures of epoxy resin, triethanolamine and blue organic dyestuff. Then, the
sections were obtained by cutting the solidified samples and the digital images
were gathered by using high resolution camera. At last, the IPP technique was
used to analyze the digital images for studying the meso-pore structures. Exper‐
imental results show that pore number of eco-material increases with the decrease
of pore-size, and the number of pores of pore-size smaller than 0.24 mm is about
30 % of total. Further more, smoother pore number distribution curve indicates
more stable structure. With the increase of wet-dry cycles, the total porosity of
eco-material of 3 ~ 9 cm depth tends to decrease, while that of 12 ~ 18 cm depth
shows a tendency to increase.

Keywords: Eco-material · Meso-pore structures · Sampling depth · Wet-dry

cycles

1 Introduction

Pore structures and macro physical mechanics properties of rock and soil are closely
linked, and the pore structure is the foundation to carry out the study on relation between
macro physical mechanical characteristics and pore structure. With the continuous
development of experimental techniques, mercury injection technique and SEM tech‐
nology were used to study the micro-pore structure of the rock and soil materials and
the experiment had become easy (Zhang et al., 2008; Tao et al., 2010). For the study of
meso-pore structure, the corresponding experiment is relatively difficult (Skopp et al.,
1981; Singh et al., 1991; Tang et al., 1963). Although CT technology has been applied
in the study of pore distribution of rock and soil medium in 3D space, the resolution of
CT image is low and the precision is not high. In addition, application equipment and
expensive testing also limits the CT technology. In soil science, in general, after the
sample being solidified using the cured resin, the pore structure is analyzed by the
polarizing microscope. A method was put forward to study the meso-pore structure by
color photography scanner or high resolution digital camera and the pore distribution
data was gained by computer image analysis software (Li et al., 2002; He et al., 2002).
Based on the above method, a new method will be presented and applied to the research
of the eco-material pore structure.

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

T. Tan et al. (Eds.): IGTA 2016, CCIS 634, pp. 8–16, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-2260-9_2
 Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material 9

2 Materials and Methods

Sample preparation: Referring to the proposed experimental methods (Li et al., 2002;
He et al., 2002), a new method to study the meso-pore structure is introduced. The steps
of sample preparation and sections cutting are as follows:
(a) Sampling. The light rain weather is very fit for sampling (eco-material humidity is
moderate, convenient for sampling). In the field test site of ecological material, a
plastic barrel, whose diameter is 11 cm, height is 20 cm and wall thickness is about
2 mm, is slowly put into the eco-materials. Then, the small range of materials near
cylinder is hollowed out. In the representative area, 4 samples were made.
(b) Wet-dry cycles. In 4 samples, 3 samples are chosen as the samples of drying and
watering cycle.
(c) Specimen impregnation. Before immersion, the specimens were sealed. Then, the
samples were put in drying cylinder to dry out, with control temperature at 70°C.
In the same time, E44 epoxy resin of a certain volume was heated in the oven until
the liquidity achieved to the ideal state. Then, triethanolamine was added into the
epoxy resin according to volume ratio of 15 %. Afterward, blue dye of 5 g: 1 L was
added. This process took time, so the fluidity of epoxy resin might become worse.
Therefore, it need take impregnating agent in the oven for heating, until mobility
was in the ideal state. Afterward, impregnating agent was injected slowly into the
barrel along the inside. The whole process should be controlled within 30 min.
(d) Specimen solidifying. After completing previous steps, it need continue to heat the
samples in the oven, at a temperature about 70°C. In general, samples can be
solidified after about 7 h.
(e) Sample cutting. Along the vertical height, each sample was cut at intervals of about
3 cm. Then, 6 representative sections were acquired for each sample and the sections
were marked.

Table 1. Sample number of eco-material and corresponding sampling depth and wet-dry cycles
Sample Sampling Wet-dry Sample Sampling Wet-dry
number depth (cm) cycles number depth (cm) cycles
S1-1 3 0 S3-1 3 3
S1-2 6 0 S3-2 6 3
S1-3 9 0 S3-3 9 3
S1-4 12 0 S3-4 12 3
S1-5 15 0 S3-5 15 3
S1-6 18 0 S3-6 18 3
S2-1 3 1 S4-1 3 7
S2-2 6 1 S4-2 6 7
S2-3 9 1 S4-3 9 7
S2-4 12 1 S4-4 12 7
S2-5 15 1 S4-5 15 7
S2-6 18 1 S4-6 18 7
10 G. Tao et al.

According to the above experimental methods, 4 samples respectively corre‐

sponding to 0, 1, 3, 7 wet-dry cycles were solidified, and each sample was cut into
6 representative sections. The relationship between sample number, sampling depth
and wet-dry cycles is shown in Table 1.
Image acquisition and processing: A scale mark of 2 cm was put near by the sample
section and the high resolution image was acquired for each representative section. Then,
by using the IPP software, the color photographs were converted to binary image of
black and white. In the processing, threshold adjustment function was chosen to
complete pore and particle segmentation in IPP. The binary image of black and white
must be compared with the original color image, guaranteeing the black and white image
can reflect the actual situation. The same work should be completed by one or more
peoples. If the error is within 10 %, it may be a black and white image which can reflect
the actual situation.
Figure 1 shows the binary image of eco-material standard sample with 2 cm scale
signs nearby. By impregnating liquidity constraints, it will inevitably lead to not fully
filled pores, so that pores of color photographs are divided into two kinds, one is dipping
agent filled pores with the color of blue; another is not filled with color of black. In
binary image of the black and white, black represents pore, and the white represents the
particle.

Fig. 1. Binary images of standard samples of eco-material

3 Results and Discussion

Using IPP software, the statistics and analysis work of pore-size distributions of eco-
material was completed. Although the sampling barrel diameter is 11 cm, the samples
generally have the volume shrinkage, which lead to smaller diameter. To avoid the pore
caused by volume shrinkage, 10 cm was chosen as the circular diameter of analysis
region.
Pore-size distribution and the porosity: In accordance with the pore-size range, the
pore distribution data of IPP software was divided into 13 to 16 pore-size level, the
 Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material 11

number and pore area corresponding to pore-size level were counted. In particular,
according to the resolution of digital cameras, the minimum pore-size is 0.16 mm.
Figure 2 gives pore-size distributions using the porosity for pore-size grade, in which
all the abscissa is used in logarithmic form. As you can see from Fig. 2, each pore-size
interval porosity distribution is relatively uniform on the whole, the porosity of pore-
size smaller than 1 mm is relatively small, and porosity of pore-size larger than 1 mm
is relatively big. For part samples, the porosity of pore-size larger than 10 mm presents
obvious increasing intend, such as sample 1-1, and there exists a large pore, the corre‐
sponding porosity approaches 50 % of total porosity. The reason may be that corre‐
sponding sample has loose structure, and that many connected large pores form large
pores. These pores should be the main pore water preferential flow, which easily leads
to nutrient loss of eco-materials.

10 8 S2-1
S1-1
S1-2 S2-2
%

%
S1-3 S2-3
8 S1-4 S2-4
Porosity of pore-size interval

Porosity of pore-size interval

6 S2-5
S1-5
S2-6
S1-6
6
4

2
2

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100

Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

8 S3-1
8 4-1
S3-2 4-2
%
%

S3-3 4-3
S3-4 4-4
Porosity of pore-size interval

6
Porosity of pore-size interval

6 S3-5 4-5
S3-6 4-6

4 4

2 2

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

Fig. 2. Pore-size distribution

For the sampling depth, porosity of the same pore-size interval decreases with the
increase of sampling depth on the whole. The reason is that, larger action of gravity of
deeper eco-material leads to smaller porosity. Due to the pore distribution’s variability
of eco-materials with space, porosity of pore-size interval of some samples shows the
opposite trend, i.e. the porosity increases with the increase of depth. For example, the
porosity of small pore-size interval of surface sample 1-1 is smaller than the deeper
samples.
12 G. Tao et al.

Figure 3 shows the changes of cumulative porosity with the pore-size. On the whole,
the growth trend of porosity is relatively stable. The reason is that porosity distribution
of each pore-size interval is uniform on the whole. However, for individual samples, the
growth rate of porosity of pore-size interval shows mutations. For example, the sample
1-1, porosity growth rate of pore-size interval presents significant accelerating trend
when pore-size is larger than 8 mm. The reason is that, for the sample 1-1, a bigger
proportion of total porosity is occupied by the larger pores, whose porosity shows sudden
changes with pore-size.

40 40
S1-1 S2-1
S1-2 S2-2
S1-3 S2-3
S1-4 S2-4
Cumulative porosity %

30

Cumulative porosity %
30
S1-5 S2-5
S1-6 S2-6

20 20

10 10

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100

Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

40 40
S3-1 S4-1
S3-2 S4-2
S3-3 S4-3
S3-4
Cumulative porosity %
Cumulative porosity %

30 S4-4
S3-5 30
S4-5
S3-6 S4-6

20 20

10 10

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

Fig. 3. Cumulative porosity with increasing pore-size

With the depth increases, the total porosity shows an overall decreasing trend.
Smaller the total porosity is, more slowly the cumulative porosity increases.
Pore number distribution: Fig. 4 shows the distribution curves of pore number. As
you can see from Fig. 4, pore number increases with the decrease of pore-size, and the
number of pores of pore-size smaller than 0.24 mm is about 30 % of total. A few speci‐
mens, such as sample 1-2, appear obvious inflection point at about 0.24 mm, and shows
decreasing trend for smaller pores.
 Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material 13

40 40
S2-1
S1-1
S2-2
S1-2
S2-3
%
S1-3

%
S2-4
30 S1-4 30 S2-5
The percentage of pore number

S1-5

The percentage of pore number

S2-6
S1-6

20 20

10 10

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100

Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

40
S3-1
S3-2 40
S4-1
S3-3
%

S4-2
S3-4 S4-3

%
30
The percentage of pore number

S3-5 S4-4
30
S3-6
The percentage of pore number
S4-5
S4-6
20
20

10
10

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

Fig. 4. Distribution of pore number

Pore number distribution curve of surface eco-materials shows large fluctuation.

However, the number distribution curves of deeper layers are relatively smooth. The
reason may be that the effects of vegetation and soil erosion lead to the discontinuous
pore distributions. It can be considered that, smoother pore distribution curves are, more
stable the pore structures are.
Figure 5 gives the accumulated number distributions of pores smaller than a certain
pore-size. All curves of 24 samples are shown on the corresponding convex, because
smaller pore number increases more quickly than larger pores. On the whole, all distri‐
bution curves are relatively concentrated. With the increase of depth, the curve tends to
be plumper.
For sample 3-1, the curve is not plump, which indicates the structure is most unstable.
The change rule of total porosity: Fig. 6 compares the total porosity of different
sampling depths of eco-material. Figure 6 shows that, with the increase of sampling
depth, total porosity of eco-material decreases on the whole. This shows that, with
increasing sampling depth, eco-material structure becomes tighter. The reason is that,
on the one hand, many pores in surface eco-material were produced due to vegetation
growth, on the other hand, the deeper eco-material become more compact because of
gravity.
14 G. Tao et al.

100 100

%
%

The percentage of cumulative pore number

The percentage of cumulative pore number

80 80 S2-1
S1-1 S2-2
S1-2 S2-3
60 S1-3
60 S2-4
S1-4
S2-5
S1-5
S2-6
40 S1-6
40

20 20

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

100 100

%
%

The percentage of cumulative pore number

The percentage of cumulative pore number

80 80 S4-1
S3-1
S4-2
S3-2
S4-3
S3-3
60 S3-4
60 S4-4
S3-5 S4-5
S3-6 S4-6
40 40

20 20

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Pore-size /mm Pore-size /mm

Fig. 5. Cumulative percentage of pore number

Porosity (%)
10 20 30 40 50
0

4
Sample depth(cm)

12
0 wet-dry cycle
1 wet-dry cycle
3 wet-dry cycles
16
7 wet-dry cycles

20

Fig. 6. Variation law of porosity with sampling depth

The total porosity of eco-material of different wet-dry cycles is compared in Fig. 7.

It is shown that, with the increase of wet-dry cycles, the total porosity of eco-material
of 3 ~ 9 cm depth tends to decrease, and that of 12 ~ 18 cm depth shows a tendency to
increase. The reason is that, on the one hand, due to the existing of some large pores,
structure collapse phenomenon happens in superficial layer in cyclic wet-dry conditions,
so that the total porosity decreases; on the other hand, the wet volume expansion is larger
 Research of Meso-pore Structures of Eco-material 15

than dry volume shrinkage for deeper eco-material, so that the total porosity increases
with increase of wet-dry cycles.

50
3 cm depth 12 cm depth
6 cm depth 15 cm depth
9 cm depth 18 cm depth

40

(%)
30

20

10
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wet-dry cycles

Fig. 7. Variation law of porosity with wet-dry cycles

4 Conclusion

Experimental results show that the proposed approach is perfect for the research of meso-
pore structures of soils. Pore number of eco-material increases with the decrease of pore-
size, and the number of pores of pore-size smaller than 0.24 mm is about 30 % of total.
Further more, Smoother pore number distribution curve indicates more stable structure.
With the increase of sampling depth, total porosity of eco-material decreases on the
whole. With the increase of wet-dry cycles, the total porosity of eco-material of 3 ~ 9 cm
depth tends to decrease, and that of 12 ~ 18 cm depth shows a tendency to increase.

Acknowledgment. The authors wish to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51209084, 51409097) and Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province
(2015CFB297, 2014CFB591) for their financial supports.

References

1. Zhang, J.R., Huang, L., Zhu, J., Huang, W.J.: SEM analysis of soil pore and its fractal
dimension on micro scale. Acta Pedol. Sin. 45(2), 22–30 (2008)
2. Tao, G.L., Zhang, J.R., Huang, L., Yuan, L.: Description of pore property of porous materials
using fractal theory. J. Build. Mater. 13(5), 678–681 (2010)
3. Skopp, J.: Comment on “micro, meso, and macroposity of soil”. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 1246
(1981)
4. Singh, P., Rameshwa, K.S., Thompson, M.L.: Measurement and characterization of
macropores by using AUTOCAD and automatic image analysis. J. Environ. Qual. 20, 289–
294 (1991)
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16 G. Tao et al.

6. Li, D.C., Velde, B., Delerue, J.F., Zhang, T.L.: Characteristics of pore structure at various
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163 (2002)
 Application of Typical Set on Automatic
Counting of Round Brilliant Cut Gems

Minghua Pan1, Hengbing Wei1,2(&), and Shaohua Sun1,3

1
Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Image Processing
and Intelligent Information System, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, China
{panmhwz,weihengbing}@qq.com, [email protected]
2
College of Mechanical and Material Engineering,
Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, China
3
School of Information and Communication,
Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China

Abstract. Counting is an important part of gems trade, especially in large

quantities. To develop a fast and automatic method for gems counting is nec-
essary. According to the structure of round brilliant cut gem and the typical set
property, typical gems were defined by high circularity and probability. Using
the characters of typical gems and the relationship between number and area,
gems were counted adaptively. The experiments were shown that the processing
speed was fast and the accuracy of counting was high enough for large number
of gems trading.

Keywords: Typical set
Gems
Round brilliant cut
Image processing

Counting

1 Introduction

Artificial gems [1, 2], hereinafter referred to as gems, as substitutes for diamonds, with
variety, style, beauty and, in particular, huge price advantage, are being well received
by buyers. Wuzhou, a city in south of China that has close links with the Pearl River
Delta, is widely held to be a gems trading center that serves China and the rest of the
world and known as ‘the world capital for artificial gems’. Every year, the volume of
processing, distributing and exchanging of gems in Wuzhou has reached more than 13
billion. Counting is important during the gems trading, especially in large quantities.
Thus, to develop a fast and automatic method for gems counting is necessary. In order
to make gems become more beautiful and personalized, consequently, improve their
exchange values, one of the most important ways to aggregate value of the gems is
lapidary, including the cutting and polishing processes. Due to physical properties
similar to diamond, cubic zirconia is widely processed for artificial gems. Here, we
focus on the gems processed into round brilliant cut which is the most popular cutting
in gems, for this brilliant cut model maximizing the return of incident light, and
consequently, making gems more sparkly and fascinating [2, 3].
As the development of image processing technology, image processing is used to
counting in many applications, such as cells counting in medicine [4, 5], counting for

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

T. Tan et al. (Eds.): IGTA 2016, CCIS 634, pp. 17–26, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-2260-9_3
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Mortimer J. 8 St. George’s terrace, Kilburn
Musgrove J. 70 Moscow road, Bayswater
National Meat Consumers Company (Limited) 1 Archer street,
Kensington park
Olney F. 73 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Osmond L. 158 King street west, Hammersmith
Palmer G. 1a Portobello terrace, Notting hill
Parslow T. 119 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Pawsey W. 2 Gibson place, Maida vale
Peake F. W. 4 Clifton road, Maida vale
Peaston W. 19 Chichester street, Paddington
Potlenger C. 10 Princes road north, Notting hill
Prince C. 21 Walmer place, Notting hill
Rangecroft R. 5 Cambridge road, Kilburn
Ratcliffe E. 21 Pickering terrace, Bayswater
Rendell H. 1 Wellington terrace, Kensington park
Richards C. 98 King street west, Hammersmith
Robins R. 82 Denmark road, Kilburn
Roser F. 43 Princes road, Notting hill
Rush J. W. 3 Ladbroke road, Notting hill
Sawtell P. 58 Dudley grove, Paddington
Sawtell F. G. 3 Hereford road, Bayswater
Sawyer Mrs, 110 King street West, Hammersmith
Scarlett G. 2 Castle terrace, Notting hill
Scoles H. 1 Cumberland place, Hammersmith
Scoles —, 6 Bassett terrace, Kensington park
Shattock R. 11 Manchester buildings, Notting hill
Short J. 15 High street, Notting hill
Slade and Gardiner 5 Desborough place, Paddington
Slade & Gardner 5 Manor terrace, Kilburn
Slaughter A. 9 & 10 Princes road, Notting hill
Smith and Son, 57 Talbot terrace, Westbourne park
Spink W. 5 Celbridge place, Westbourne park
Stapleton G. 72 Richmond road, Bayswater
Stimpson G. 11 Church street, Kensington
Stockey G. 124 High street, Notting hill
Stone T. 12 Craven terrace, Bayswater
Swift G. 6 Clarendon road, Notting hill
Swift E. C. Clarendon road, Notting hill
Taylor T. 56 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Thomas D. 5 King William road, Hammersmith
Tomlin E. 5 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Turner W. 20 Leinster terrace, Bayswater
Tween J. A. 23 Conduit street, Hyde park
Tyrrell J. 1 Raven’s row, Hammersmith
Tyrrell G. 8 Richmond road, Bayswater
Walker W. 194 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Wandsworth J. 223 King street west, Hammersmith
Ward W. 11 Archer street, Kensington park
Webber T. 8 Charles street west, Hyde park
Webber T. 74 Edgware road, Paddington
Wheeler T. J. 3 Home terrace, Hammersmith
Worboy J. 12 Portsdown terrace, Paddington
Wright F. 3 Caroline place, Hammersmith
Wyer W. 22 Western terrace, Notting hill

Cab Proprietors.
Allden S. 52 Bridge road, Hammersmith
Brown R. 6 Junction mews, Paddington
Gault H. 13 Randolph mews, Maida hill
Harris T. 6 Alpha mews, Kilburn
Laws E. 2 Canterbury place, Maida vale
Lowe W. 15 Black Lion lane, Hammersmith
Perrin J. 9 Grove place, Hammersmith
Pither S. 7 Irongate wharf road, Paddington
Potter T. G. 5 Kempshall terrace, Kilburn
Sainsbury W. 4 Down place, Hammersmith
Stredder J. 16 South end, Kensington

Cabinet Makers and Upholsterers.

Arnold T. 20 Star street, Paddington
Baker R. 176 Edgware road, Paddington
Banfield E. 11 Grove place, Hammersmith
Banks J. & Co. 10 Powis terrace, Kensington park
Barker R. 23 Queen street, Hammersmith
Birrell A. 3 Catherine cottages, Kensington
Blackett J. & Co. 3 Albert terrace, Bayswater
Blind & Co. 123 High street, Notting hill
Booty W. 137 & 138 High street, Notting hill
Bowden W. 20 Craven terrace, Bayswater
Breeze J. A. 66 Moscow road, Bayswater
Britz G. 32 Westbourne terrace north, Paddington
Buckle F. 70 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Burr & Son, 19 Inverness road, Bayswater
Burr & Son, 12 & 13 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Clark T. 31 Upper Berkeley street west, Hyde park
Cockburn T. 2 Ladbroke road, Notting hill
Coper R. 8 Tichbourne street, Paddington
Corfe T. 17 James street, Paddington
Day J. 4 High street, Kensington
Doggett T. 7 Portobello terrace, Kensington park
Dunworth R. 17 Torrington mews, Paddington
Dunworth R. 3 Upper Porchester street, Hyde park
Durrant R. 129 High street, Notting hill
Edwards J. 1 New road, Hammersmith
Fairbridge J. 15 Woodstock road, Shepherd’s bush
Findglass C. 4 Shelden street, Paddington
Fletcher J. 70 Richmond road, Bayswater
Fulcher J. N. 39 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Gedge J. 4 Oxford terrace, Notting hill
Grant A. 11 Devonshire terrace, Notting hill
Griffiths G. 125 Hall place, Paddington
Gyayet J. 17 Silver street, Notting hill
Hardcastle E. 7 Campbell street, Paddington
Hattersley T. 201 Edgware road, Paddington
Holmes W. 40 Portland road, Notting hill
Horwood J. 24 Hereford road, Bayswater
Kingston R. 5 Princes terrace, Notting hill
Knight Mrs, 49 Star street, Paddington
Launspach L. 9 Upper Berkeley street west, Hyde park
Leuty J. 20 Inverness road, Bayswater
Lewis J. 26 Stratheden terrace, Hammersmith
Lloyd J. L. 35 Westbourne terrace north, Paddington
Longley E. 180 King street west, Hammersmith
Mansell W. J. 181 Edgware road, Paddington
Miller J. 169 Edgware road, Paddington
Morris Mrs, 34 Star street, Paddington
Mortlock & Co. 9 Hereford road, Bayswater
Norris J. 10 Charles mews, Paddington
Pecover J. 36 Westbourne terrace north, Paddington
Pratt P. 4 St. George’s terrace, Kilburn
Richardson Mrs, 27 Newland street, Kensington
Roberts Mrs, 18 Andover road, Kilburn
Rutterford C. 33 High street, Notting hill
Scissons W. 5 Richmond road, Bayswater
Smith T. 20 Archer street, Kensington park
Snow W. 70 Norfolk terrace, Bayswater
Vine J. 152 King street west, Hammersmith
Wadekind W. 189 Portland road, Notting hill
Ward E. 27 High street, Notting hill
Warne A. 7 Conduit street, Paddington
Watson G. 8 Charles mews, Paddington
Wheldale W. 179 Edgware road, Paddington
White T. H. 16 Fulham place, Maida hill west
Wilding —, 2 Maryland road, Paddington

Candle Makers.
Finch T. 35 High street, Notting hill

Carmen and Contractors.

Adamthwaite W. 15 Randolph mews, Maida hill
Boyer & Peach, 1 Amberley wharf, Paddington
Blassey & Ogilvie, Hammersmith terrace, Hammersmith
Brewer J. Radnor terrace, Kensington
Gowing H. 15 Elgin mews, Notting hill
Hayden W. 6 Amberley wharf, Paddington
Hudson W. 67 Market street, Paddington
Morgan T. A. 5 Irongate wharf, Paddington
Nicholls G. 10 South wharf, Paddington
Painter J. 8 Green street, Paddington
Peto, Betts, Kelk & Co. 3 South wharf, Paddington
Pratt W. A. 73 Market street, Paddington
Studds W. 40 Bridge road, Paddington
Vaughan T. 2 Green street, Paddington
Woolley C. 2 Amberley wharf, Paddington
Woolley H. & C. 2 Bridge terrace, Paddington

Carpenters and Joiners.

Anderson R. 16 Vernon terrace, Notting hill
Arnold J. Peel place, Notting hill
Arnold J. 2 Peel street, Notting hill
Baggalley —, 46 Bridge road, Hammersmith
Balls A. W. 12 Chichester terrace, Kilburn
Bartlett J. 21 Silver street, Notting hill
Blower W. 2 Grays place, Kilburn
Blower W. 206 Edgware road, Paddington
Bott H. 16 Moscow road, Bayswater
Bristow E. jun. 2 Newland street, Kensington
Bullen H. 2 Frederick cottages, Hammersmith
Carry H. 16 Albert terrace, Notting hill
Cole J. 29 Victoria place, Bayswater
Cockett H. 62 Queen street, Hammersmith
Crisp W. 7 Napier road, Kensington
Curtis —, 133 Inverness road, Bayswater
England C. 3 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Fisher W. James street, Kensington
Gaynor F. T. 9 Lavender place, Bayswater
Godson G. 35 Albert road, Kilburn
Green C. 198 Edgware road, Paddington
Grunsdall M. 10 Peel street, Notting hill
Gunnee J. 2 Uxbridge road, Shepherd’s bush
Harrington T. 11 Hall place, Paddington
Harrison G. 19 Denbigh terrace, Bayswater
Hitchman D. 68 Market street, Paddington
Huish J. 2 Hampden place, Paddington
Hobbs H. 6 Portland road, Notting hill
Howe D. E. 14 Polygon mews, Paddington
Hughes W. 50 Queens road, Notting hill
Hutton H. 173 Edgware road, Paddington
Hyslop J. 20 Sale street, Paddington
Innes E. 6 Bridge terrace, Paddington
Jory —, Ladbroke terrace mews, Notting hill
Lambert J. 3 Wiple place, Kensington
Lancum —, Blomfield place, Blomfield street, Paddington
Langridge W. Bathurst mews, Hyde park
Little D. Blomfield place, Paddington
London T. Cambridge mews, Paddington
Lucas J. 2 St. James street, Kensington
Lyng T. 26 Brindley street, Paddington
McNamara T. 4 Brindley street, Paddington
Meadow H. 2a Victoria place, Bayswater
Meadow J. Alexander mews, Westbourne park
Mercer G. 55 Praed street, Paddington
Miller —, 9 Brook mews west, Hyde park
Mitchell G. 43 Pickering place, Bayswater
Mitchem J. 6 Torrington place, Paddington
Moore W. 28 Hethpool street, Maida hill
Morris G. 43 Pickering place, Bayswater
Moss W. Ross cottage, Edgware road, Kilburn
Payne O. 27 Pembroke road, Kilburn
Perryman W. 7 Eastbourne mews, Paddington
Porter W. 7 Conduit mews, Paddington
Rawlings J. 5 Bridge terrace, Harrow road, Paddington
Read J. 18 Devonport mews, Hyde park
Redman R. Chichester mews, Paddington
Richardson F. G. 1 Flora villas, Albion gardens, Hammersmith
Rickett J. 4 Great Western terrace, Westbourne park
Robinson H. G. 40 Pickering place, Bayswater
Rust W. 60 Bridge road, Hammersmith
Sadler —, 17 Waterloo street, Hammersmith
Scott R. 1 Church lane, Kensington
Sewell E. 40 Caroline place, Bayswater
Smith J. 205 King street west, Hammersmith
Smith T. 46 Pickering place, Bayswater
Smith W. H. 6 Star street, Paddington
Spencer W. 4 Newland street, Kensington
Stell J. 23 Cambridge place, Bayswater
Stevens J. 2 Richmond road, Bayswater
Taylor J. 54 Alfred road, Paddington
Verc H. 11 Howard place, Kensington park
Vere W. Sidney cottage, Edgware road, Kilburn
Wadson J. Marshall row, Albion road, Hammersmith
Wakeman J. 12 Spring place, Hammersmith
Wallis R. 15 Kilburn park road, Kilburn

Carriers.
Brown J. 187 King street west, Hammersmith
Chaplin & Horne, 14a South wharf, Paddington
Johnson P. & M. 6 King street, Kensington
Mellor, Colsell & Co., 7 South wharf, Paddington
Penton C. 6 King street east, Hammersmith
Pickford & Co. 9 South wharf, Paddington

Carvers and Gilders.

Baker & Chance, 3 Hammersmith gate, Hammersmith
Bird W. 41 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Bowman R. 37 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Candler R. W. 7 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Clark F. 5 Powis terrace, Kensington park
Cook G. 46 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Death W. 30 Praed street, Paddington
Dibben H. 12 Clarendon place, Notting hill
Errington H. 92 Bridge road, Hammersmith
Flower C. 9 Manchester terrace, Kilburn
Grimsdall J. T. 2 Church street, Kensington
Jewson A. 4 Hope terrace, Notting hill
Linnartz J. 14 Upper Berkeley street west, Paddington
Mitchell F. 4 Holland place, Kensington road
Mitchell R. Shepherd’s bush green
Rainger G. 13 Albert terrace, Notting hill
Reynolds & Poole, 3 Craven place, Bayswater
Russell W. 103 High street, Notting hill
Spencer J. A. 73 Harrow road, Paddington
Townsend N. 5 Market street, Paddington
Way F. H. 128 St. Alban’s place, Paddington
Wright Mrs, 29 Richmond road, Bayswater
 Chair Cainers.
Hemmings —, 29 George street, Hammersmith

Cheesemongers, Buttermen and Poulterers.

Abbott J. & W. 4 Portobello road, Notting hill
Adams & Broughton, 2a & 3a Clifton road, Maida vale
Adams & Broughton, 8 Portsdown terrace, Kilburn
Allnut J. 62 High street, Notting hill
Allnutt B. 53 Addison road north, Notting hill
Allwright C. 10 Richmond road, Bayswater
Applin G. 2 Wellington terrace, Notting hill
Ardley W. 3 Gloucester road, South Kensington
Ashelford T. 28 Princes road, Notting hill
Bailey C. 45 High street, Kensington
Billers C. 12 Harrow road, Paddington
Botton & Hale, 31 Alexander street, Westbourne park
Bowron J. 4 Newcastle place, Paddington
Brook W. 19 King street east, Hammersmith
Brooks C. 5 Wellington terrace, Paddington
Brown J. & Son, 9 Jonson’s place, Paddington
Brown C. 15 King street west, Hammersmith
Brown W. 9 Pickering terrace, Bayswater
Brown H. W. 84 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Bullen H. 15 Jonson’s place, Paddington
Burningham C. W. 142 Edgware road, Paddington
Burrough J. 41 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Butler & Co. 101 High street, Notting hill
Clark M. R. 18 Conduit street, Paddington
Clark G. 1 Sheldon street, Paddington
Clinch R. 2 Melon place, Kensington
Coate Mrs, 14 Bridge terrace, Paddington
Cooper G. 15 Upper Berkeley street west, Hyde park
Cowper F. 171 Edgware road, Paddington
Cummings S. 91 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Davis E. 113 High street, Notting hill
Denyer E. 150 King street west, Hammersmith
Dormer H. 14 Cambridge road, Kilburn
Edmunds W. 37 Archer street, Kensington park
Evans E. 3a King William road, Hammersmith
Fenn C. 10 Chichester terrace, Kilburn
Fitch E. 9 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Fitch Mrs, 171 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Foes T. W. 39 King street west, Hammersmith
Forty T. 9 Princes road, Notting hill
Fox J. 44 Princes road, Notting hill
Frewin E. H. 6 Craven place, Bayswater
Gibson J. A. 73 Cornwall road, Westbourne park
Grant J. 6 Bridge crescent, Kilburn
Green G. G. 63 Moscow road, Bayswater
Hull O. 40 Princes road, Notting hill
Harland C. 152 Edgware road, Paddington
Harvey N. 93 High street, Notting hill
Haynes G. 14 Broadway, Hammersmith
Hayward G. 9 Upper Southwick street, Paddington
Heritage J. 46 Westbourne terrace north, Paddington
Hiscock H. 194 Edgware road, Paddington
Hudson J. 51 Lonsdale road, Bayswater
Hull C. 152 High street, Notting hill
James Bros. 10 Church street, Kensington
Jeffery F. 46 King street west, Hammersmith
Jennings E. 216 King street west, Hammersmith
Jolly J. 4 Little Sussex place, Hyde park
Knowlman W. 79 Edgware road, Paddington
Lendon R. 1 Cuthbert street, Paddington
Ley G. 30 Westbourne terrace north, Paddington
Long G. 36 Edmund terrace, Notting hill
Lowen T. J. 22 St. James’s terrace, Notting hill
Lowry P. 34 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Lowry W. 11 Manor terrace, Kilburn
Lowry W. 9 Praed street, Paddington
Marks B. 46 Norland road, Notting hill
Masters J. 45 Archer street, Kensington park
Millard J. 4 Bridge street, Kilburn
Mockridge R. 12a Edgware road, Paddington
Northcote G. 10 Clifton road, Maida vale
Palmer G. 7 Bridge crescent, Kilburn
Parry T. 7 Lower Porchester street, Hyde park
Phillips J. 8 Sydenham terrace, Notting hill
Phillips C. 1 Young street, Kensington
Podmore W. 192 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Pouter T. 2 Elizabeth terrace, Notting hill
Price R. 5 Dudley grove, Paddington
Robertson R. 11 Westbourne place, Paddington
Sage J. York cottages, Kilburn
Sealby R. 127 Westbourne park place, Bayswater
Sennett H. O. 90 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Snooks J. 7 Newland terrace, Kensington
Stedman A. 3 Oxford terrace, Notting hill
Stevens J. 6 Pickering terrace, Bayswater
Taylor R. 2 Wattsfield terrace, Kensington
Todd T. & J. 36 High street, Kensington
Turner E. 5 Holland road, Shepherd’s bush
Turner J. & Co. 5 Jonson’s place, Paddington
Walker T. 3 Uxbridge street upper, Notting hill
Webb C. M. 119 Edgware road, Paddington
Webb J. 37 High street, Kensington
Whittall C. 59 Richmond road, Bayswater
Wiggins J. 83 King street west, Hammersmith
Williams J. 36 Princes road, Notting hill

Chemists and Druggists.

Abel S. 108 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Allshorn F. 25 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Anderson E. 1 Berkeley place, Paddington
Andrews F. 23 Leinster terrace, Bayswater road
Baker R. 25 Princes road, Notting hill
Barrett J. 12 Richmond road, Bayswater
Beaton W. J. 132 St. Alban’s place, Edgware road, Paddington
Beaton J. 6 St. George’s terrace, South Kensington
Best J. 11 Jonson’s place, Paddington
Bird A. 22 High street, Kensington
Blake C. 10 Bedford terrace, Kensington
Blennerhassett & Co. 155 King street west, Hammersmith
Boully P. 188 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Brightmore W. 6 Portsdown terrace, Kilburn
Brobdribb J. B. 10 Dorcas terrace, Hammersmith road
Bullen F. 13 Hereford road, Bayswater
Carew B. H. Theresa place, Hammersmith road west
Carr W. P. 19 Elgin road, Maida vale
Carrington J. W. 74 Hall place, Paddington
Cawdell G. 12 London street, Paddington
Cooke & Co. 33 Norfolk terrace, Bayswater
Corder J. 4 Edwardes terrace, Kensington
Coster L. 10 Shrewsbury road, Westbourne park
Cosway E. C. 19 Notting hill terrace, Notting hill
Cotton J. 60 Pembroke road, Kensington
Crosse H. 1 Sydenham terrace, Notting hill
Crotch J. 31 Edgware road, Paddington
Dickenson W. 16 Cambridge street, Paddington
Dickensan W. 1 Queen’s gardens, Bayswater
Downes F. D. 9 Celbridge place, Westbourne park
Dunkerley J. 96 Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Dyson W. B. 4 Gloucester road, South Kensington
Edwards T. D. R. 3 Prospect place, New road, Hammersmith
Emanerson G. 5 Holland road, Shepherd’s bush
Emerson R. 1 Dorcas terrace, Hammersmith
Ferrant C. 212 King street west, Hammersmith
Field T. C. 6 Talbot terrace, Notting hill
Field G. 69 Edgware road, Paddington
Ford W. H. 5 Convent terrace, Kensington park
Fowler S. 36 Elgin crescent, Notting hill
Gould & Son, 7 Westbourne place, Paddington
Haworth J. K. 218 Maida vale, Paddington
Hickley T. P. 15 St. Alban’s place, Edgware road, Paddington
Hodgkinson & Jones, 3 Newland terrace, Kensington
Hogg —, 9 Albion place, Hyde park
Holmes —, 256 King street west, Hammersmith
Holmes & Fox, 96 Westbourne grove, Bayswater & 1 Spring street,
Paddington
Horncastle J. 12 Stanhope terrace, Bayswater road
James R. 41 Addison road north, Notting hill
Jones W. 3 Addison terrace, Kensington
Kingdon W. Y. 6 Devonshire terrace, Notting hill, & 78 Clarendon
road, Notting hill
Lacy B. M. 52 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Lidwell E. 130 High street, Notting hill
Lloyd D. 8 Wellington terrace, Kensington park
Long H. 48 High street, Notting hill
Loveband F. 17 Archer street, Kensington park
Maitland J. 10 Chester place, Hyde park square
Mayhew A. 111 Cirencester street, Paddington
McDougal W. 8 Union terrace, Notting hill (Post office)
McLean J. 11 Clifton road, Maida vale
Moore & Co. 1 Craven place, Bayswater
Mumford G. 5 Bathurst street, Paddington
Newby R. I. 27 Broadway, Hammersmith
Norrish G. 2 Lower terrace, Notting hill
Parry W. P. 179 King street west, Hammersmith
Philpot H. 32 Praed street, Paddington
Pidduck & Swann, 11 Bridge terrace, Harrow road, Paddington
Pinyon W. 2 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Potter J. 26 Dudley grove, Paddington (Post office)
Rayner G. G. 9 Westbourne place, Paddington
Reeve E. 1 Salusbury terrace, Kilburn
Rowson H. 2 Chichester street, Paddington
Salmon F. 81 Cornwall road, Westbourne park
Savory & Moore, 1 Lancaster gate, Hyde park
Sharp G. Y. 34 High street, Notting hill
Shirley J. G. 2 Westbourne grove, & 1 & 2 Pickering place, Bayswater
Skidmore J. 3 Charles street west, Paddington
Smith W. C. 36 Broadway Hammersmith
Smith W. 3 Celbridge road, Westbourne pl
Stathers J. 43 Norland road, Notting hill
Stevenson W. L. 81 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Sudgrave & Sons, 2 Queen’s road, Notting hill
Swire, 14 Edgware road, Paddington
Taylor H. 39 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Tebbutt T. 3 Manchester terrace, Kilburn
Turner R. 6 Chippenham terrace, Paddington
Twinberrow & Son, 45 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Wade & Co. 50 Princes road, Notting hill
Wagstaff J. H. 9 Shelden street, Paddington
Watts J. 107 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Westrup J. B. 1 St. Peter’s terrace, Notting hill
Williams J. J. 16 Desborough place, Paddington
Willison W. H. 4 Napier road, Kensington
Windle W. 203 Edgware road, Paddington
Wright F. 38 High street, Kensington
Wyatt T. 36 Talbot terrace, Westbourne park
 Chimney Sweeps.
Brazier J. 23 Chapel street, Hammersmith
Brozier J. 15 George street, Hammersmith
Casseltine Mrs, 49 Praed street, Paddington
Cuss J. 4 Charles mews, Paddington
Davis J. 4 Elms lane, Bayswater
Dixon G. 16 St. Alban’s road, Kensington
Fox T. Ladbroke terrace mews, Notting hill
Francis G. 19 King street, Kensington
Graham J. 3 Botts mews, Bayswater
Haselton F. 10 Market street, Paddington
Hill G. 13b Randolph Mews, Maida hill
Howard J. 10 Burlington mews, Westbourne park
Joliff —, 3 Denbigh mews Kensington park
Lamb C. Portsdown mews, Kilburn
Lee —, 2 Conduit mews, Paddington
Lee J. 29 Upper Brook mews, Paddington
Leman J. 61 Richmond road, Bayswater
Morgan —, Blomfield mews, Paddington
Neil C. 3 Queen’s road, Notting hill
Prutton J. Lanark place, Maida hill
Reynolds F. 6 Sovereign mews, Paddington
Sawyer J. White Lion passage, Paddington
Stirling T. 1 Gale’s cottages, Hammersmith
Stocker G. James place, Paddington
Upfold G. 1 Peel street, Notting hill
Vessel C. Mall, Notting hill
Watson 2 Carlton place, Kilburn
Wilson, Cambridge Mews east, Kilburn
Wood D. Cambridge mews, Paddington
Wood Mrs, 11 Upper Southwick street, Paddington

China and Glass Dealers and Warehouses.

Atkinson E. 8 Cambridge place, Paddington
Baylis G. 3 Newland terrace, Kensington
Beale A. 53 King street east, Hammersmith
Beerling E. 10 St. Mark’s terrace, Kensington park
Benford T. 34 Princess road, Notting hill
Dallas C. 33a High street, Kensington
Daw A. 44 Praed street, Paddington
Dodd Mrs, 20 Jonson’s place, Paddington
Doran G. 126 Edgware road, Paddington
Everton E. 3 Railway terrace, Notting hill
Feasy S. 17 Church street, Kensington
Golding H. 44 High street, Notting hill
Harbridge Mrs, 4 Lower terrace, Notting hill
Hayhow W. 5 Prospect place, Hammersmith
Hill J. W. 104 King street west, Hammersmith
Hughes B. 61 Ledbury road, Bayswater
Laking Mrs, 18 Upper Berkley street west, Paddington
Laking A. & C. 13 Gloucester terrace, South Kensington
Lewen H. R. 104 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Lomas J. M. 40 Norland road, Notting hill
Marshall W. 16 St. George’s terrace, Kilburn
Miller Miss 6 Spring street, Hyde park
Moore Mrs, 2 Cumberland place, North end, Hammersmith
Parsons R. H. 13 Stratheden villas, New road, Hammersmith
Payne W. 1 South wharf, Paddington
Pearce J. 167 Queens road, Bayswater
Preater H. 10 Moscow road, Bayswater
Price S. 96 Queen’s road, Bayswater
Standish A. 11 Wellington terrace, Notting hill
Stephens S. 10 Portobello terrace, Kensington park
Turner H. 137 Praed street, Paddington
Turner H. 2 South wharf, Paddington
Underwood J. 27 Stratheden villas, Hammersmith
Wakeford J. 3 Oxford place, Shepherd’s bush green
Woods E. 5 Margaret terrace, Paddington
Wright Mrs, J. 5 Elizabeth terrace, Notting hill

China Mender.
Clarge R. 33 Edgware road, Paddington

Clog Maker.
Patridge W. 9 Margaret terrace, Paddington

Clubs.
Dickinson W. (Devonshire Club) 22 Devonshire terrace, Bayswater

Coach Makers.
Beaumont J. 7 Kensington park road north, Notting hill
Bedford H. 81 Queen street, Hammersmith
Chanter J. 1 Berkeley mews, Hyde park
Cole W. 21 Young street, Kensington
Cole W. 9 Craven place, Kensington
Eustace G. 9 Bridge road, Hammersmith
Felstead W. 16 Polygon mews, Paddington
Frooms —, 8 Barwood mews, Paddington
Griffiths G. 5, 6, 7 Charles mews, Paddington
Hoadley A. 57 High street, Kensington
Jones W. 6 Conduit mews, Paddington
Marchant W. 25 Brook mews, Hyde park
Miller W. 13 Cambridge place, Paddington
Miller R. F. 80 King street west, Hammersmith
Miller R. F. 139 King street west, Hammersmith
Miller R. F. 151 King street west, Hammersmith
Morgan E. 9 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Pearce J. High street, Kensington
Pearce J. 9 Johnson street, Paddington
Stephens W. 24 Torrington mews, Paddington
Todd —, 14 Charles mews, Paddington
Todd R. 5 Conduit street west, Hyde park
Todd —, 1 Upper Brook mews, Paddington
Ware T. 1 Church place, Paddington

Coach Painters.
Banks E. Hammersmith terrace, Hammersmith
Bullfin W. Queen’s place, Notting hill
Loader H. St. John’s mews, Bayswater
Maggs R. 14 Torrington mews, Paddington
Powell —, Carlton place, Kilburn
Tilley J. Queen’s place, Notting hill

Coachsmiths.
Butler R. 62 Market, Paddington
Ivey I. W. 11a Kensington square, Kensington

Coal Merchant and Companies.

Bishop S. 29 Bridge street, Kilburn
Bolton J. 11 Gloucester road, South Kensington
Bradshaw H. Canterbury road, Kilburn
Bugler A. 14 Devonshire terrace, Notting hill
Burcher & Son, 7 Wellington terrace, Notting hill
Butt G. 11 Upper Berkeley terrace west, Hyde park
Butterley Depots—Parry J. S. & C. Agents, Canterbury road, Kilburn
Butterfly Wharf—Parry T. S. & C. Agents Wharf road, Shepherd’s
bush
Cannock Chase Colliery—Keene J. Agent, Wharf road, Shepherd’s
bush
Chappuis —, 8 Charles mews, Paddington
Clay Cross Depot—Wilcox J. B. Agent, Canterbury road, Kilburn
Clay Cross Co.—Office 61, 62 Connaught terrace, Paddington
Clay Cross Colliery—Wilcox J. B. Agents, Westbourne park road,
Bayswater
Clay Cross Co.—Office 54 Westbourne grove, Bayswater
Cooper & Co., 1a Kensington park road, Notting hill
Cooper & Co., 11 Stratheden terrace, New road, Hammersmith
Day T. Hammersmith terrace, Hammersmith
Day T. Sunderland cottage, Waterside, Hammersmith
Eastwood Depot—Kendall J. Consignee, Wharf road, Shepherd’s
bush
Finney, Seal & Co. 9 Edgware road, Paddington
Finney, Seal & Co. 11 & 12 South Wharf, Paddington basin
Finney, Seal & Co. Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Great Western Coal Depot—Hyde J. manager, 17 South wharf,
Paddington basin
Grand Junction Canal Co. Wharf—Norman J. wharfinger, South
Wharf, Paddington basin
Howell J. 35 Alfred road, Paddington
Hayward C. 20 Holland street, Kensington
Ince Hall Depot—Lee A. Jerdein, Canterbury road, Kilburn
Joint Stork Co.—New F. A. Wharf road, Shepherd’s bush
Kay H. Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Kay J. W. Prince of Wales wharf, Radnor terrace, Kensington road
Kirkless Hall Depot, Canterbury road, Kilburn
Kirkless Hall Depot—Bradshaw H. agent, Radnor terrace, Kensington
road
Lee & Jerdein, 6 Alfred row, Shepherd’s bush green
Lee & Jerdein, Radnor terrace, Kensington
Lee & Jerdein’s Depot, Wharf road, Shepherd’s bush
LILLESHALL COAL COMPANY—Scott I. agent, South wharf,
Paddington basin
LILLESHALL COMPANY—Scott J. agent, Westbourne park road,
Bayswater
Lowman —, 8 & 9 Polygon mews, Paddington
May J. 8 Alpha mews, Kilburn
New Birchwood Depot—Cooper H. T., Radnor terrace, Kensington
Pain & Co. Metropolitan Coal Co. Richmond road, Bayswater
Pain R. 1 Radnor terrace, Kensington
Parry T. S. & C. Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Pegg N. & Co. Radnor terrace, Kensington
Petzing I. Western cottage, North end, Hammersmith
Phillips W. & J. Radnor terrace, Kensington
Pinxton & Whittington Co.—Finney, Seal & Co. agents, Radnor
terrace, Kensington
Plews F. G. 116 Norfolk terrace, Bayswater
Plews F. G. Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Powell —, York Wharf, Radnor terrace, Kensington
Powell —, South wharf, Paddington basin
Radbron R. Westbourne park road, Bayswater
Radford D. South wharf, Paddington basin
Reeves J. 12 Leinster street, Bayswater
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