Library Cache

Internals
Julian Dyke
Independent Consultant
Web Version

1 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Agenda

u Introduction
u Multiple Parent Cursors
u Multiple Child Cursors
u DBMS_SHARED_POOL
u Summary

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 Shared Pool
u Shared pool includes:

u Permanent - Static structures - allocated at startup

u Session arrays
u Process arrays
u Segmented arrays
u Other static structures

u Heap - Dynamic structures - allocated at runtime

u Library Cache
u Dictionary (Row) Cache

3 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Shared Pool Size
u Determines amount of memory allocated to library cache
u In Oracle 10.2 and above specified as follows

-- If Automatic Memory Management

IF SGA_TARGET specified THEN
IF SHARED_POOL_SIZE specified THEN
minimum size of shared pool = SHARED_POOL_SIZE
ELSE
size of shared pool determined automatically
ELSE -- Manual memory management
IF SHARED_POOL_SIZE specified THEN
size of shared pool = SHARED_POOL_SIZE
ELSE
IF 32-bit platform
size = 32M
IF 64-bit platform
size = 84M

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 Library Cache
u Contains objects of various types required to parse and
execute SQL statements including
u tables
u indexes
u cursors
u parent
u child
u PL/SQL
u procedures
u functions
u packages
u Types
u methods
u Java classes

5 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Object Types
u Every object in the library cache has an object type. Object
types include:
uCursor uType uIndex-Organized Table
uTable uType Body uJava Source
uIndex uObject uJava Class
uCluster uUser uJava Resource
uView uDatabase Link uJava JAR
uSynonym uPipe uTable Subpartition
uSequence uTable Partition uIndex Subpartition
uProcedure uIndex Partition uLOB Partition
uFunction uLOB uLOB Subpartition
uPackage uLibrary uSummary
uPackage Body uDirectory uDimension
uTrigger uQueue uStored Outline

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 Namespaces
u Every object in the library cache belongs to a namespace
Namespaces include:
uCursor uApplication Context
uTable/Procedure uStored Outline
uBody uRuleset
uTrigger uResource Plan
uIndex uResource Consumer Group
uCluster uSubscription
uObject uLocation
uJava Source uRemote Object
uJava Resource uSnapshot Metadata
uContext Policy uJava Shared Data
uPublish/Subscribe uSecurity Profile
uDimension

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 V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
u Reports all objects currently in the library cache
OWNER VARCHAR2(64)
NAME VARCHAR2(1000)
DB_LINK VARCHAR2(64)
NAMESPACE VARCHAR2(28)
TYPE VARCHAR2(28)
SHARABLE_MEM NUMBER
LOADS NUMBER
EXECUTIONS NUMBER
LOCKS NUMBER
PINS NUMBER
KEPT VARCHAR2(3)
CHILD_LATCH NUMBER
INVALIDATIONS NUMBER

u Based on X$KGLOB
8 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
 Library Cache Dumps
u To dump the contents of the library cache use
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS
'IMMEDIATE TRACE NAME LIBRARY_CACHE LEVEL n';

u where <n> specifies information to be included

u 1 - include library cache statistics
u 2 - include library cache hash table
u 4 - include library cache handles and objects
u 8 - include dependencies, read-only dependencies,
accesses, authorizations, translations, schemas and data
blocks
u 16 - include sizes for data blocks
u 32 - include heap dumps for data blocks
u All levels include permanent space allocation section
u Above levels apply in Oracle 10.2
u Dump levels vary in earlier versions
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 SQL Statements
u Each SQL statement has
u Parent cursor
u One or more child cursors

Parent

Child 0 Child 1 Child 2 Child 3

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 Parent Cursor
u One parent cursor for each textually different SQL statement
in library cache

u Statements identified by hash value

u Generated from statement text

u Contains
u KGLHD - Handle structure
u KGLOB - Object structure
u KGLNA - Name structure

u Externalised by
u V$SQLAREA
u X$KGLOB (WHERE kglhdpar = kglhdadr)

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 Parent Cursor

KGLHD

KGLOB KGLNA SELECT c1,

c2,c3,c4,c5,
c6,c7,c8,c9,
c10
KGLNA FROM t1,t2,
t3,t4,t5
WHERE
KGLNA t1.c1=t2.c1..

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 V$SQLAREA
u Contains one row for each parent cursor
SQL_TEXT VARCHAR2(1000) BUFFER_GETS NUMBER MODULE_HASH NUMBER
SQL_FULLTEXT CLOB APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME NUMBER ACTION VARCHAR2(64)
SQL_ID VARCHAR2(13) CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME NUMBER ACTION_HASH NUMBER
SHARABLE_MEM NUMBER CLUSTER_WAIT_TIME NUMBER SERIALIZABLE_ABOUTS NUMBER
PERSISTENT_MEM NUMBER USER_IO_WAIT_TIME NUMBER OUTLINE_CATEGORY VARCHAR2(64)
RUNTIME_MEM NUMBER PLSQL_EXEC_TIME NUMBER CPU_TIME NUMBER
SORTS NUMBER JAVA_EXEC_TIME NUMBER ELAPSED_TIME NUMBER
VERSION_COUNT NUMBER ROWS_PROCESSED NUMBER OUTLINE_SID VARCHAR2(40)
LOADED_VERSIONS NUMBER COMMAND_TYPE NUMBER LAST_ACTIVE_CHILD_ADDRESS RAW(4)
OPEN_VERSIONS NUMBER OPTIMIZER_MODE VARCHAR2(10) REMOTE VARCHAR2(1)
USERS_OPENING NUMBER OPTIMIZER_COST NUMBER OBJECT_STATUS VARCHAR2(19)
FETCHES NUMBER OPTIMIZER_ENV RAW(797) LITERAL_HASH_VALUE NUMBER
EXECUTIONS NUMBER OPTIMIZER_ENV_HASH_VALUE NUMBER LAST_LOAD_TIME DATE
PX_SERVERS_EXECUTIONS NUMBER PARSING_USER_ID NUMBER IS_OBSOLETE VARCHAR2(1)
END_OF_FETCH_COUNT NUMBER PARSING_SCHEMA_ID NUMBER CHILD_LATCH NUMBER
USERS_EXECUTING NUMBER PARSING_SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR2(64) SQL_PROFILE VARCHAR2(64)
LOADS NUMBER KEPT_VERSIONS NUMBER PROGRAM_ID NUMBER
FIRST_LOAD_TIME VARCHAR2(19) ADDRESS RAW(4) PROGRAM_LINE# NUMBER
INVALIDATIONS NUMBER HASH_VALUE NUMBER EXACT_MATCHING_SIGNATURE NUMBER
PARSE_CALLS NUMBER OLD_HASH_VALUE NUMBER FORCE_MATCHING_SIGNATURE NUMBER
DISK_READS NUMBER PLAN_HASH_VALUE NUMBER LAST_ACTIVE_TIME DATE
DIRECT_WRITES NUMBER MODULE VARCHAR2(64) BIND_DATA RAW(2000)

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 Child Cursors
u Each parent cursor can have one or more child cursors

u Child cursor contains

u Environment
u Statistics
u Execution Plan

u Contains
u KGLHD - Handle structure
u KGLOB - Object structure
u Subheaps

u Externalised by
u V$SQL
u X$KGLOB (WHERE kglhdpar != kglhdadr)
u X$KGLCURSOR_CHILD (in Oracle 10.2 and above)

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 Child Cursors

KGLHD
Parent
Cursor
KGLOB KGLNA

KGLHD KGLHD KGLHD KGLHD KGLHD KGLHD

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 Child Cursors

KGLHD
Child
Cursor

KGLOB

Heap 0 Heap 6

Bind Execution
Environment Statistics
Variables Plan

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 V$SQL
u Contains one row for each child cursor
SQL_TEXT VARCHAR2(1000) CLUSTER_WAIT_TIME NUMBER MODULE_HASH NUMBER
SQL_FULLTEXT CLOB USER_IO_WAIT_TIME NUMBER ACTION VARCHAR2(64)
SQL_ID VARCHAR2(13) PLSQL_EXEC_TIME NUMBER ACTION_HASH NUMBER
SHARABLE_MEM NUMBER JAVA_EXEC_TIME NUMBER SERIALIZABLE_ABORTS NUMBER
PERSISTENT_MEM NUMBER ROWS_PROCESSED NUMBER OUTLINE_CATEGORY VARCHAR2(64)
RUNTIME_MEM NUMBER COMMAND_TYPE NUMBER CPU_TIME NUMBER
SORTS NUMBER OPTIMIZER_MODE VARCHAR2(10) ELAPSED_TIME NUMBER
LOADED_VERSIONS NUMBER OPTIMZER_COST NUMBER OUTLINE_SID NUMBER
OPEN_VERSIONS NUMBER OPTIMZER_ENV RAW(797) CHILD_ADDRESS RAW(4)
USERS_OPENING NUMBER OPTIMZER_ENV_HASH_VALUE NUMBER SQLTYPE NUMBER
FETCHES NUMBER PARSING_USER_ID NUMBER REMOTE VARCHAR2(1)
EXECUTIONS NUMBER PARSING_SCHEMA_ID NUMBER OBJECT_STATUS VARCHAR2(19)
PX_SERVERS_EXECUTIONS NUMBER PARSING_SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR2(30) LITERAL_HASH_VALUE NUMBER
END_OF_FETCH_COUNT NUMBER KEPT_VERSIONS NUMBER LAST_LOAD_TIME VARCHAR2(19)
USERS_EXECUTING NUMBER ADDRESS RAW(4) IS_OBSOLETE VARCHAR2(1)
LOADS NUMBER TYPE_CHK_HEAP RAW(4) CHILD_LATCH NUMBER
FIRST_LOAD_TIME VARCHAR2(19) HASH_VALUE NUMBER SQL_PROFILE VARCHAR2(64)
INVALIDATIONS NUMBER OLD_HASH_VALUE NUMBER PROGRAM_ID NUMBER
PARSE_CALLS NUMBER PLAN_HASH_VALUE NUMBER PROGRAM_LINE# NUMBER
DISK_READS NUMBER CHILD_NUMBER NUMBER EXACT_MATCHING_SIGNATURE NUMBER
DIRECT_WRITES NUMBER SERVICE VARCHAR2(64) FORCE_MATCHING_SIGNATURE NUMBER
BUFFER_GETS NUMBER SERVICE_HASH NUMBER LAST_ACTIVE_TIME DATE
APPLICATION_WAIT_TIME NUMBER MODULE VARCHAR2(64) BIND_DATA RAW(2000)
CONCURRENCY_WAIT_TIME NUMBER

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 Object Heaps
u Every object can have optional sub heaps
Heap # Description
0 Object
1 Source
2 DIANA
3 PCODE
4 MCODE
5 Errors
6 SQL Context
7 Free
8 Subordinate Heap
9 Subordinate Heap
10 Subordinate Heap
11 Subordinate Heap

u Both parent and child cursors have sub heap 0

u In addition child cursors have sub heap 6 (execution plan)
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 Multiple Parent Cursors
u Each parent requires at least one child cursor

Parent Parent Parent Parent

Child Child Child Child

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 Multiple Parent Cursors
u Created because of differences in SQL statement text
u The following statements all require separate parent cursors:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

select count(*) from T1;

SELECT /* COMMENT */ COUNT(*) FROM t1;

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM t1;

u Some Oracle tools perform limited formatting to standardize

SQL statements e.g. SQL*Plus and PL/SQL

20 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Cursor Sharing
u Introduced in Oracle 8.1.6
u Replaces literals in SQL statements with variables
u Increases probability that parent cursors are shared
u Specified using CURSOR_SHARING parameter
u Can be specified at SYSTEM or SESSION level
u Can be
u EXACT (default)
u FORCE
u SIMILAR (Oracle 9.0.1 and above)

21 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Cursor Sharing - Exact
u Exact cursor sharing (default)
ALTER SESSION SET cursor_sharing = EXACT;

SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 0;

SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT c2 FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6BA7F7F8 6B9B6BE4 SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 0
6B8FB104 6BB158F0 SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 1

Parent Parent
6BA7F7F8 6B8FB104

Child Child
6B9B6BE4 6BB158F0

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 Cursor Sharing - Force
u Forced cursor sharing
ALTER SESSION SET cursor_sharing = FORCE;

SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 0;

SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT c2 FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6BA93574 6B8D1A84 SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = :"SYS_B_0"

Parent
6BA93574

Child
6B8D1A84

23 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Cursor Sharing - Similar
u Example
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 NUMBER,c2 VARCHAR2(10),
c3 VARCHAR2(3),c4 VARCHAR2(3));
DECLARE
v_c1 t1.c1%TYPE;
v_c2 t1.c2%TYPE;
v_c3 t1.c3%TYPE;
v_c4 t1.c4%TYPE;
BEGIN
FOR v_key IN 1..10000 LOOP
v_c1 := v_key;
v_c2 := LPAD (TO_CHAR (v_key),10,'0');
IF v_key < 100 THEN
v_c3 := TO_CHAR (TRUNC (v_key / 10) + 1);
ELSE
v_c3 := TO_CHAR (0);
END IF;
v_c4 := v_c3;
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (v_c1,v_c2,v_c3,v_c4);
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;
/

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 Cursor Sharing - Similar
u Example

-- Create a non-unique index on c3

CREATE INDEX t1_i1 ON t1 (c3);
-- Create a non-unique index on c4
CREATE INDEX t1_i2 ON t1 (c4);

-- Gather statistics
BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS
(
ownname => 'US01',
tabname => 'T1',
estimate_percent => NULL,
method_opt => 'FOR COLUMNS SIZE 4 c4'
);
END;
/

ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;

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 Cursor Sharing - Similar
u Example - column without histogram

ALTER SYSTEM SET cursor_sharing = SIMILAR;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = '0';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = '1';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = '2';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = '3';
SELECT sql_text FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = %';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6BA812EC 6BB34F64 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c3 = :"SYS_B_0"

Parent
6BA812EC

Child
6BB34F64

26 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Cursor Sharing - Similar
u Example - column with histogram
ALTER SYSTEM SET cursor_sharing = SIMILAR;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = '0';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = '1';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = '2';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = '3';
SELECT sql_text FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = %';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6B8A5D54 6BB2D674 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = '0'
67026E34 6702E9A4 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = :"SYS_B_0"
67026E34 671B91E0 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = :"SYS_B_0"
67026E34 6B95A4A8 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE c4 = :"SYS_B_0"

Parent Parent
6B8A5D54 67026E34

Child Child Child Child

6BB2D674 6702E9A4 671B91E0 6B95A4A8

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 Multiple Child Cursors
u Can be created for a number of reasons including differences
in:
u System / Session parameters
u Object translation
u Bind variables
u NLS parameters

28 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR

SQL_ID VARCHAR2(13) DESCRIBE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) DIFFERENT_LONG_LENGTH VARCHAR2(1)

ADDRESS RAW(4) LANGUAGE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) LOGICAL_STANDBY_APPLY VARCHAR2(1)

CHILD_ADDRESS RAW(4) TRANSLATION_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) DIFF_CALL_DURN VARCHAR2(1)

CHILD_NUMBER NUMBER ROW_LEVEL_SEC_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) BIND_UACS_DIFF VARCHAR2(1)

UNBOUND_CURSOR VARCHAR2(1) INSUFF_PRIVS VARCHAR2(1) PLSQL_CMP_SWITCHS_DIFF VARCHAR2(1)

SQL_TYPE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) INSUFF_PRIVS_REM VARCHAR2(1) CURSOR_PARTS_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

OPTIMIZER_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) REMOTE_TRANS_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) STB_OBJECT_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

OUTLINE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) LOGMINER_SESSION_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) ROW_SHIP_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

STATS_ROW_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) INCOMP_LTRL_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) PQ_SLAVE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

LITERAL_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) OVERLAP_TIME_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) TOP_LEVEL_DDL_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

SEC_DEPTH_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) SQL_REDIRECT_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) MULTI_PX_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

EXPLAIN_PLAN_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) MV_QUERY_GEN_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) BIND_PEEKED_PQ_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

BUFFERED_DML_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) USER_BIND_PEEK_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) MV_REWRITE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

PDML_ENV_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) TYPCHK_DEP_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) ROLL_INVALID_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

INST_DRTLD_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) NO_TRIGGER_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) OPTIMIZER_MODE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

SLAVE_QC_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) FLASHBACK_CURSOR VARCHAR2(1) PX_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

TYPECHECK_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) ANYDATA_TRANSFORMATION VARCHAR2(1) MV_STALEOBJ_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

AUTH_CHECK_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) INCOMPLETE_CURSOR VARCHAR2(1) FLASHBACK_TABLE_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

BIND_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1) TOP_LEVEL_RPI_CURSOR VARCHAR2(1) LITREP_COMP_MISMATCH VARCHAR2(1)

29 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR
u Describes each loaded child cursor

u Contains set of boolean values describing why cursors could

not be shared

u Heap 0 must still exist for child cursor to be reported

u Boolean values for first child of each parent will always be

false
u First child for parent may change over time as earlier
children are aged out

u Reasons for mismatches not always clear

30 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 V$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR
u Based on X$KKSCS

u To quickly ascertain why cursors are not being shared use:

SELECT TO_CHAR (bitvector,'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX'), COUNT(*)
FROM x$kkscs
GROUP BY TO_CHAR (bitvector,'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX')
ORDER BY 1;

u To list the hexadecimal values for each Boolean column use:

SELECT column_name, TO_CHAR (POWER (2,RANK () OVER (ORDER BY

column_id) - 1),'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX')
FROM dba_tab_columns
WHERE table_name = 'V_$SQL_SHARED_CURSOR'
AND data_type = 'VARCHAR2'
AND data_length = 1
ORDER BY column_id;

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 Optimizer Mode
u Different optimizer modes require separate child cursors
u As USER1 set optimizer mode to CHOOSE (default)
ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_mode = CHOOSE;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

u Change optimizer mode to ALL_ROWS

ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_mode = ALL_ROWS;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6B97E3C0 6BA0FC18 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
6B97E3C0 6BAE9904 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

32 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Optimizer Mode
u As SYSDBA
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
optimizer_mode_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B97E3C0'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6BA0FC18 6BAE9904
OPTIMIZER_MODE_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6B97E3C0

optimizer_mode = CHOOSE Child Child optimizer_mode = ALL_ROWS

6B9B6BE4 6BB158F0

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 Optimizer Parameters
u Optimizer parameters are specified in
u V$SYS_OPTIMIZER_ENV - Instance level
u V$SES_OPTIMIZER_ENV - Session level
u V$SQL_OPTIMIZER_ENV - Statement level
u In Oracle 10.2 there are 25 supported optimizer parameters

active_instance_count parallel_execution_enabled
bitmap_merge_area_size parallel_query_mode
cpu_count parallel_threads_per_cpu
cursor_sharing pga_aggregate_target
hash_area_size query_rewrite_enabled
optimizer_dynamic_sampling query_rewrite_integrity
optimizer_features_enable skip_unusable_indexes
optimizer_index_caching sort_area_retained_size
optimizer_index_cost_adj sort_area_size
optimizer_mode star_transformation_enabled
optimizer_secure_view_merging statistics_level
parallel_ddl_mode workarea_size_policy
parallel_dml_mode

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 Supported Optimizer Parameters
u For example, OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING
ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_index_caching = 0;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_index_caching = 20;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_index_caching = 40;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6B97E3C0 6BA937EC SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
6B97E3C0 6B855EB4 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
6B97E3C0 6BB1DE24 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

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 Supported Optimizer Parameters
u As SYSDBA
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
optimizer_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B97E3C0'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1 2
CHILD_ADDRESS 6BA937EC 6B855EB4 6BB1DE24
OPTIMIZER_MISMATCH N Y Y

Parent
6B97E3C0

Child Child Child

6BA937EC 6B855EB4 6BB1DE24

optimizer_index_caching 0 20 40

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 Unsupported Optimizer Parameters
u Optimizer environment parameter views are based on fixed
table views
u V$SYS_OPTIMIZER_ENV X$QKSCESYS
u V$SES_OPTIMIZER_ENV X$QKSCESES
u V$SQL_OPTIMIZER_ENV X$KQLFSQCE

u In Oracle 10.2 there are 184 optimizer parameters

u 25 supported parameters reported in both V$ and X$ views
u 8 supported parameters only reported in X$ views
u 151 unsupported parameters only reported in X$ views

u To list unsupported optimizer parameters use:

SELECT pname_qkscesyrow FROM x$qkscesys
WHERE SUBSTR (pname_qkscesyrow,1,1) = '_'
ORDER BY 1;

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 Unsupported Optimizer Parameters
u For example, _UNNEST_SUBQUERY
u In Oracle 10.2, default value is TRUE

ALTER SESSION SET "_unnest_subquery" = TRUE;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

ALTER SESSION SET "_unnest_subquery" = FALSE;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6B97E3C0 6B879828 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
6B97E3C0 6B976F20 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

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 Unsupported Optimizer Parameters
u As SYSDBA
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
optimizer_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B97E3C0'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6B879828 6B976F20
OPTIMIZER_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6B97E3C0

Child Child
6B879828 6B976F20

_unnest_subquery TRUE FALSE

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 Trace
u Enabling trace results in multiple child cursors
u For example
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_DISABLE;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

SELECT address, child_address, sql_text FROM v$sql

WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1%';

ADDRESS CHILD_ADDRESS STATEMENT

6B97E27C 6B99348C SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;
6B97E27C 6B895F5C SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1;

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 Trace
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
stats_row_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B97E27C'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6B99348C 6B895F5C
STATS_ROW_MISMATCH N Y

u One additional child cursor

is created for each parent Parent
when trace is enabled. 6B97E3C0

u Can be enabled using

event 10046, levels 1,4,8,12
sql_trace parameter or Child Child
6B99348C 6B895F5C
DBMS_MONITOR package
Trace Enabled FALSE TRUE

41 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Translations
u If a statement references different objects with the same name
then multiple child cursors can be generated
u For example:
USER1 USER2
CREATE TABLE t1 CREATE TABLE t1
(c1 NUMBER); (c1 NUMBER);
SELECT c1 FROM t1; SELECT c1 FROM t1;

u The statement SELECT c1 FROM t1 will have a shared parent

cursor, but multiple child cursors

Parent SELECT c1
Cursor FROM t1;

Child Child
Cursor 1 Cursor 2
42 © 2006 Julian Dyke USER1.T1 USER2.T1 juliandyke.com
 Translations
u As USER1
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 NUMBER);
SELECT c1 FROM t1;

u As USER2
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 NUMBER);
SELECT c1 FROM t1;

u As SYSDBA
SELECT address,hash_value,child_number,child_address
FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT c1 FROM t1%';

ADDRESS HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER CHILD_ADDRESS

6B8E5AEC 3805054639 0 6B8B6C30
6B8E5AEC 3805054639 1 6B8DA100

43 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Translations
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
auth_check_mismatch,
translation_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B8E5AEC'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6B8B6C30 6B8DA100
AUTH_CHECK_MISMATCH N Y
TRANSLATION_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6B9B7F74

Child Child
6B91CA58 6BA1DB48

44 © 2006 Julian Dyke USER1 USER2 juliandyke.com

 Translations
u Determining translated objects
SELECT SELECT
kgltrorg, kgltrorg,
kgltrfnl kgltrfnl
FROM x$kgltr FROM x$kgltr
WHERE kglhdadr = '6B8B6C30'; WHERE kglhdadr = '6B8DA100';

KGLTRORG KGLTRFNL KGLTRORG KGLTRFNL

6BA68DAC 6BA68DAC 6B8F9220 6B8F9220

SELECT SELECT
kglnaown kglnaown
kglnaobj kglnaobj
FROM x$kglob FROM x$kglob
WHERE kglhdadr = '6BA68DAC'; WHERE kglhdadr = '6B8F9220';

KGLNAOWN KGLNAOBJ KGLNAOWN KGLNAOBJ

USER1 T1 USER2 T1

45 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
u Length of bind variables affects number of child cursors
u For example (in SQL*Plus):
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 VARCHAR2(50),c2 NUMBER);

VARIABLE v1 VARCHAR2(30);
SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = :v1;

VARIABLE v1 VARCHAR2(40);
SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = :v1;

SELECT address,hash_value,child_number,child_address
FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = %';

ADDRESS HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER CHILD_ADDRESS

6B9B6F74 357538776 0 6B91CA58
6B9B6F74 357538776 1 6BA1DB48

46 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
bind_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B9B7F74'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6B91CA58 6BA1DB48
BIND_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6B9B7F74

Child Child
6B91CA58 6BA1DB48

VARCHAR2(30) VARCHAR2(40)

47 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 V$SQL_BIND_METADATA
u Describes bind variables for each cursor in shared pool

ADDRESS RAW(4)
POSITION NUMBER
DATATYPE NUMBER
MAX_LENGTH NUMBER
ARRAY_LEN NUMBER
BIND_NAME VARCHAR2(30)

u Based on X$KKSBV

u Note, in this case ADDRESS is the address of the child cursor

48 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
u To check length of bind variables
SELECT
address,
position,
data_type,
max_length,
bind_name
FROM v$sql_bind_metadata
WHERE address IN
(
SELECT child_address FROM v$sql
WHERE address = '6B9B7F74'
);

ADDRESS POSITION DATATYPE MAX_LENGTH BIND_NAME

6B91CA58 1 1 32 V1
6BA1DB48 1 1 128 V1

49 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
u Multiple child cursors can be caused by bind variable lengths
u By default:
u NUMBER is 22 bytes
u VARCHAR2 is rounded to next highest length which can be
u 32
u 128
u 2000
u 4000
u Rounding of VARCHAR2 columns can be overridden by
u enabling event 10503
u setting level to minimum bind variable length e.g. 128

ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS

'10503 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER, LEVEL 128';

50 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
u For example, by default the following sessions will all
generate different child cursors:
VAR b1 VARCHAR2(30) VAR b1 VARCHAR2(30)
VAR b2 VARCHAR2(30) VAR b2 VARCHAR2(60)
SELECT c1 FROM t1 SELECT c1 FROM t1
WHERE :b1 = 100 WHERE :b1 = 100
AND :b2 = 200; AND :b2 = 200;

VAR b1 VARCHAR2(60) VAR b1 VARCHAR2(60)

VAR b2 VARCHAR2(30) VAR b2 VARCHAR2(60)
SELECT c1 FROM t1 SELECT c1 FROM t1
WHERE :b1 = 100 WHERE :b1 = 100
AND :b2 = 200; AND :b2 = 200;

51 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Bind Variables
u On the other hand the following statements will all use the
same child cursor:
VAR b1 VARCHAR2(40) VAR b1 VARCHAR2(40)
VAR b2 VARCHAR2(40) VAR b2 VARCHAR2(60)
SELECT c1 FROM t1 SELECT c1 FROM t1
WHERE :b1 = 100 WHERE :b1 = 100
AND :b2 = 200; AND :b2 = 200;

VAR b1 VARCHAR2(60) VAR b1 VARCHAR2(60)

VAR b2 VARCHAR2(40) VAR b2 VARCHAR2(60)
SELECT c1 FROM t1 SELECT c1 FROM t1
WHERE :b1 = 100 WHERE :b1 = 100
AND :b2 = 200; AND :b2 = 200;

52 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Internationalization
u Internationalization affects child cursors

u Only a subset of SQL statements are affected including

statements using:
u Dates
u Currency
u Ordering

53 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Internationalization
u Example 1 - Dates
VAR b1 VARCHAR(30);
EXECUTE b1 := SYSDATE;

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE = 'AMERICAN';

SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE (:b1,'DD-MON-YYYY'),'yyyymmdd')

FROM dual;

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE = 'GERMAN';

SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE (:b1,'DD-MON-YYYY'),'yyyymmdd')

FROM dual;

SELECT address,hash_value,child_number,child_address
FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE (:b1%';

ADDRESS HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER CHILD_ADDRESS

6B94EA84 659654739 0 6BA268F0
6B94EA84 659654739 1 6B8E3B20

54 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Internationalization
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
language_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6B94EA84'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6BA268F0 6B8E3B20
LANGUAGE_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6B94EA84

Child Child
6BA268F0 6B8E3B20
AMERICAN GERMAN
55 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
 Internationalization
u Example 2 - Ordering
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 NUMBER, c2 VARCHAR2(1));

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE = 'AMERICAN';

SELECT c1 FROM t1 ORDER BY c2;

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE = 'GERMAN';

SELECT c1 FROM t1 ORDER BY c2;

SELECT address,hash_value,child_number,child_address
FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT c1 FROM t1 ORDER BY t2%';

ADDRESS HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER CHILD_ADDRESS

6BA0358C 245919138 0 6BA09B74
6BA0358C 245919138 1 6B9D4560

56 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Internationalization
SELECT
child_number,
child_address,
language_mismatch
FROM v$sql_shared_cursor
WHERE address = ' 6BA0358C'

CHILD_NUMBER 0 1
CHILD_ADDRESS 6BA09B74 6B9D4560
LANGUAGE_MISMATCH N Y

Parent
6BA0358C

Child Child
6BA09B74 6B9D4560
AMERICAN GERMAN

57 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Public Synonyms
u This example shows behaviour of public synonyms
u As USER1
CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 NUMBER,c2 NUMBER);
GRANT SELECT ON t1 TO PUBLIC;
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM t1 FOR user1.t1;

u As USER2
SELECT COUNT (*) FROM t1;

SELECT address,hash_value,child_number,child_address
FROM v$sql
WHERE sql_text LIKE 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1%';

ADDRESS HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER CHILD_ADDRESS

6B96CB1C 2856096030 0 6B8959AC

58 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Public Synonyms
SELECT owner,namespace,type,sharable_mem
FROM v$db_object_cache
WHERE name = 'T1';

OWNER NAMESPACE TYPE SHARABLE_MEM

PUBLIC TABLE/PROCEDURE SYNONYM 345
USER1 TABLE/PROCEDURE TABLE 343
USER2 TABLE/PROCEDURE NOT LOADED 0

u USER2.T1 is a virtual object

u Created in library cache
u Requires KGLHD, KGLOB and KGLNA structures
u Does not use any subheaps
u If USER2 subsequently creates object called T1 then the
virtual object is used to identify statements which should
be invalidated
59 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
 Public Synonyms
u Each user requires one additional library cache object for
each public synonym referenced

Parent u Although table USER2.T1 is not

6B96CB1C loaded, memory is still required
for the handle, object and name
structures
Child Table
6B91CA58 USER1.T1
u If USER3.T1 executes the same
Synonym
statement, an additional library
PUBLIC.T1 cache object will be created

Table u Use fully qualified names

USER2.N1 instead of public synonyms

Table SELECT COUNT (*)

USER3.N1 FROM USER1.t1;

60 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 DBMS_SHARED_POOL
u Reports the largest objects currently in the shared pool
u Specify minimum size (in kilobytes)
u For example to list all objects with size > 64KB use:

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.sizes (64);

u For example (output modified for readability):

SIZE(K) KEPT NAME
------- ------ -------------------------------------------
428 SYS.STANDARD (PACKAGE)
200 SYS.ANYDATA (TYPE)
167 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1,t2 WHERE..
(6B8551B8,593239587) (CURSOR)

u Specify size of 0 to return sizes of all objects in shared pool

61 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
 DBMS_SHARED_POOL
u Fragmentation of the shared pool can be reduced by
specifying that objects should be kept.
u Kept objects are not subject to aging out of the shared pool
EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.keep ('<owner>,<object_name>','<type>');

u where <type> can be

u 'P','p': Package/procedure/function
u 'T','t': Type
u 'R','r': Trigger
u 'Q','q': Sequence
u For example
EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.keep ('SYS.STANDARD','P');

u Any other value for <type> specifies a cursor

u Other object types including tables and views cannot be kept
in Oracle 10.2 or below
62 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com
 DBMS_SHARED_POOL
u To keep a cursor, first obtain the address of the parent cursor
and the hash value
u V$SQL.ADDRESS (hexadecimal)
u V$SQL.HASH_VALUE (decimal)

EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.keep ('<address>,<hash_value>','C');

u For example:
EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.keep ('6B8551B8,593239587','C');

u To discontinue keeping an object use UNKEEP procedure with

the same parameters e.g.:
EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.unkeep ('SYS.STANDARD','P');

EXECUTE dbms_shared_pool.unkeep ('6B8551B8,593239587','C');

63 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 And Finally...
u To flush the shared pool use:

ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;

u Flushes all objects which are not currently pinned

64 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Any Questions ?

[email protected]

65 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com

 Conclusion
u To avoid library cache invalidations
u Avoid unnecessary DDL statements in application

u To avoid library cache reloads

u Increase size of shared pool
u Avoid multiple parent cursors
u Standardize SQL
u Use cursor sharing
u Avoid multiple child cursors caused by
u Optimizer mismatches
u Parameter mismatches
u Translation mismatches
u Bind variable mismatches
u Language mismatches

66 © 2006 Julian Dyke juliandyke.com