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General, organic, & biological chemistry Third Edition
Janice G. Smith - eBook PDF
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Page iv
Brief Contents
1 Matter and Measurement 1
2 Atoms and the Periodic Table 36
3 Ionic Compounds 76
4 Covalent Compounds 107
5 Chemical Reactions 137
6 Energy Changes, Reaction Rates, and Equilibrium 189
7 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 224
8 Solutions 272
9 Acids and Bases 310
10 Nuclear Chemistry 355
11 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups 385
12 Alkanes 425
13 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 453
14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
496
15 The Three-Dimensional Shape of Molecules 530
16 Aldehydes and Ketones 560
17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides 592
18 Amines and Neurotransmitters 632
19 Lipids 663
20 Carbohydrates 706
21 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 747
22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 794
23 Metabolism and Energy Production 832
24 Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism 861
Available online only in McGraw-Hill Connect and CreateTM
25 Body Fluids
Page v
Contents
Preface xx
Acknowledgments xxviii
List of How To’s xxix
List of Selected Applications xxxi
©Daniel C. Smith
1 Matter and Measurement 1
1.1 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday Experience 2
1.2 States of Matter 3
1.3 Classification of Matter 5
1.4 Measurement 9
1.4A The Metric System 9
1.4B Measuring Length 10
1.4C Measuring Mass 11
1.4D Measuring Volume 11
1.5 Significant Figures 12
1.5A Determining the Number of Significant Figures
13
1.5B Using Significant Figures in Multiplication and
Division 14
1.5C Using Significant Figures in Addition and
Subtraction 16
1.6 Scientific Notation 17
1.7 Problem Solving Using Conversion Factors 20
1.7A Conversion Factors 20
1.7B Solving a Problem Using One Conversion Factor
21
1.7C Solving a Problem Using Two or More Conversion
Factors 23
1.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Problem Solving
Using Clinical Conversion Factors 24
1.9 Temperature 26
1.10 Density and Specific Gravity 27
1.10A Density 27
1.10B Specific Gravity 29
Chapter Highlights 30
Key Terms 30
Key Concepts 30
Problems 31
Challenge Problems 35
©Stockbyte/Getty Images RF
2 Atoms and the Periodic Table
36
2.1 Elements 37
2.1A Elements and the Periodic Table 38
2.1B FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: The Elements
of Life 39
2.1C Compounds 40
2.2 Structure of the Atom 42
Page vi
2.3 Isotopes 46
2.3A Isotopes, Atomic Number, and Mass Number
47
2.3B Atomic Weight 49
2.3C FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Isotopes in
Medicine 50
2.4 The Periodic Table 51
2.4A Basic Features of the Periodic Table 51
2.4B Characteristics of Groups 1A, 2A, 7A, and 8A 53
2.4C The Unusual Nature of Carbon 55
2.5 Electronic Structure 56
2.6 Electronic Configurations 58
2.6A First-Row Elements (Period 1) 59
2.6B Second-Row Elements (Period 2) 60
2.6C Electronic Configurations of Other Elements
Using the Periodic Table 61
2.7 Valence Electrons 63
2.7A Relating Valence Electrons to Group Number
64
2.7B Electron-Dot Symbols 66
2.8 Periodic Trends 66
2.8A Atomic Size 67
2.8B Ionization Energy 68
Chapter Highlights 70
Key Terms 70
Key Concepts 70
Problems 71
Challenge Problems 75
©McGraw-Hill Education/Mark Dierker, photographer
3 Ionic Compounds 76
3.1 Introduction to Bonding 77
3.2 Ions 79
3.2A Cations and Anions 79
3.2B Relating Group Number to Ionic Charge for Main
Group Elements 83
3.2C Metals with Variable Charge 85
3.2D FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Important Ions
in the Body 86
3.3 Ionic Compounds 88
3.3A Formulas for Ionic Compounds 89
3.3B FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Ionic
Compounds in Consumer Products 91
3.4 Naming Ionic Compounds 91
3.4A Naming Cations 91
3.4B Naming Anions 92
3.4C Naming Ionic Compounds with Cations from
Main Group Metals 93
3.4D Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Metals with
Variable Charge 93
3.4E Writing a Formula from the Name of an Ionic
Compound 95
3.5 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds 96
3.6 Polyatomic Ions 97
3.6A Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds with
Polyatomic Ions 98
3.6B Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
99
3.6C FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Useful Ionic
Compounds 100
3.6D FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Treating
Osteoporosis 100
Chapter Highlights 101
Key Terms 101
Key Concepts 101
Problems 102
Challenge Problems 106
Page vii
©McGraw-Hill Education/Elite Images
4 Covalent Compounds 107
4.1 Introduction to Covalent Bonding 108
4.1A Covalent Bonding and the Periodic Table 109
4.1B FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Covalent
Molecules and the Cardiovascular System 111
4.2 Lewis Structures 112
4.2A Drawing Lewis Structures 112
4.2B Multiple Bonds 114
4.3 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 116
4.3A Elements in Group 3A 116
4.3B Elements in the Third Row 116
4.4 Resonance 117
4.4A Drawing Resonance Structures 117
4.4B FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Ozone 119
4.5 Naming Covalent Compounds 120
4.6 Molecular Shape 121
4.6A Two Groups Around an Atom 121
4.6B Three Groups Around an Atom 122
4.6C Four Groups Around an Atom 122
4.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 124
4.8 Polarity of Molecules 127
4.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Covalent Drugs and
Medical Products 128
Chapter Highlights 131
Key Terms 131
Key Concepts 131
Problems 132
Challenge Problems 136
©Jill Braaten RF
5 Chemical Reactions 137
5.1 Introduction to Chemical Reactions 138
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General Features of Physical and Chemical
5.1A
Changes 138
5.1B Writing Chemical Equations 140
5.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 142
5.3 Types of Reactions 147
5.3A Combination and Decomposition Reactions 147
5.3B Replacement Reactions 150
5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 152
5.4A General Features of Oxidation–Reduction
Reactions 152
5.4B Examples of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
154
5.4C FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Pacemakers
156
5.5 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number 157
5.6 Mass to Mole Conversions 159
5.6A Molar Mass 160
5.6B Relating Grams to Moles 161
5.6C Relating Grams to Number of Atoms or Molecules
163
5.7 Mole Calculations in Chemical Equations 164
5.8 Mass Calculations in Chemical Equations 165
5.8A Converting Moles of Reactant to Grams of
Product 165
5.8B Converting Grams of Reactant to Grams of
Product 167
5.9 Percent Yield 171
5.9A Calculating Percent Yield 171
5.9B Calculating Percent Yield from Grams of Reactant
172
5.9C FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: The
Importance of Percent Yield in the
Pharmaceutical Industry 174
Page viii
5.10 Limiting Reactants 175
5.10A Determining the Limiting Reactant 176
5.10B Using the Limiting Reactant to Determine How
Much Product Is Formed 178
5.10C Determining the Limiting Reactant Using the
Number of Grams 179
Chapter Highlights 180
Key Terms 180
Key Concepts 180
Problems 181
Challenge Problems 188
©smereka/Shutterstock RF
6 Energy Changes, Reaction Rates,
and Equilibrium 189
6.1 Energy 190
6.1A The Units of Energy 190
6.1B FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Energy and
Nutrition 191
6.2 Energy Changes in Reactions 192
6.2A Bond Dissociation Energy 193
6.2B Calculations Involving ΔH Values 195
6.3 Energy Diagrams 197
6.4 Reaction Rates 200
6.4A How Concentration and Temperature Affect
Reaction Rate 200
6.4B Catalysts 201
6.4C FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Lactase, a
Biological Catalyst 202
6.4D FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Catalytic
Converters 203
6.5 Equilibrium 203
6.5A The Equilibrium Constant 205
6.5B The Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
206
6.5C Calculating the Equilibrium Constant 208
6.6 Le Châtelier’s Principle 210
6.6A Concentration Changes 211
6.6B Temperature Changes 213
6.6C Pressure Changes 214
6.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Body Temperature
216
Chapter Highlights 217
Key Terms 217
Key Concepts 217
Problems 218
Challenge Problems 223
©Daniel C. Smith
7 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 224
7.1 The Three States of Matter 225
7.2 Gases and Pressure 226
7.2A Properties of Gases 226
7.2B Gas Pressure 227
7.2C FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Blood
Pressure 228
7.3 Gas Laws That Relate Pressure, Volume, and
Temperature 229
7.3A Boyle’s Law—How the Pressure and Volume of a
Gas Are Related 229
7.3B Charles’s Law—How the Volume and
Temperature of a Gas Are Related 231
7.3C Gay–Lussac’s Law—How the Pressure and
Temperature of a Gas Are Related 233
7.3D The Combined Gas Law 235
7.4 Avogadro’s Law—How Volume and Moles Are Related
236
Page ix
7.5 The Ideal Gas Law 239
7.6 Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures 242
7.7 Intermolecular Forces, Boiling Point, and Melting Point
244
7.7A London Dispersion Forces 244
7.7B Dipole–Dipole Interactions 245
7.7C Hydrogen Bonding 245
7.7D Boiling Point and Melting Point 247
7.8 The Liquid State 249
7.8A Vapor Pressure 249
7.8B Viscosity and Surface Tension 251
7.9 The Solid State 252
7.10 Specific Heat 253
7.11 Energy and Phase Changes 256
7.11A Converting a Solid to a Liquid 256
7.11B Converting a Liquid to a Gas 257
7.11C Converting a Solid to a Gas 259
7.12 Heating and Cooling Curves 260
7.12A Heating Curves 260
7.12B Cooling Curves 260
7.12C Combining Energy Calculations 262
Chapter Highlights 263
Key Terms 263
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