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3 views

adcs t-4b

Uploaded by

Tulsi R. Khanal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2)Explain shortly different approach for limit state of shear design.

Further comment and


highlight on shear transfer mechanism and write different shear failure modes. Further
address the phenomenon of shear enhancement as per IS 456:2000. (Hint: explore about the
shear analysis and explain critically as a graduate student)

KEYWORDS: Shear Design, Limit State of Shear, Compression Field Theory (CFT), Strut-and-
Tie Model (STM), Dowel Action, Aggregate Interlock, Shear Failure Modes, Diagonal Tension
Failure, Shear Compression Failure, Flexure-Shear Failure, Web Shear Failure, Critical Section
for Shear, Shear Transfer Mechanism, Enhanced Shear Strength, IS 456:2000, Reinforcement
Design, Axial Force, Shear Reinforcement, Concrete Shear Strength, Effective Depth, Support
Region

ABSTRACT: This article explores the mechanism of shear failure in structural elements, a critical
phenomenon characterized by the sudden and brittle loss of capacity when internal shear stresses
exceed the material's strength. Shear resistance is governed by various mechanisms, including
aggregate interlock, dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement, and contributions from uncracked
concrete zones in compression. Different shear failure modes, such as diagonal tension failure,
shear compression failure, and flexure-shear failure, are discussed in relation to material
properties, structural geometry, and loading conditions. The article highlights the importance of
shear enhancement strategies outlined in IS 456:2000, which address reinforcement design,
effective depth, and axial compression to improve shear capacity. By analyzing shear behavior and
failure modes, this study provides valuable insights for designing safer and more resilient
structures.

1. INTRODUCTION: Shear failure in structural elements is a sudden and brittle mode of failure
that occurs when internal shear stresses exceed the material's capacity, typically in regions near
supports or concentrated loads. The mechanism involves multiple shear transfer modes, including
aggregate interlock, dowel action of reinforcement, and resistance from uncracked compression
zones. Different failure modes such as diagonal tension failure, shear compression failure, and
flexure-shear failure are influenced by geometry, material properties, and loading conditions. IS
456:2000 emphasizes enhancing shear capacity through increased reinforcement, effective depth,

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and axial compression considerations. Understanding these mechanisms and following code
provisions ensures structural safety and prevents catastrophic failures.

2. LIMIT STATE OF SHEAR DESIGN APPROACHES:


Conventional or Simplified Method:
This is the most commonly used approach for shear design, primarily for elements subjected to
flexure. It assumes that "plane sections remain plane" and focuses on designing stirrups to resist
shear forces independently of the flexural reinforcement. The behavior of reinforced concrete
under shear is complex due to its non-homogeneity, the presence of cracks, reinforcement, and the
nonlinear response of materials. Simplifications are made, and the stirrups are added to beams
already designed for flexural strength to handle shear forces effectively.

Compression Field Theory (CFT):


This method takes a more comprehensive approach, considering all stresses (shear, compression,
and flexure) simultaneously in the design. It is a generalized theory aiming to capture the combined
effects of these stresses. However, its application is still under research and is sometimes debated
due to challenges in implementation.

Strut-and-Tie Model (STM):


This approach is used for regions where the assumption of "plane sections remain plane" does not
hold, such as in deep beams, corbels, pile caps, brackets, and regions with short shear spans. It
simplifies the complex stress distribution into a truss-like system of struts (compression members)
and ties (tension members). These elements are then analyzed and designed accordingly to ensure
structural integrity.

3. SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISMS


Shear force is transferred in concrete members through several mechanisms:
o Aggregate Interlock (Va): Contact between aggregates across cracks contributes to shear
resistance.
o Dowel Action (Va): Longitudinal reinforcement provides resistance by acting as dowels
across cracks.

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o Compression Zone Contribution (Vcz): Shear is resisted by the uncracked concrete in
the compression zone.
o Shear Reinforcement (Vus=Vs): Stirrup bars or inclined reinforcement help resist
additional shear 2. Shear Transfer Mechanism

Fig.1: Shear Transfer mechanism


4. SHEAR FAILURE MODES:
a. Diagonal Tension Failure:
o Occurs when diagonal tensile stresses exceed concrete tensile strength.
o Typically observed in slender beams without sufficient reinforcement.
b. Shear Compression Failure:
o Caused by crushing in the compression zone after diagonal cracking.
c. Shear Tension Failure:
o Involves the combination of bending and shear effects, where flexural cracks propagate
due to high shear forces
d. Web Shear Failure:
o Arises from the absence of flexural cracks, with shear forces causing cracks directly in the
web.

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Fig.2: Types of Shear falure

5. CRITICAL SECTION FOR SHEAR


The critical section for shear is the region of the beam where the shear force is highest and where
the shear capacity cannot be increased significantly by the applied compressive load. Shear forces
in a structure vary across its length, being most prominent near the supports, and decreasing as you
move farther from the supports.

a. Case 1: Near the Support:


In the region close to the support, the beam experiences forces from both the applied load on top
and the reaction force from the support at the bottom. These forces create a compressive zone in
the beam, which enhances the shear resistance in this area. The critical section is located at a
distance d from the support, where d represents the effective depth of the beam.
Crack Formation: In this region, cracks typically form at some distance away from the support due
to the shear force.

Fig.3: Near the support

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Critical Section Location: According to IS 456:2000, a section should be taken at a distance d from
the support face as the critical section. The portion between the support face and the critical section
is also considered for shear design.

b. Case 2: At Both Sides of the Support:


For cases where the support is considered to be a concentrated load point, the critical sections are
located at a distance d from the face of the support on both sides of the support. This ensures that
shear forces are accurately accounted for in the region where they are most critical.

Fig.4: At Both side of support

6. ENHANCED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SECTIONS CLOSE TO SUPPORTS (IS


456:2000)
a. Shear Failure and Plane Inclination:
o Shear failure in beams and cantilevers without shear reinforcement typically occurs along
a plane inclined at a 30° angle to the horizontal.
o If the section is close to a support, the failure plane may become steeper, which increases
the shear force required to cause failure.
b. Shear Strength Enhancement:
o To enhance shear strength in sections near supports, the design shear strength of concrete
is increased to 2d⋅tc/av, where:
d is the effective depth,
tc is the concrete shear strength,
av is the area of shear reinforcement.
o This enhancement is applicable when the section is closer to the support or concentrated
load than twice the effective depth d.

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c. Reinforcement Extension for Effective Shear Enhancement:
Tension reinforcement should extend on both sides of the point where it intersects the failure
plane, for a distance at least equal to the effective depth d, or be provided with equivalent
anchorage.
d. Shear Reinforcement for Sections Close to Supports:
o If shear reinforcement is required, the total area of shear reinforcement As is given by:

o This reinforcement should be provided in the middle three-quarters of the shear area av,
where av is less than d.
o Horizontal shear reinforcement is more effective than vertical shear reinforcement near
supports.
e. Simplified Approach for Enhanced Shear Strength Near Supports:
o For beams carrying uniform loads or where the load is farther than 2d from the support,
shear stress can be calculated at a section a distance ddd from the support face.
o The value of tc is calculated according to Table 19 of IS 456:2000.
o After providing the appropriate shear reinforcement close to the support, no further check
for shear is required at such sections.

7. CONCLUSION
From above study we understanding shear failure mechanisms and employing effective design
approaches, such as the conventional method, Compression Field Theory, and Strut-and-Tie
Model, are essential for ensuring structural safety. Key shear transfer mechanisms, including
aggregate interlock, dowel action, and shear reinforcement, play a crucial role in resisting shear
forces in concrete beams. The shear failure modes—diagonal tension, shear compression, and
shear tension—must be addressed through appropriate reinforcement and design considerations.
IS 456:2000 provides guidelines to enhance shear strength, particularly near supports, ensuring
safer and more resilient reinforced concrete structures.

References:
1. IS 456:2000 - Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2000.

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2. Park, R., Paulay, T. Reinforced Concrete Structures. John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
3. Hsu, T. T. C., Mo, Y. L. Concrete Structures: Stresses and Strains. Taylor & Francis, 2001.
4. Mays, G. C., & Smith, P. A. Design of Concrete Structures. McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
5. ACI 318-19, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. American Concrete
Institute, 2019.

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