STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

1.​ The unit of stress is:​

a) N/m​
b) N/m²​
c) N/m³​
d) N/m⁴
2.​ Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of:​
a) Axial strain to lateral strain​
b) Lateral strain to axial strain​
c) Axial stress to lateral stress​
d) Shear strain to axial strain
3.​ The Young’s modulus of a material is given by the ratio of:​
a) Shear stress to shear strain​
b) Axial stress to axial strain​
c) Load to elongation​
d) Bending moment to section modulus
4.​ The moment of inertia of a circular section is given by:​
a) πd⁴/32​
b) πd³/32​
c) πd⁴/64​
d) πd²/16
5.​ The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section occurs at:​
a) The centroid​
b) The top surface​
c) The bottom surface​
d) At a distance d/4 from the neutral axis
6.​ In a cantilever beam subjected to a point load at the free end, the maximum bending
moment occurs at:​
a) Free end​
b) Midspan​
c) Fixed support​
d) Quarter span
7.​ The ratio of shear modulus to Young’s modulus is given by:​
a) (1 + Poisson’s ratio)/2​
b) (1 - Poisson’s ratio)/2​
c) (1 + 2 × Poisson’s ratio)/3​
d) (1 - 2 × Poisson’s ratio)/3
8.​ The section modulus of a beam is given by:​
a) Moment of inertia divided by the distance to the neutral axis​
b) Moment of inertia multiplied by the neutral axis distance​
c) Load divided by area​
d) Stress divided by strain
9.​ The neutral axis of a beam is the axis at which:​
a) Maximum bending stress occurs​
b) Minimum bending stress occurs​
c) Zero bending stress occurs​
d) Maximum shear force occurs
10.​The shear stress distribution in a circular section is:​
a) Uniform​
b) Parabolic​
c) Linear​
d) Zero
11.​The principal stress can be found using:​
a) Euler’s equation​
b) Rankine’s equation​
c) Mohr’s circle​
d) Castigliano’s theorem
12.​A column is said to be long when:​
a) It fails by crushing​
b) Its slenderness ratio is small​
c) It fails by buckling​
d) Its effective length is very small
13.​The strain energy stored in a body due to axial loading is called:​
a) Resilience​
b) Toughness​
c) Stiffness​
d) Rigidity
14.​The bending stress in a beam varies:​
a) Linearly from the neutral axis​
b) Parabolically from the neutral axis​
c) Uniformly across the section​
d) None of the above
15.​The maximum deflection in a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load
occurs at:​
a) The support​
b) The midpoint​
c) The quarter-span​
d) The point of contraflexure
16.​The resilience of a material is the ability to:​
a) Absorb energy before fracture​
b) Absorb energy within the elastic limit​
c) Withstand repeated loading​
d) Resist impact loads
17.​The slenderness ratio of a column is given by:​
a) Radius of gyration divided by effective length​
b) Effective length divided by least radius of gyration​
c) Load divided by cross-sectional area​
d) Stress divided by strain
18.​When a beam is subjected to pure bending, the strain distribution across the section
is:​
a) Uniform​
b) Parabolic​
c) Linear​
d) Random
19.​The maximum principal stress theory is used for which type of materials?​
a) Brittle​
b) Ductile​
c) Composite​
d) Elastomeric
20.​The relation between Young’s modulus (E), bulk modulus (K), and Poisson’s ratio (ν)
is given by:​
a) E = 3K(1 - 2ν)​
b) E = 2K(1 + ν)​
c) E = K(1 - ν)​
d) E = 3K(1 + ν)
21.​A material is said to be isotropic when:​
a) It has the same properties in all directions​
b) It has different properties in different directions​
c) It has no definite structure​
d) None of the above
22.​The ratio of bulk modulus to Young’s modulus is given by:​
a) (1 - 2ν)/3(1 - ν)​
b) (1 + 2ν)/3(1 - ν)​
c) (1 - ν)/3(1 + ν)​
d) (1 + ν)/3(1 - 2ν)
23.​In a beam subjected to pure bending, the fibers at the neutral axis experience:​
a) Maximum stress​
b) Zero stress​
c) Minimum stress​
d) None of the above
24.​The property of a material that enables it to be drawn into wires is called:​
a) Ductility​
b) Malleability​
c) Hardness​
d) Brittleness
25.​In case of thin cylindrical shells, the ratio of hoop stress to longitudinal stress is:​
a) 2:1​
b) 1:2​
c) 1:1​
d) 4:1
26.​The failure of a material due to repeated stress cycles is called:​
a) Creep​
b) Fatigue​
c) Fracture​
d) Plastic deformation
27.​A beam is said to be in a state of pure bending when it is subjected to:​
a) Only bending moment​
b) Only shear force​
c) Both bending moment and shear force​
d) Axial load
28.​The bending stress in a beam is maximum at:​
a) The neutral axis​
 b) The topmost or bottommost fiber​
c) The centroid​
d) None of the above
29.​The maximum deflection in a simply supported beam under a point load occurs at:​
a) The supports​
b) The center​
c) A quarter of the span​
d) At any arbitrary point
30.​The principal plane is the plane on which:​
a) Shear stress is maximum​
b) Normal stress is maximum or minimum​
c) Bending moment is zero​
d) None of the above
31.​The stress-strain curve for a perfectly plastic material is:​
a) Linear​
b) Parabolic​
c) Horizontal​
d) Exponential
32.​The endurance limit of a material refers to:​
a) The maximum stress it can withstand in static loading​
b) The maximum stress it can withstand under cyclic loading​
c) The stress at yield point​
d) The ultimate stress
33.​The phenomenon of slow deformation under constant stress is called:​
a) Fatigue​
b) Creep​
c) Yielding​
d) Fracture
34.​The modulus of resilience is given by:​
a) Stress at yield point × strain at yield point​
b) ½ × Stress at yield point × strain at yield point​
c) Stress at ultimate point × strain at ultimate point​
d) None of the above
35.​If a beam is simply supported and carries a UDL (uniformly distributed load), the
maximum bending moment occurs at:​
a) The supports​
b) The mid-span​
c) A quarter span​
d) The free end
36.​The stress induced in a body due to sudden load application is:​
a) Equal to static stress​
b) Twice the static stress​
c) Half the static stress​
d) Four times the static stress
37.​The term "elastic limit" refers to:​
a) The maximum stress beyond which material behaves plastically​
b) The stress at which a material fractures​
 c) The maximum strain a material can withstand​
d) The maximum load a material can carry
38.​A propped cantilever beam is:​
a) A statically determinate structure​
b) A statically indeterminate structure​
c) Always unstable​
d) A structure with no bending moment
39.​The shear stress in a rectangular section varies:​
a) Linearly​
b) Parabolically​
c) Uniformly​
d) None of the above
40.​The effect of strain hardening in metals results in:​
a) Decreased hardness​
b) Increased yield strength​
c) Reduced ductility​
d) Both b and c
41.​A column with both ends fixed has an effective length equal to:​
a) The actual length​
b) Half of the actual length​
c) Twice the actual length​
d) One-fourth of the actual length
42.​Euler's formula for buckling load is applicable to:​
a) Short columns​
b) Long columns​
c) Both short and long columns​
d) None of the above
43.​The shear modulus (G) is related to Young’s modulus (E) by the equation:​
a) G = E / (2(1 + ν))​
b) G = E (1 - 2ν) / (1 + ν)​
c) G = 2E (1 + ν)​
d) G = E (1 + ν) / (1 - 2ν)
44.​The maximum shear stress in a solid circular shaft under torsion occurs:​
a) At the center​
b) At the surface​
c) At a radius of d/4​
d) Uniformly across the section
45.​The modulus of rigidity is also known as:​
a) Young’s modulus​
b) Bulk modulus​
c) Shear modulus​
d) Poisson’s ratio
46.​The Poisson’s ratio for steel is approximately:​
a) 0.1​
b) 0.3​
c) 0.5​
d) 1.0
47.​The strain energy per unit volume in a member subjected to axial stress is given by:​
a) σ²/2E​
b) E/2σ²​
c) σE/2​
d) σ/2E
48.​The Rankine-Gordon formula is used for:​
a) Bending stress​
b) Buckling of columns​
c) Shear stress​
d) Torsion
49.​The impact strength of a material is an index of its:​
a) Toughness​
b) Hardness​
c) Strength​
d) Brittleness
50.​The moment of inertia of a hollow circular section is given by:​
a) π(D⁴ - d⁴)/64​
b) π(D² - d²)/4​
c) π(D³ - d³)/32​
d) π(D⁴ - d⁴)/32
51.​The center of gravity of a uniform triangular lamina is located at:​
a) One-third of the height from the base​
b) Midpoint of the height​
c) One-fourth of the height from the base​
d) One-half of the height
52.​The principal stress theory is best suited for:​
a) Brittle materials​
b) Ductile materials​
c) Composite materials​
d) Polymers
53.​When a simply supported beam is loaded with a couple at the center, the bending
moment is:​
a) Zero throughout the beam​
b) Constant throughout the beam​
c) Maximum at the center​
d) Zero at supports and maximum at the center
54.​The load at which a column just begins to buckle is called:​
a) Yield load​
b) Buckling load​
c) Ultimate load​
d) Factor load
55.​The deflection in a cantilever beam carrying a point load at the free end is given by:​
a) PL³/3EI​
b) PL³/6EI​
c) PL³/8EI​
d) PL³/12EI
56.​The units of moment of inertia are:​
a) m²​
 b) m³​
c) m⁴​
d) m⁵
57.​The resilience of a material refers to its ability to:​
a) Absorb energy without permanent deformation​
b) Resist impact loads​
c) Resist tensile loads​
d) Absorb energy before failure
58.​The maximum compressive stress in a beam under pure bending occurs:​
a) At the neutral axis​
b) At the topmost fiber​
c) At the bottommost fiber​
d) At the centroid
59.​When a beam is subjected to a uniform load over the entire span, the shear force at
the mid-span is:​
a) Maximum​
b) Zero​
c) Minimum​
d) Equal to the bending moment
60.​A beam designed to resist shear force primarily should have:​
a) Large depth​
b) Large width​
c) Large length​
d) Large span
61.​The shear stress distribution in a rectangular beam is:​
a) Uniform throughout​
b) Parabolic​
c) Maximum at the top fiber​
d) Linear from top to bottom
62.​The strain energy stored in a body is also known as:​
a) Resilience​
b) Toughness​
c) Elastic limit​
d) Plasticity
63.​The bending moment at the free end of a cantilever beam is:​
a) Maximum​
b) Zero​
c) Depends on loading conditions​
d) Equal to the applied force
64.​The slenderness ratio of a column is given by:​
a) Effective length/Radius of gyration​
b) Radius of gyration/Effective length​
c) Effective length/Area​
d) None of the above
65.​In Mohr’s circle, the radius represents:​
a) Normal stress​
b) Shear stress​
 c) Maximum shear stress​
d) Principal stress
66.​The phenomenon of progressive extension of a material under a constant load is
known as:​
a) Fatigue​
b) Creep​
c) Fracture​
d) Yielding
67.​The polar moment of inertia is used to analyze:​
a) Bending stresses​
b) Axial loads​
c) Torsion​
d) Shear force
68.​The SFD (Shear Force Diagram) of a simply supported beam carrying a UDL is:​
a) Parabolic​
b) Triangular​
c) Rectangular​
d) Linear
69.​The stress-strain curve for a ductile material like mild steel has a:​
a) Sharp yield point​
b) No definite yield point​
c) No plastic range​
d) Linear relationship throughout
70.​The point beyond which a material will not return to its original shape is called:​
a) Proportional limit​
b) Elastic limit​
c) Yield point​
d) Ultimate stress point
71.​The moment of inertia of a section about an axis passing through its centroid is
known as:​
a) Second moment of area​
b) First moment of area​
c) Polar modulus​
d) Section modulus
72.​A prismatic bar is subjected to axial tensile stress. The maximum shear stress in the
bar is:​
a) Equal to tensile stress​
b) Half of the tensile stress​
c) Twice the tensile stress​
d) Zero
73.​The principal stress at a point in a loaded body represents:​
a) Maximum normal stress​
b) Minimum normal stress​
c) Maximum shear stress​
d) Both a and b
74.​The factor of safety is defined as:​
a) Ultimate stress / Working stress​
b) Yield stress / Working stress​
 c) Working stress / Ultimate stress​
d) None of the above
75.​If a beam is simply supported at both ends and loaded symmetrically, the maximum
bending moment occurs at:​
a) The supports​
b) Mid-span​
c) A quarter span​
d) Anywhere along the beam
76.​The unit of modulus of resilience is:​
a) N/m²​
b) N/m³​
c) N/m​
d) N
77.​A statically indeterminate beam has:​
a) More unknowns than equilibrium equations​
b) More equilibrium equations than unknowns​
c) Equal unknowns and equilibrium equations​
d) No reaction forces
78.​The torsional rigidity of a shaft is given by:​
a) GJ/L​
b) GJ × L​
c) J/G​
d) L/GJ
79.​A thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure develops:​
a) Hoop stress only​
b) Longitudinal stress only​
c) Both hoop and longitudinal stress​
d) Shear stress only
80.​The area under the stress-strain curve represents:​
a) Toughness​
b) Hardness​
c) Ductility​
d) Elasticity
81.​A steel rod of 20 mm diameter is subjected to a tensile load of 50 kN. What is the
tensile stress in the rod?​
a) 79.57 MPa​
b) 159.15 MPa​
c) 318.31 MPa​
d) 40 MPa
82.​A simply supported beam of span 4 m carries a point load of 10 kN at its center.
What is the maximum bending moment?​
a) 5 kNm​
b) 10 kNm​
c) 20 kNm​
d) 40 kNm
83.​The moment of inertia of a rectangular section with a width of 200 mm and a depth of
400 mm about its centroidal axis is:​
a) 106.67 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
 b) 133.33 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
c) 160.00 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
d) 266.67 × 10⁶ mm⁴
84.​A bar of length 2 m and cross-sectional area 500 mm² is subjected to an axial force
of 100 kN. What is the elongation if the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa?​
a) 0.1 mm​
b) 0.2 mm​
c) 0.5 mm​
d) 1.0 mm
85.​A circular shaft of 50 mm diameter transmits a torque of 2 kNm. What is the
maximum shear stress in the shaft? (Take J = πd⁴/32)​
a) 40.8 MPa​
b) 51.0 MPa​
c) 63.7 MPa​
d) 78.5 MPa
86.​A steel wire of length 1 m and diameter 2 mm is stretched by a force of 500 N. The
Young’s modulus of steel is 200 GPa. What is the elongation?​
a) 0.1 mm​
b) 0.5 mm​
c) 1.0 mm​
d) 2.0 mm
87.​A column has an effective length of 3 m and a least radius of gyration of 50 mm.
What is its slenderness ratio?​
a) 30​
b) 50​
c) 60​
d) 100
88.​A hollow shaft has an outer diameter of 100 mm and an inner diameter of 60 mm.
What is its polar moment of inertia?​
a) 196.3 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
b) 219.6 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
c) 245.3 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
d) 282.7 × 10⁶ mm⁴
89.​A cantilever beam of span 2 m carries a UDL of 5 kN/m. What is the maximum
bending moment?​
a) 2.5 kNm​
b) 5 kNm​
c) 10 kNm​
d) 20 kNm
90.​A rectangular bar of cross-section 30 mm × 50 mm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 30 kN. What is the normal stress in the bar?​
a) 10 MPa​
b) 15 MPa​
c) 20 MPa​
d) 25 MPa
91.​A simply supported beam of span 3 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m.
What is the maximum bending moment?​
a) 3 kNm​
 b) 6 kNm​
c) 9 kNm​
d) 12 kNm
92.​A solid circular shaft of 60 mm diameter is subjected to a torque of 3 kNm. What is
the shear stress at the surface?​
a) 40 MPa​
b) 50 MPa​
c) 60 MPa​
d) 70 MPa
93.​A steel bar of cross-sectional area 200 mm² is subjected to a tensile load of 40 kN.
What is the normal stress in the bar?​
a) 100 MPa​
b) 150 MPa​
c) 200 MPa​
d) 250 MPa
94.​A beam of length 5 m is simply supported at both ends and carries a central point
load of 20 kN. What is the maximum bending moment?​
a) 10 kNm​
b) 20 kNm​
c) 25 kNm​
d) 50 kNm
95.​A steel bar of 100 mm² cross-sectional area is loaded with 50 kN in tension. What is
the stress developed in the bar?​
a) 250 MPa​
b) 500 MPa​
c) 100 MPa​
d) 50 MPa
96.​A simply supported beam carries a point load of 30 kN at mid-span. The span is 6 m.
What is the reaction at each support?​
a) 10 kN​
b) 15 kN​
c) 30 kN​
d) 60 kN
97.​A cylindrical rod of diameter 20 mm and length 1 m is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 50 kN. What is the stress in the rod?​
a) 100 MPa​
b) 159 MPa​
c) 200 MPa​
d) 250 MPa
98.​A column has an effective length of 2.5 m and a radius of gyration of 25 mm. What is
its slenderness ratio?​
a) 50​
b) 75​
c) 100​
d) 125
99.​A beam of length 4 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 3 kN/m. What is the
reaction at each support?​
a) 3 kN​
 b) 6 kN​
c) 9 kN​
d) 12 kN
100.​ A solid shaft of 80 mm diameter transmits a torque of 5 kNm. What is the
maximum shear stress in the shaft?​
a) 19.89 MPa​
b) 24.86 MPa​
c) 29.82 MPa​
d) 34.78 MPa
101.​ A steel bar of 2 m length and 30 mm diameter is subjected to a tensile force of
100 kN. If the Young’s modulus of steel is 200 GPa, what is the elongation of the
bar?​
a) 0.35 mm​
b) 0.70 mm​
c) 1.40 mm​
d) 2.10 mm
102.​ A beam of length 6 m is simply supported at both ends and carries a UDL of 5
kN/m. What is the maximum bending moment?​
a) 15 kNm​
b) 22.5 kNm​
c) 30 kNm​
d) 45 kNm
103.​ A solid circular shaft of diameter 100 mm transmits a torque of 4 kNm. What is
the maximum shear stress in the shaft?​
a) 8.14 MPa​
b) 16.28 MPa​
c) 32.56 MPa​
d) 65.12 MPa
104.​ A column has an effective length of 4 m and a least radius of gyration of 40 mm.
What is its slenderness ratio?​
a) 50​
b) 75​
c) 100​
d) 125
105.​ A cantilever beam of span 3 m carries a point load of 10 kN at the free end. What
is the maximum bending moment?​
a) 10 kNm​
b) 20 kNm​
c) 30 kNm​
d) 40 kNm
106.​ A rectangular beam of width 200 mm and depth 400 mm is subjected to a
bending moment of 50 kNm. What is the maximum bending stress?​
a) 1.56 MPa​
b) 3.12 MPa​
c) 6.25 MPa​
d) 12.5 MPa
107.​ A steel wire of 1.5 m length and 2 mm diameter is stretched by a force of 200 N.
Given Young’s modulus of steel is 200 GPa, what is the elongation?​
 a) 0.1 mm​
b) 0.2 mm​
c) 0.3 mm​
d) 0.4 mm
108.​ A beam of length 4 m is fixed at both ends and carries a UDL of 3 kN/m. What is
the maximum bending moment?​
a) 3 kNm​
b) 6 kNm​
c) 9 kNm​
d) 12 kNm
109.​ A cylindrical rod of diameter 25 mm and length 1.2 m is subjected to an axial
compressive force of 75 kN. What is the stress in the rod?​
a) 100 MPa​
b) 120 MPa​
c) 150 MPa​
d) 180 MPa
110.​ A rectangular beam with a cross-section of 150 mm × 300 mm is subjected to a
shear force of 20 kN. What is the maximum shear stress in the beam?​
a) 1.78 MPa​
b) 2.37 MPa​
c) 3.56 MPa​
d) 4.15 MPa
111.​ A simply supported beam of span 5 m carries a UDL of 4 kN/m. What is the
reaction at each support?​
a) 5 kN​
b) 10 kN​
c) 15 kN​
d) 20 kN
112.​ A hollow shaft has an outer diameter of 120 mm and an inner diameter of 80 mm.
What is its polar moment of inertia?​
a) 228.9 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
b) 251.3 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
c) 275.4 × 10⁶ mm⁴​
d) 300.1 × 10⁶ mm⁴
113.​ A beam of length 8 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 6 kN/m. What is the
maximum bending moment?​
a) 24 kNm​
b) 36 kNm​
c) 48 kNm​
d) 64 kNm
114.​ A steel bar of cross-section 100 mm² is subjected to a tensile load of 60 kN. What
is the normal stress in the bar?​
a) 300 MPa​
b) 600 MPa​
c) 900 MPa​
d) 1200 MPa
115.​ A simply supported beam of 6 m span carries a central point load of 25 kN. What
is the maximum bending moment?​
 a) 25 kNm​
b) 37.5 kNm​
c) 50 kNm​
d) 75 kNm
116.​ A solid shaft of 70 mm diameter transmits a torque of 4 kNm. What is the
maximum shear stress in the shaft?​
a) 16.3 MPa​
b) 23.4 MPa​
c) 30.5 MPa​
d) 38.7 MPa
117.​ A column of 3 m effective length has a slenderness ratio of 90. What is its least
radius of gyration?​
a) 20 mm​
b) 30 mm​
c) 40 mm​
d) 50 mm
118.​ A rectangular bar with dimensions 50 mm × 80 mm is subjected to an axial force
of 40 kN. What is the normal stress?​
a) 5 MPa​
b) 10 MPa​
c) 15 MPa​
d) 20 MPa
119.​ A solid circular shaft of 90 mm diameter is subjected to a torque of 6 kNm. What
is the shear stress at the surface?​
a) 22.7 MPa​
b) 27.3 MPa​
c) 32.9 MPa​
d) 38.5 MPa
120.​ A column has an effective length of 5 m and a radius of gyration of 40 mm. What
is its slenderness ratio?​
a) 100​
b) 125​
c) 150​
d) 175