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 Blockchain, IoT, and AI Technologies
for Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management, often known as SCM, refers to the extensive variety of operations that
are required to plan, monitor, and coordinate the movement of a product from its raw materials to
its finished state in the most time- and money-efficient manner possible. How the supply chain is
managed has an impact not only on the quality of the product and the service but also on the
distribution, costs, and overall customer experience. Supply chain management is a massive
undertaking that needs firms to reevaluate the method in which they operate their supply chains.

Blockchain, IoT, and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management discusses the problems and
difficulties that the facilitators of the supply chain confront, in addition to the possible solutions to
such problems and difficulties. This book will be the only one of its kind to address the impact of
COVID-19 on supply chain systems involving different stakeholders such as producers, dealers,
and manufacturers, and will provide a foundation for future research opportunities that will allow
for the unrestricted expansion and prosperity of business. It will serve as a foundation for
academics, scientists, and educationists interested in the use of modern technologies in the field of
supply chain management, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and
Blockchain. In addition to those engaged in research, undergraduate and postgraduate students in
higher education can also use this publication as a reference book. This book also presents a
multifaceted perspective for the general public, including topics such as computer science, the food
business, hotel management, fashion, medical, inventory management, and agricultural spheres.
Innovations in Intelligent Internet of Everything (IoE)
Series Editor: Fadi Al-Turjman

Computational Intelligence in Healthcare

Applications, Challenges, and Management
Meenu Gupta, Shakeel Ahmed, Rakesh Kumar, Chadi Altrjman

Blockchain, IoT, and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

Priyanka Chawla, Adarsh Kumar, Anand Nayyar, and Mohd Naved

For more information about the series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Innovations-in-

Intelligent-Internet-of-Everything-IoE/book-series/IOE
 Blockchain, IoT, and AI
Technologies for Supply Chain
Management

Edited by
Priyanka Chawla
Adarsh Kumar
Anand Nayyar
Mohd Naved
First Edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Priyanka Chawla, Adarsh Kumar, Anand Nayyar and Mohd Naved;
individual chapters, the contributors

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or
contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-
8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chawla, Priyanka, editor. | Kumar, Adarsh, editor. | Nayyar, Anand, editor.
Title: Blockchain, IoT and AI technologies for supply chain management / edited by Priyanka Chawla,
Adarsh Kumar, Anand Nayyar and Mohd Naved.
Description: 1 Edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2023. |
Series: Innovations in Intelligent Internet of Everything IoE | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022045906 (print) | LCCN 2022045907 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032206400 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781032206417 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003264521 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Business logistics. | Blockchains (Databases) | Internet of things. | Artificial intelligence.
Classification: LCC HD38.5 .B5356 2023 (print) | LCC HD38.5 (ebook) | DDC 658.8‐‐dc23/eng/20220922
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022045906
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022045907

ISBN: 978-1-032-20640-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-20641-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-26452-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003264521

Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
About the Editors .............................................................................................................................xi
List of Contributors ........................................................................................................................xiii

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of IoT, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain

Approaches for Applications in Supply Chain Management ....................................1
V. Padmavathi and R. Saminathan

Chapter 2 Blockchain, IoT, and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for

Supply Chain Management: Bibliometric Analysis .................................................19
Esra Ozmen and Nurbahar Bora

Chapter 3 Complete Scenario for Supply Chain Management Using IoT and 5G .................43
Jay Kumar Pandey, Vandana B. Patil, Kukati Aruna Kumari, Santanu Das,
Arpit Namdev, Praful Nandankar, and Ankur Gupta

Chapter 4 Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Agriculture Value Chain Performance:

Agritech Perspective..................................................................................................71
C. Ganeshkumar, Jeganthan Gomathi Sankar, and Arokiaraj David

Chapter 5 Applications of Artificial Intelligence of Things in Green Supply Chain

Management: Challenges and Future Directions .....................................................99
Arshi Naim, Hamed Alqahtani, Sadaf Fatima, and Mohammad Faiz Khan

Chapter 6 Effects on Supply Chain Management due to COVID-19 ....................................127

Shipra Gupta and Vijay Kumar

Chapter 7 Artificial Intelligence from Vaccine Development to Pharmaceutical

Supply Chain Management in Post-COVID-19 Period........................................143
Abhishek Dadhich and Priyanka Dadhich

Chapter 8 Blockchain for SCM: A Prospective Study Based on a Panel

of Literature Reviews.............................................................................................. 163
Mostafa Qandoussi and Abdellah Houssaini

Chapter 9 A Blockchain-Based Framework for Circular Plastic Waste Supply

Chain Management in India: A Case Study of Kolkata, India .............................189
Biswajit Debnath, Ankita Das, Adrija Das, and Abhijit Das

v
vi Contents

Chapter 10 Supply Chain Management–Based Transportation System Using IoT

and Blockchain Technology.................................................................................... 205
Ahmed Mateen Buttar, Mahnoor Bano, and Amna Khalid

Chapter 11 Perspective Analysis of Three Types of Services on a Queueing-Inventory

System with a Sharing Buffer for Two Classes of Customers .............................229
K. Jeganathan, K. Prasanna Lakshmi, S. Selvakumar, T. Harikrishnan,
and D. Nagarajan

Chapter 12 Ensuring Provenance and Traceability in a Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Using Blockchain and Internet of Things ..............................................................255
Anna N. Kurian, P.P. Joby, Tomina Anoop, and Allen Mathew

Index..............................................................................................................................................273
Preface
Supply chain management (SCM) is the wide range of activities needed to schedule, track, and
conduct the flow of a product from materials to production to delivery in the most cost-effective
way. While the supply chains of yesterday were centered on the availability, movement, and
expense of physical objects, the supply chains of today are focused on the management of data,
resources, and goods integrated into solutions. The management of the supply chain influences the
quality of the product and service, distribution, prices and customer experience. In the present
situation, SCM is a huge challenge and requires businesses to revalidate the way their supply chain
is run. Technologies such as IoT, blockchain, augmented reality, robotics, and cloud computing
have emerged which can change the traditional working approach. Indeed, the blockchain in the
IoT industry has grown from USD$30 million to $113 million since 2018 and is expected to grow
to over $3 billion annually with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 93 percent by
2024. By 2025, the economic impact of industrial IoT applications may be somewhere between
USD$4 trillion and $11 trillion on global GDP. This economic impact of IoT is primarily due to
the visibility and remote control capabilities it offers to all industries, resulting in increased
operating efficiency and protection. The pandemic has exposed weaknesses and fragility through
most, if not all, sectors and industries in the global supply chains. A blockchain-based supply chain
management system is built on a decentralized distributed ledger that provides an irrefutable record
of all data relating to shipment status, track status, storage conditions, and more. To boost supply
and demand, AI makes it easier to access and evaluate a virtually unlimited source of data at once.
AI can also be used to further minimize human and labor costs, thus reducing the time taken in
early to later stages.
This book provides a holistic view of the supply chain concept from different dimensions. The
book covers the issues and challenges that are faced by the facilitators of the supply chain, along
with their potential solutions. The book has thrown a light on the impact of COVID-19 in the
progress of already-existing supply chain projects as well as the newly proposed ones. Since this
type of book will be the only of its kind to address the impact of COVID-19 on supply chain
systems involving different stakeholders such as producers, dealers, and manufacturers, it provides
a foundation for future research opportunities for unlimited growth and prosperity of business. This
book provides a foundation for researchers, scientists, and educationists towards the application of
advanced technologies such as IoT, AI, and blockchain in the area of supply chain management to
track assets accurately and for upgrading supply chain business operations. Since the delivery
chains are both dynamic and distributed these days, involving a great number of parties, this book
provides a multidimensional view for the masses ranging from computer science, food industry,
hotel management, apparel, medical, inventory management, and agriculture domain. It can be
used as a reference book for higher-education UG and PG students apart from the research
scholars. This book is comprised of 12 Chapters including comprehensive coverage to IoT, AI, and
Blockchain in supply chain management.
Chapter 1, titled “Fundamentals of IoT, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain Approaches
for Application in Supply Chain Management” elaborates that supply chains have a significant
impact not only on society but also on the performance of businesses and the environment. Supply
chains have a greater potential to develop and support a sustainable future if contemporary
technology is used appropriately and used in the appropriate ways. Businesses have the ability to
cut their emissions of greenhouse gases by combining technology such as the Internet of Things,
artificial intelligence, and blockchain. Chapter 2, titled “Blockchain, IoT, AI Technologies for
Supply Chain Management: Bibliometric Analysis,” explains that the world is always changing,
and businesses are doing their best to keep up. Technologies such as the Internet of Things are used
by artificial intelligence, particularly for the development of more complex supply chain

vii
viii Preface

management systems. There has been a rise in the number of research projects conducted in the
areas of blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM, respectively. Chapter 3, titled “Complete Scenario for
Supply Chain Management Using IoT and 5G,” explains that 4G and 5G technologies are able
to offer smart services such as smart homes, smart energy, and smart health by analyzing data
collected from the Internet of Things. By using accessible interactive dashboards, inefficiencies
and errors in the supply chain may be corrected in a time frame that is very close to being
considered real time. Chapter 4, titled “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Agriculture Value
Chain Performance: Agritech Perspective,” elaborates that agriculture is one of the necessary
activities that play a significant part in maintaining all of the activities that humans engage in. The
most significant issues that the sector is now facing are an expanding population and increased
competition for available resources. These issues may be overcome with the use of technological
advances, such as information and communication technology, artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and blockchain technology. Chapter 5, titled “Applications of Artificial Intelligence of
Things in Green Supply Chain Management: Challenges and Future Directions,” explains
that Internet of Things and artificial intelligence are two of the most exciting new technologies that
will emerge in the next several decades. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the role that
artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, often known as hybrid technology and described
as artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), play in green supply chain management (GSCM). This
chapter lays out a plan for the deployment of an IoT-based green supply chain for businesses, with
a particular focus on the healthcare industry. Chapter 6, titled “Effects on Supply Chain
Management due to COVID-19,” elaborates on the global pandemic scenario with COVID-19
that has had an impact on the management of the supply chain in every country across the globe.
There is a great need for innovation in the supply chain management of many different enterprises.
In the past, many businesses and manufacturers were unsuccessful because they did not have
sufficient knowledge at the appropriate moment. To have a better understanding of the current state
of the market, a survey was carried out. It has been discovered that some businesses are making a
loss as a result of the pandemic; yet, after implementing certain advancements, these businesses are
now making incredible profits. Chapter 7, titled “Artificial Intelligence from Vaccine
Development to Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management in Post COVID-19 Period,”
discusses that on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization classified the SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic across the world. The real-time decision-making process was
carried out with the assistance of AI algorithms to meet the obstacles associated with vaccine
production, storage, logistics, and safety concerns. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence
(AI) based methodologies will be presented as applications for vaccine development. During the
process of supplying pharmaceuticals, we will discuss the use of AI to increase end-to-end visibility,
demand forecasting, and maintaining the integrity of the supply chain. Chapter 8, titled “Blockchain
for SCM: A Prospective Study Based on A Panel of Literature Reviews,” explains that the
industrial and service sectors are two areas that might be significantly altered by blockchain
technology. The management of supply chains is one of a number of different domains that may be
influenced by developing technology. The newly popular ideas of “smart manufacturing,” “cyber
physical systems,” and the “Internet of Things” would make it possible for intelligent communication
to take place between machines that are linked to one another. The integration of cutting-edge
technology into the management of supply chains will result in an increase in the openness and
accessibility of the information that is shared. Chapter 9, titled “A Blockchain-Based Framework
for Circular Plastic Waste Supply Chain Management in India: A Case Study of Kolkata,
India,” discusses the use of blockchain technology in the management of supply chains that has the
potential for exponential expansion. It may be worthwhile to put into action in an industry in which
supply chain networks are still experiencing difficulties. The industry of managing plastic garbage is
not held in particularly high regard across the board. The SCN of this sector may be improved by
turning it into a closed loop, which will increase cashflow. The development of a waste management
system that is both effective and efficient is another prerequisite for sustainable cities.
Preface ix

Chapter 10, titled “Supply Chain Management-Based Transportation System Using IoT and
Blockchain Technology,” discusses that the modern corporate environment is characterized by a
particularly high degree of rivalry due to the more demanding and dynamic nature of the market. This
is because supply networks need to be able to keep up with the ever-evolving external environment.
The incorporation of blockchain technology into the management of supply chains may result in
increased visibility and traceability, in addition to higher levels of both operational efficiency and
security. Chapter 11, titled “Perspective Analysis of Three Types of Services on a Queueing-
Inventory System with a Sharing Buffer for a Two Class of Customers,” explains the (s,Q)
ordering strategy for the replenishment products stored in the inventory system that only uses a single
server. In accordance with the probability p, the HNC(HNC) takes precedence over the LNC(LNC).
The hypothesis of the Markov chain is used to examine the steady state of the model that is being
investigated. The current quantity of goods in the inventory, as well as the number of low- and high-
priority items in the queue, are all included in the joint probability distribution. Chapter 12, titled
“Ensuring Provenance and Traceability in a Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Using Blockchain
and Internet of Things,” discusses the intergration of blockchain and IoT into the pharmaceutical
supply chain for better record management and also discusses ecosystem, visbility technologies, and
temperature sensors in a cold supply chain.
This book acts as a bridging information resource between basic concepts and advanced-level
contents from technical experts to blockchain, AI, and supply chain practitioners. This book
facilitates the research group to study and publish novel work towards the advancement of
emerging technologies in applications of supply chain management with AI and blockchain
integrated into it. The content is aimed at students at the graduate and post-graduate levels from
different engineering disciplines.

Priyanka Chawla
Adarsh Kumar
Anand Nayyar
Mohd Naved
About the Editors
Dr. Priyanka Chawla is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, NIT Warangal, India. She earned her PhD degree from Thapar
University, Patiala, Punjab, India. Dr. Chawla has had a rich experience of Industry and
Academia of around 20 years. Her research interests lie in the area of Internet of Things,
Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Big data, Data Science and Sustainable development. She has
several publications in reputed national and international journals and conferences. She is on the
editorial board of many reputed journals. She is also the reviewer for many reputed journals and
the member of the organizing committee for several conferences and workshops. She has
successfully completed various certifications in the field of education. She is a member of reputed
professional bodies like ISTE, ISC etc.

Dr. Adarsh Kumar is an associate professor in the School of Computer Science with University
of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He received his master’s degree (M. Tech) in
software engineering from Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India, and received his PhD degree
from Jaypee Institute of Information Technology University, Noida, India, followed by a post-doc
from Software Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland. From 2005 to 2016, he
has been associated with the Department of Computer Science Engineering & Information
Technology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar-Pardesh, India, where he
has worked as an assistant professor. His main research interests are cybersecurity, cryptography,
network security, and ad-hoc networks. He has many research papers in reputed journals,
conferences, and workshops. He participated in one European Union H2020 sponsored research
project and he is currently executing two research projects sponsored from UPES SEED division
and one sponsored from Lancaster University.

Dr. Anand Nayyar received his PhD (Computer Science) from Desh Bhagat University in 2017 in
the area of Wireless Sensor Networks, Swarm Intelligence and Network Simulation. He is currently
working in School of Computer Science-Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam as Professor,
Scientist, Vice-Chairman (Research) and Director- IoT and Intelligent Systems Lab. A Certified
Professional with 125+ Professional certificates from CISCO, Microsoft, Amazon, EC-Council,
Oracle, Google, Beingcert, EXIN, GAQM, Cyberoam and many more. Published more than 150+
Research Papers in various High-Quality ISI-SCI/SCIE/SSCI Impact Factor Journals cum Scopus/
ESCI indexed Journals, 70+ Papers in International Conferences indexed with Springer, IEEE and
ACM Digital Library, 40+ Book Chapters in various SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE Indexed Books
with Springer, CRC Press, Wiley, IET, Elsevier with Citations: 8000+, H-Index: 46 and I-Index:
165. Member of more than 60+ Associations as Senior and Life Member including IEEE, ACM. He
has authored/co-authored cum Edited 40+ Books of Computer Science. Associated with more than
500+ International Conferences as Programme Committee/Chair/Advisory Board/Review Board
member. He has 18 Australian Patents, 4 German Patents, 2 Japanese Patents, 11 Indian Design cum
Utility Patents, 1 USA Patent, 3 Indian Copyrights and 2 Canadian Copyrights to his credit in the area
of Wireless Communications, Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, IoT and Image Processing.
Awarded 38 Awards for Teaching and Research—Young Scientist, Best Scientist, Best Senior
Scientist, Asia Top 50 Academicians and Researchers, Young Researcher Award, Outstanding
Researcher Award, Excellence in Teaching, Best Senior Scientist Award, DTU Best Professor and
Researcher Award- 2019, 2020-2021, 2022 and many more. He is listed in Top 2% Scientists as
per Stanford University (2020, 2021, 2022). He is acting as Associate Editor for Wireless Networks
(Springer), Computer Communications (Elsevier), International Journal of Sensor Networks
(IJSNET) (Inderscience), Frontiers in Computer Science, PeerJ Computer Science, Human

xi
xii About the Editors

Centric Computing and Information Sciences (HCIS), IET-Quantum Communications, IET Wireless
Sensor Systems, IET Networks, IJDST, IJISP, IJCINI, and IJGC. He is acting as Editor-in-Chief of
IGI-Global, USA Journal titled International Journal of Smart Vehicles and Smart Transportation
(IJSVST). He has reviewed more than 2500+ Articles for diverse Web of Science and Scopus
Indexed Journals. He is currently researching in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of
Things, Swarm Intelligence, Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Drones, Blockchain, Cyber
Security, Network Simulation, Big Data and Wireless Communications.

Dr. Mohd Naved is a passionate researcher and educator with 16 years of experience and proven
track record of quality research publications and leading teams for the research and overall
management of the educational institution. He is a senior member of IEEE and is associated with
multiple leading research organizations. He is a machine learning consultant and researcher,
currently teaching in Amity University (Noida) for various degree programs in analytics and
machine learning. He is actively engaged in academic research on various topics in management as
well as on 21st-century technologies. He has published 60+ research articles in reputed journals
(SCI/Scopus Indexed/peer reviewed). He has 16 patents in AI/ML and is actively engaged in
commercialization of innovative products.
Contributors
Hamed Alqahtani Adrija Das
Department of Information Systems A.K. Choudhury School of Information
King Khalid University Technology
Abha, Saudi Arabia University of Calcutta
Kolkata, India
Tomina Anoop
M.Sc Scholar, Tesside University Ankita Das
Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Consortium of Researchers for Sustainable
Development (C.R.S.D.)
Mahnoor Bano Agra, India
Department of Computer Science and
University of Agriculture Faisalabad Department of Data Science and Cyber
Faisalabad, Pakistan Security
Institute of Leadership
Nurbahar Bora Entrepreneurship and Development (iLead)
Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute Kolkata, India
Erzurum, Turkey
Santanu Das
Ahmed Mateen Buttar Seshadripuram First Grade College
Department of Computer Science Yelahanka New Town
University of Agriculture Faisalabad Bangalore, India
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Arokiaraj David
Abhishek Dadhich Department of Management Studies
School of Allied Health Sciences and St. Francis Institute of Management and
Management Research
New Delhi, India Mumbai, India

Priyanka Dadhich Biswajit Debnath

Department of Computer Science and Department of Chemical Engineering
Engineering Jadavpur University
Delhi Technical Campus Kolkata, India
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and
New Delhi, India Consortium of Researchers for Sustainable
Development (C.R.S.D.)
Abhijit Das Agra, India
Department of Information Technology
Institute of Leadership Sadaf Fatima
Entrepreneurship and Development (iLead) Department of Business Administration
Kolkata, India Aligarh Muslim University
and Aligarh, India
Department of Data Science and Cyber
Security C. Ganeshkumar
Institute of Leadership Indian Institute of Plantation Management
Entrepreneurship and Development (iLead) Bengaluru, India
Kolkata, India

xiii
xiv Contributors

Ankur Gupta Kukati Aruna Kumari

Department of Computer Science and Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of
Engineering Technology
Vaish College of Engineering Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh, India
Rohtak, Haryana, India
Anna N. Kurian
Shipra Gupta Computer Science and Engineering
School of Management St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and
Graphic Era Hill University Technology
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Palai, Kerala, India

T. Harikrishnan K. Prasanna Lakshmi

Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics with Computer
Guru Nanak College Applications
Chennai, India Ethiraj College for Women
Chennai, India
Abdellah Houssaini
Faculty of Economics and Management Allen Mathew
University Ibn Tofail Financial Analyst, X L Dynamics
Kenitra, Morocco Kochi, Kerala, India

K. Jeganathan D. Nagarajan
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study Department of Mathematics
in Mathematics Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
University of Madras Chennai, India
Chennai, India
Arshi Naim
P.P. Joby Department of Information Systems
Computer Science and Engineering King Khalid University
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Abha, Saudi Arabia
Technology
Palai, Kerala, India Arpit Namdev
University Institute of Technology RGPV
Amna Khalid Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Department of Computer Science
University of Agriculture Faisalabad Praful Nandankar
Faisalabad, Pakistan Government College of Engineering
Nagpur, India
Mohammad Faiz Khan
Security Forces Hospital Esra Ozmen
Ministry of Interiors Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University
Abha, Saudi Arabia Ankara, Turkey

Vijay Kumar V. Padmavathi

Physics Department Department of Information Technology
Graphic Era Hill University A. V. C. College of Engineering
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Mayiladuthurai, Tamilnadu, India
Contributors xv

Jay Kumar Pandey R. Saminathan

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University Department of Computer Science and
Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India Engineering
Annamalai University
Vandana B. Patil Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering
Management, and Research Jeganthan Gomathi Sankar
Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, India BSSS Institute of Advanced Studies
Bhopal, India
Mostafa Qandoussi
Faculty of Economics and Management S. Selvakumar
Laboratory of Economics and Management of Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in
Organizations Mathematics
University Ibn Tofail University of Madras
Kenitra, Morocco Chennai, India
 1 Fundamentals of IoT, Artificial
Intelligence, and Blockchain
Approaches for Applications
in Supply Chain Management
V. Padmavathi
Department of Information Technology, A. V. C. College of Engineering,
Mayiladuthurai, Tamilnadu, India

R. Saminathan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Annamalai
University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................2
1.2 Fundaments of IoT, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain Approaches..............................4
1.2.1 Essentials of IoT...........................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Highlights of Artificial Intelligence.............................................................................5
1.2.2.1 Data Access in Real Time ............................................................................5
1.2.2.2 Information from the Public (Multi-Party)...................................................5
1.2.2.3 Participating in a Game.................................................................................5
1.2.2.4 Speech Recognition .......................................................................................6
1.2.3 Fundamental of Blockchain Approaches.....................................................................6
1.3 The Intersection of Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and
Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain Management .............................................................6
1.3.1 Improving Data Standardization, Privacy, Security, and Scalability .........................6
1.3.1.1 Standardization of Data.................................................................................6
1.3.1.2 Privacy ...........................................................................................................6
1.3.1.3 Security ..........................................................................................................7
1.3.1.4 Scalability ......................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Using a Blockchain-Based Identity for Authentication ..............................................7
1.3.3 Five Stages of Supply Chain Management .................................................................8
1.3.4 Areas of Expertise in Supply Chain Management....................................................10
1.3.4.1 Make the Transition to Real-Time Supply Chain Planning ......................10
1.3.4.2 Supply Chain and Enterprise Planning Should Be Combined ..................10
1.3.4.3 Get Ready for the Demands of the End Consumers.................................. 10
1.3.4.4 Utilize Real-Time Data at Every Stage of the Supply Chain....................10
1.3.5 Applications in Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain Approaches...........10
1.4 IoT, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain-Based Supply
Chain Management: Architectural Description .....................................................................11
1.4.1 Proposed Supply Chain Structure and Data Preservation Approach .......................11
1.4.2 McEliece Cryptosystem .............................................................................................12

DOI: 10.1201/9781003264521-1 1
2 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

1.4.3 Optimized Secure Data Transmission .......................................................................14

1.4.4 Security Issues in Supply Chain Management for Information Exchange ..............15
1.5 Case Studies ...........................................................................................................................15
1.5.1 Case Study on Supply Chain Traceability ................................................................15
1.5.2 Case Study on Blockchain-Based Agri-Food Supply Chain
Management in China ................................................................................................ 15
1.5.3 Case Study on Blockchain-Based Supply Chain for Transaction Process
Automation .................................................................................................................15
1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope ................................................................................................ 16
References........................................................................................................................................ 16

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) [1] is a network of physical objects or people that are equipped with
software, electronics, networks, and sensors to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things
aims to extend Internet connectivity beyond traditional devices like computers, smartphones, and
tablets to more mundane products like toasters. As a result of the Internet of Things, virtually
everything becomes “smart,” utilizing the power of data collection, AI algorithms, and networks to
improve aspects of our life. Things in the Internet of Things include people with diabetes monitor
implants, animals with tracking devices, and so on.
IoT technology enables supply chain members to maximize their competitive advantage by
attaining visual management and intelligent management throughout the supply chain, enhancing
supply chain transparency, and facilitating information sharing.
Every day, trucks, ships, and humans must deliver, track, and account for millions of commodities.
The Internet of Things connects these products, assets, and people across the supply chain, enabling
efficiencies and optimizing operations that save companies time and money every year. IoT [2] devices
have the potential to have a substantial impact on all aspects of the supply chain, including warehouse
management, transportation and logistics, and last-mile delivery to the end consumer, as shown in
Figure 1.1. Manufacturers may increase operational efficiency, reduce theft and counterfeiting, and
deliver outstanding customer service by responding to data from IoT devices in their supply chain;
allows a manufacturer to see their whole supply chain in real time without having to rely on a third
party to scan packaging at any point along the way; writes data from IoT sensors straight to their
decentralized blockchain environment, ensuring that the data cannot be tampered with or hacked and is
completely correct; and allows the end-user to scan the product to check that they’re getting the actual
thing and that it’s in the best possible condition as specified by the manufacturer.
Artificial intelligence is already incredibly powerful, and it’s only getting better. From social
media to self-driving cars, the speed with which robots can be educated to replicate or even
outperform humans is becoming increasingly important. Although still in the early phases of
development, enterprise applications based on advanced technologies such as machine learning
and AI [3] are beginning to generate distinctive and novel business strategies. In the logistics and
supply chain industries, these technologies have proven to be game changers. According to
Gartner, the value of machine automation in supply chain operations is expected to triple in the
next five years. By 2022, it is expected that annual Industrial IoT (IIOT) investment by increasing
businesses will reach $600 billion.
AI-enhanced technologies are being utilized across supply chains to boost efficiency; reduce the
effects of a global labor shortage; and discover better, safer ways to move goods from one point to
another. AI applications can be found across the supply chain [4], from the production floor to the
front door. AI is being employed in the supply chain and logistics business because organizations
have realized that AI has the power to solve the difficulties of running a global logistics network.
When used effectively, AI may assist businesses in becoming smarter, making more agile deci-
sions, and anticipating challenges.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 3

FIGURE 1.1 Blockchain-Based IoT with Supply Chain Process.

Consumer expectations for on-time and intact delivery are being exceeded by AI-enabled
proactive solutions, which are also improving service quality. They’re also sharpening their talents
through automating compliance. As a result, there are fewer problems and lower costs across the
logistics network. The most intriguing feature of AI is its seemingly infinite potential. When algo-
rithms are combined with technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) [5–9], machine learning
(ML), and predictive analytics, they become even more powerful. Because of increased access to
data, companies now have a better grasp of their worldwide logistics networks. Transparency is
important because it improves people’s perceptions of supply chain management and logistics.
Figure 1.2 depicts architecture of IoT systems. It is a three-layered structure and consists of an
application layer, network layer, and perception layer. All layers in a supply chain can access the
same data via blockchain, potentially reducing communication and data transmission issues. More
time can be spent on delivering goods and services, either enhancing quality or cutting costs, or
both. Blockchain technology can be used by businesses to track all types of transactions more
securely and transparently. The impact on supply chain operations might be massive. Companies

FIGURE 1.2 The IoT System’s Three-Layer Architecture.

4 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

can utilize blockchain to track a product’s history from conception to present-day location. The
transaction is securely documented every time a product changes hands, creating a permanent
record of the transaction from beginning to end. With the use of this advanced technology, parties
collaborating on a single shared platform might substantially reduce the time delays, additional
costs, and human error that are typically associated with transactions. By minimizing the number
of middle people in the supply chain, fraud risks are lowered. Finally, detailed records assist
businesses in identifying the source of fraud when it occurs.
The following are the objectives of this chapter:

• To study the background and review the extensive literature matching the concept of IoT
fundamentals, blockchain, AI highlights, and supply chain management.
• To propose a novel privacy protection technique based on blockchain technology. The
McEliece Cryptography system is used as base for secure data flow between suppliers and
customers.
• In addition, the security and privacy implications of blockchain-based IoT applications
are examined.

Organization of Chapter: The chapter is structured as follows: Section 1.2 addresses related
studies as well as a survey summary. Section 1.3 looks at data security and privacy in the context
of blockchain technology and the integration of blockchain, the Internet of Things, and artificial
intelligence in supply chain management. Section 1.4 describes the architectural design of IoT, AI,
and blockchain-based SCM with security mechanisms. Section 1.5 discusses the various case study
applications. Finally, Section 1.6 concludes the chapter with a future scope.

1.2 FUNDAMENTS OF IOT, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND

BLOCKCHAIN APPROACHES
The digital transformation is being accelerated by three key technologies: Blockchain, IoT, and AI.
We believe these technologies will converge, enabling for the emergence of new business models:
In the future, autonomous agents (sensors, cars, machines, trucks, cameras, and other IoT devices)
will be able to (1) create a digital twin with IoT, (2) send and receive money using blockchain
technology on their own, and (3) make autonomous decisions as independent economic agents
using AI and data analytics. This convergence, we believe, will also stimulate the development of
self-contained business models and the digital transformation of industrial firms.

1.2.1 ESSENTIALS OF IOT

The Internet of Things is a network of networked devices that can collect and share data about their
own operations as well as their surroundings. Any device that has a two-way data link, such as
connected sensors, thermostats, cars, biometric devices, and luminaires, could be part of the IoT.
The three basic levels of an IoT system are the device layer, network layer, and platform layer.
The device layer contains the things that engage in the Internet of Things. The network layer
contains everything you need to connect devices to each other and to the platform layer [10–14].
An IoT system has four basic components, shown in Figure 1.3.

1. Sensors/Devices: Sensors and devices are necessary for collecting real-time data from
the environment. All of this data could be challenging in some way. It could be some-
thing as simple as a temperature sensor or something as complex as a video stream.
A gadget could have a range of sensors that do more than just sense. A smartphone,
for example, is a device having multiple sensors, including GPS and a camera, yet it is
unable to detect these features.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 5

FIGURE 1.3 Four Basic Components of IoT.

2. Data Transmission: All data is transmitted to a cloud infrastructure. A number of

communication methods should be used to connect the sensors to the cloud. Examples of
communication methods include mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WAN,
and others.
3. Data Processing: The software processes the information after it has been captured and
transmitted to the cloud. This strategy may consist of merely checking the temperature or
readings from devices such as air conditioners or heaters. However, some tasks, such as
recognizing objects using computer vision on video, can be rather tough.
4. User Interface: The information must be accessible to the end-user in some way, which
can be done by sending them an email or text message, or by setting up alerts on their
phones. An interface that actively monitors the user’s IoT equipment may be required, on
occasion. For example, the user has a camera installed in their home. They want to be
able to access video recordings and all streams using a web server.

1.2.2 HIGHLIGHTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1.2.2.1 Data Access in Real Time
To improve on traditional corporate systems that use outmoded batch planning methodologies,
new AI systems must address the stale data problem. Most supply chains today attempt to carry out
plans based on data that is several days old, but this results in poor decision making, which either
under-optimizes the supply chain or needs human user involvement. Without real-time data,
AI technology merely makes wrong decisions faster.

1.2.2.2 Information from the Public (Multi-Party)

Any AI, deep learning, or machine learning algorithm must be able to access data from outside
the organization or, more importantly, be granted access to data relevant to your trading
community. Unless the AI tool can see forward-most demand and downstream supply, as well as
any relevant limits and capacity in the supply chain, the results will be no better than a tradi-
tional planning system. Unfortunately, this lack of awareness and access to real-time community
data is the standard in nearly all supply chains. This, of course, must change if an AI tool is to be
successful.

1.2.2.3 Participating in a Game

You can acquire a machine that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. They have
some AI, but they largely compete with people via brute force calculations, which entail scanning
hundreds of thousands of locations. You must be able to scan 200 million spots per second to
overcome a world champion utilizing brute force and well-established techniques [15].
6 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

1.2.2.4 Speech Recognition

By the 1990s, computer-based speech recognition had advanced enough to be used for limited
purposes. As a result, United Airlines has replaced the flight information keyboard tree with a
system that uses voice recognition to recognize flight numbers and city names. It’s very com-
fortable. On the other hand, certain computers can be programmed by voice, but most users prefer
the keyboard and mouse for more convenience.

1.2.3 FUNDAMENTAL OF BLOCKCHAIN APPROACHES

Blockchain is a system of interconnected blocks that contains transaction history and other user
data. It is based on the concept of a decentralised distributed digital ledger. This technology en-
ables the network’s user nodes to conduct cryptographically secure and anonymous money
transactions, with the transactions being authenticated and approved by all users in a public
manner. It’s a cutting-edge technology that’s becoming increasingly popular as a result of the use
of digital currency. Although blockchain has a promising future in online transactions, it is prone
to a variety of security and vulnerability flaws.
A peer-to-peer architecture underpins blockchain technology. Because it’s decentralized and
made up of a series of blocks, it’s called blockchain. Since Satoshi Nakamoto’s original concept
was derived and implemented in Bitcoin, blockchain has been a hot topic among scholars. Its
attributes have also increased the scope of its applicability [16–20]. Because it saves all of the
nodes’ calculations in each of them, it’s also known as distributed ledger technology. The net-
work’s reliability is not an issue because the ledger is shared. Hash code, which is a one-of-a-kind
and unchangeable value generated by a sophisticated mathematical hash function, is also included
in the blocks. Transactions are not done in the traditional way, especially with real user IDs and
addresses, so there are numerous options for anonymizing both senders and recipients. The system
is somewhat autonomous because there is no central authority. As a result of these factors, the
blockchain concept has evolved into a new technology that can be used in a variety of industries.

1.3 THE INTERSECTION OF BLOCKCHAIN, INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT), AND

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
1.3.1 IMPROVING DATA STANDARDIZATION, PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND SCALABILITY
Blockchain enables decentralized aggregation of large amounts of data generated by IoT devices,
allowing benefits to be shared more evenly among participants in supply chain exchanges [21]. As
shown in Figure 1.4, the confluence of IoT, AI, and blockchain technology approaches in supply chain
management includes data standardization, privacy, security, scalability, traceability, and quality.

1.3.1.1 Standardization of Data

Smart objects generate a large amount of data. This data must be managed, processed, transported,
and stored correctly. Standardization is necessary for true device and application interoperability
[22]. The right standards, issued at the right time in a technology’s development, can help ensure
interoperability, generate trust in the system, and make it easier to use. Standardization’s ultimate
goal is to reduce all features to a single scale without distorting the variances in value ranges. Data
normalization is the process of rescaling the attributes to have a mean of 0 and a variation of 1.

1.3.1.2 Privacy
Special considerations are needed to protect personal information from disclosure of things in the
Internet of Things environment [23–25]. You can give almost every physical or logical entity
or object a unique identifier and the ability to autonomously navigate communications over the
Internet or similar networks.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 7

FIGURE 1.4 The Confluence of IoT, AI, and Blockchain Technology Approaches in Supply Chain
Management.

1.3.1.3 Security
IoT, AI, and Blockchain are three new technologies that can boost productivity and help supply
chain exchange partners provide the integrity they need. The combination of Blockchain, IoT,
and AI technology is thought to have a huge revolutionary influence across a variety of in-
dustries, as it shows a possible avenue for controlling IoT devices. The use of blockchains and
IoT allows users to create a more resilient, responsive, and distributed peer-to-peer system with
the ability to engage with supply chain exchange partners in a “trustless,” safe, and real-time
manner. More importantly, blockchain-based solutions [26] have the potential to change the
IoT’s potential benefits by bridging the device-data interoperability gap while maintaining se-
curity, privacy, and dependability.

1.3.1.4 Scalability
The blockchain can be managed using either a centralized database (such as MySQL) or distributed
hash table (DHT) technology. As a result, (off-chain) transactions complete faster and are more
scalable. Off-chain solutions also have the potential to interoperate with enterprise infrastructures
that store non-essential data. In addition, supply chain blockchain-enabled IoT applications adapt
to IoT network features such as heterogeneity, dynamic topology, complexity, scalability,
throughput, and memory size [27]. These solutions seek to improve scalability by modifying the
basic parts of blockchain transactions by using new or especially lightweight network protocols for
IoT devices, editable blockchain enhancement techniques, and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to
increase block size. Increasing the block size of a public blockchain improves scalability and
provides additional storage and processing capabilities, but it can also slow down the block pro-
pagation speed of your network.

1.3.2 USING A BLOCKCHAIN-BASED IDENTITY FOR AUTHENTICATION

When the blockchain is implemented, users will be able to create their own identities and publicly
verifiable information for them. Users can save public data on the blockchain, removing the re-
quirement for third parties to handle identity data [15]. A local blockchain is used to register
ordinary nodes for authentication. Smart contracts are utilized on cluster head nodes to validate
8 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

FIGURE 1.5 Blockchain-Based Identity for

Authentication.

registration and authentication requests made by normal nodes. The public chain stores information
about the registered nodes.
According to the W3C, “Verifiable Credentials reflect assertions made by an issuer in a tamper-
evident and privacy-respecting manner.” Verifiable credentials, in essence, allow for the digital
watermarking of claims data using a combination of public key cryptography and privacy-
preserving methods to avoid correlation [28,29]. As a result, physical credentials can be safely
transformed to digital, and holders of such credentials can choose publish particular information
from their credentials without disclosing the actual data, and other parties can instantaneously
validate this data without having to contact the issuer.
Distributed identifiers are globally unique and persistent identifiers. The ID owner has full
control over them. Distributed IDentifier (DID) does not depend on a centralized registry, au-
thority, or identity provider. When an organization provides verifiable credentials, it also pro-
vides a public DID. The blockchain, which is an immutable record of data, stores the same
public DID. Distributed identifiers are globally unique and persistent identifiers. The ID owner
has full control over them. DID does not depend on a centralized registry, authority, or identity
provider. When an organization provides verifiable credentials, it also provides a public DID.
The blockchain, which is an immutable record of data, stores the same public DID. If you want
to verify the authenticity/validity of your credentials, you can search they DID on the blockchain
to see who issued it without contacting the publisher. The blockchain acts as a distributed
registry of verifiable data. A “phone book” that anyone can use to find out which organization a
particular public DID belongs to.
The owner, publisher, and verifier are three participants in blockchain-based identity man-
agement. When using blockchain technology for identity management, it is important to remember
that there are three different parties involved: identity owner, issuer, and verifier [30–34]. The ID
holder’s personal credentials can be issued by the ID issuer. The identity issuer may be a trusted
third party B. Local government (user). When issuing a card, the card issuer confirms the legality
of the personal data (name, date of birth, etc.) on the card. Figure 1.5 shows the identity based on
blockchain for authentication.

1.3.3 FIVE STAGES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

The control of the flow of products and services from the point of origin to the point of con-
sumption by the end-user is referred to as supply chain management. The regulation of the flow of
goods and services from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption is referred to as
supply chain management. Transportation and storage of raw materials utilized in work-in-
progress, inventory, and fully furnished objects are also included.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 9

FIGURE 1.6 The Stages of Supply Chain Management.

The following actors are briefly introduced in Figure 1.6, which depicts a simplified version of
such a process:

i. Suppliers/Provider: Raw materials like as seeds and nutrients, as well as pesticides,

chemicals, and other substances.
ii. Manufacturer/Producer: Typically, the farmer is responsible for everything from
seeding to harvesting. Raw resources are transformed into finished goods.
iii. Distributor/Wholesaler: The distributor is responsible for conveying the producer’s
output (e.g., the product) from the processor to retailers.
iv. Retailer/Dealer: A retailer is responsible for selling items, whether they are sold in
small neighbourhood stores or enormous supermarkets.
v. Consumer/Customer: The consumer is the final link in the chain.

The graphic above depicts the flow of goods, services, and information from the producer to the
consumer [35]. The passage of a product from the producer to the manufacturer, who then transfers
it to the distributor for distribution, is depicted in the diagram. The distributor then delivers it to a
wholesaler or retailer, who distributes the items to a variety of locations where customers can
easily purchase them.
Supply chain management is basically a combination of supply and demand management.
Examine the entire chain using a variety of tactics and methods and work efficiently at each stage.
Each entity involved in the process must strive to reduce costs and help organizations improve
long-term performance while creating value for stakeholders and consumers [36]. This method
helps reduce charges by eliminating unnecessary costs, transfers, and processing.
The following are the main advantages of supply chain management:

• Improves client service and relationships.

• Develops more efficient distribution systems for in-demand items and services.
• Enhances efficiency and business processes.
• Lowers the cost of storage and transportation.
• Reduces both direct and indirect expenditures.
• Assists in the timely delivery of the correct items to the correct location.
• Supports the successful execution of just-in-time stock models by improving inventory
management.
• Assists businesses in adjusting to globalisation, economic turmoil, rising customer de-
mands, and other changes.
• Assists businesses in reducing waste, lowering costs, and increasing efficiency throughout
the supply chain.
10 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

1.3.4 AREAS OF EXPERTISE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

• The five aspects that make up supply chain management are supply planning, production
planning, inventory planning, capacity planning, and sales planning.
• Supply planning identifies the most efficient way to cover the demand generated by de-
mand planning. The goal is to create a supply-demand balance that meets the company’s
financial and service goals.
• Production planning deals with the company’s production and manufacturing modules. It
takes into account resource allocation for employees, materials, and manufacturing capacity.
• The production/supply plan includes the following steps:
• Collaboration and Supplier Management
• Production Planning
• Inventory planning analyzes the optimal quantity and timing of inventory to meet sales
and production requirements.
• Capacity planning estimates the number of production workers and equipment needed to
meet product demand.
• The movement of items from the supplier or manufacturer to the POS is monitored by
sales and network plans. Packaging, inventory, warehousing, supply chain, and logistics
are all procedures under the control of sales.

A supply chain is required that is connected from beginning to end, across the organization and
beyond, to flourish in a rapidly developing global market [37–39]. These five steps should be
followed to accomplish connected supply chain planning.

1.3.4.1 Make the Transition to Real-Time Supply Chain Planning

Companies that plan using ERP systems and spreadsheets rely almost entirely on historical data,
leaving little room for change in the case of demand or supply disruptions. For example, a
company can anticipate the number of products it will sell in the current quarter using data from
the previous year.

1.3.4.2 Supply Chain and Enterprise Planning Should Be Combined

The second phase is to connect formerly compartmentalised supply chain planning to sales and
operations planning, as well as finance planning. By synchronizing their short-term operational
planning with their bigger business planning operations, companies can make real-time changes to
inventory estimations and supplies.

1.3.4.3 Get Ready for the Demands of the End Consumers

Consumer packaged goods manufacturers face a perpetual challenge in anticipating what con-
sumers want and when they want it. For example, detects client demand signals by providing end-
to-end intelligence across the supply chain, as well as beyond an established network of whole-
salers and retailers.

1.3.4.4 Utilize Real-Time Data at Every Stage of the Supply Chain

Supply chain planning often includes different suppliers, channels, customers, and pricing
schemes, so leverage real-time data at all stages of the supply chain, especially if spreadsheets are
the primary planning tool. The model is huge and can become unmanageable in some cases.

1.3.5 APPLICATIONS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT USING BLOCKCHAIN APPROACHES

Blockchain allows all participants in a supply chain to have access to the same data, potentially
minimizing communication and data transfer problems. Less time can be spent confirming data
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 11

and more time can be spent delivering goods and services – improving quality, lowering costs,
or doing both.
Blockchain allows all participants in the supply chain to access the same data, which may
minimize communication and data transfer issues. You can spend less time reviewing your data
and more time delivering goods and services to improve quality, reduce costs, or both. Blockchain
has the potential to improve supply chain transparency while reducing costs and risks. Below are
some of the key benefits that blockchain supply chain innovation can offer.

Key Potential Benefits

• Improved traceability of the material supply chain to ensure compliance with business
requirements.
• Reduce losses from gray market/counterfeit transactions.
• Reduce paperwork and management costs by improving visibility and compliance of
outsourced contract manufacturing.

Possible Secondary Benefits

• Enhance your company’s reputation by maintaining transparency about the materials used
in your products.
• Increase the reliability of the data provided and the trust of the public.
• Reduce the risk of PR disasters due to supply chain failures.
• Participate in discussions with stakeholders.

The company digitizes physical assets; provides decentralized, invariant records of all transactions;
and allows them to trace assets across the supply chain, from manufacturing to distribution to end
user. End-to-end tracking is visible and accurate. This greater supply chain transparency benefits
both firms and customers.

1.4 IOT, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SUPPLY

CHAIN MANAGEMENT: ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION
1.4.1 PROPOSED SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURE AND DATA PRESERVATION APPROACH
Figure 1.7 depicts the whole architecture of the proposed privacy protection technique based on
blockchain technology. The block diagram for the proposed work includes three processes: supply
chain, AI, and IoT [40]. In the supply chain process, several segments are linked to one another in
various areas of the chain, such as service, inventory, and cost, showing the whole product
structure and data will be transmitted via blockchain technology.
A supplier of raw materials such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals, and other sub-
stances. A farmer who usually oversees the entire process from seed to harvest. Raw materials
are converted to finished products. The distributor is responsible for transferring the producer’s
products (such as products) from the processor to the retailer. Retailers are responsible for
selling their products, whether they are sold in small stores in the neighborhood or in large
supermarkets.
The consumer is the last link in the chain. Blockchain helps prevent fraud on high-value
products, such as diamonds and medicines, by increasing the transparency of the supply chain
[41–43]. By mitigating or eliminating the effects of counterfeit goods, blockchain helps com-
panies understand how raw materials and finished goods pass through each subcontractor,
reducing lost profits from counterfeit and gray market transactions and helps building confidence
in end-market consumers.
12 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

FIGURE 1.7 Proposed Architecture.

1.4.2 MCELIECE CRYPTOSYSTEM

McEliece’s cryptosystem, which dates from the 1970s and is based on the syndrome decoding
issue, is an example of a code-based cryptosystem. McEliece’s technique has a fast encryption and
decryption time, which is beneficial for executing quick blockchain transactions. McEliece’s
cryptosystem, on the other hand, necessitates the storage and execution of enormous matrices that
serve as public and private keys. Such matrices often take up between 100 kilobytes and several
megabytes, which can be a limitation when dealing with resource-constrained systems.
For encryption and decryption, the McEliece algorithm is used in Figure 1.8.

a. Consider plain text a, which is embedded with the weight vector e.

b. The Cipher text b is calculated using the formula b = a ∗ G + e
c. The equation that generates the encrypted text is as follows: y1 = b ∗ P−1

The encrypted text is given by y1.

The decryption procedure is as follows

a. By extracting the first four components of y1, which is represented by X0

b. The decryption procedure is carried out. x = S−1 ∗ y1
c. Finally, x outputs plain text.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 13

FIGURE 1.8 Key Management Process.

As a result, utilizing appropriate keys, the McEliece algorithm is used to encrypt and decode the
data.
Figure 1.9 shows a comparison of execution times for the asymmetric techniques. According to
the graph, the recommended McEliece technique completes the encryption procedure in 1.2 sec-
onds. The RSA technique, on the other hand, completes the encryption operation in 2.8 seconds
[44]. As a result, the proposed McEliece algorithm requires less time to encrypt data than the
existing RSA technique. The encryption time of the proposed McEliece is compared to symmetric
and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Overall, the results show that the McEliece algorithm
encrypts in a very short amount of time.

The suggested algorithm has the following advantages:

• Both the RSA and McEliece algorithms use a key length of 1024-bits.
• Despite having the same number of rounds for the encryption process, the suggested
McEliece algorithm takes less time to encrypt than the existing RSA technique.
• This is because the number of encryption rounds required is smaller than the number of
rounds required by the RSA method.

A comparison of the execution times consumed by the asymmetric approach during the decryption
process is shown in Figure 1.10. According to statistics, the decryption process for the proposed
McEliece algorithm takes 1.3 seconds. On the other hand, with the RSA method, it takes
3.6 seconds to decrypt the message [45]. As a result, the proposed McEliece algorithm takes less
time to decode the data than the RSA algorithm. Compared to existing algorithms like RSA, the
proposed McEliece method takes less time to decrypt [46]. This is because the McEliece method
requires less blocks to decrypt than other algorithms.

FIGURE 1.9 Asymmetric Methods Execution Time (Encryption) Comparison.

14 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

FIGURE 1.10 Asymmetric Methods Execution Time (Decryption) Comparison.

TABLE 1.1
Algorithms in Summary
Algorithms Key Length (Bits) Execution Time (Seconds)

Encryption Decryption
RSA 1024 2.8 3.6
McEliece 1024 1.2 1.3

The execution times for the symmetric and asymmetric techniques are compared in Table 1.1. The
table includes a list of algorithms, as well as their corresponding key lengths (in bits) and en-
cryption and decryption process times. Both symmetric and asymmetric encryption approaches are
compared to the proposed McEliece decryption time. The McEliece symmetric algorithm is
compared to the RSA asymmetric approach and the results demonstrate that the McEliece method
requires relatively little time to decrypt.

1.4.3 OPTIMIZED SECURE DATA TRANSMISSION

In supply chain management, blockchain technology is a viable alternative for secure information
exchange. However, maintaining security at all layers of the blockchain [47] is so important that
the McEliece cryptography system is becoming more and more popular. A secure flow of data
between manufacturers, suppliers and customers is critical to being able to respond to market
fluctuations.
Secure data flow between manufacturers, suppliers, and customers is essential. The value of
information or assets that a supplier owns, owns, accesses, or processes under a contract cannot be
quantified. This is a major obstacle to the entire supply chain. The main advantage of this pro-
cedure is that only identified people can access the shared data using the same key issued by the
sender. This makes the exchange of information very secure and allows stakeholders to function in
any corporate environment.
Fundamentals of IoT, AI, and Blockchain 15

1.4.4 SECURITY ISSUES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE

Reducing supply chain links is responsible for reducing the risks associated with recipients and
shipping. Supply chain transportation and other weather, border security, economic collapse, and
natural disaster capabilities make it easy to connect supply chain technology with as much data as
possible with automated supplier analysis and improves supply chain reliability and efficiency, and
thanks to sellers, delivery partners, and more, the business is less exposed to unforeseen disasters.
Supply chain management is used in a variety of professions such as health care and logistics, and
information in data formats is highly sensitive as moved from intermediate-to-intermediate levels
[48]. Researchers use a variety of optimization tools and technologies in logistics to address many
areas where security is a major concern. Network optimization tools model the entire supply chain
[49], including forecast data, manufacturing, product and asset data, inventory and distribution
rates, features, and costs. Site-level supply chain modeling with other planning tools does not fall
into the category of network optimization techniques.

1.5 CASE STUDIES

1.5.1 CASE STUDY ON SUPPLY CHAIN TRACEABILITY
Every stage of the procedure might be considerably speeding up with blockchain technology. From
raw materials to completed items, every transaction signaling a movement of commodities would
be documented. Documentation would be generated, updated, read, or confirmed by parties on the
blockchain, giving visibility of the whole supply chain. A complete audit trail would be generated,
which could be utilized to protect consumers from counterfeit goods while also increasing com-
pany trust in the authenticity and quality of items, influencing sourcing decisions. Payments might
be made effortlessly between stakeholders throughout the process in finance, based on agreements.
As an addition, linked sensors and smart devices might measure the state of containers and other
information can be stored to inform final.

1.5.2 CASE STUDY ON BLOCKCHAIN-BASED AGRI-FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN

MANAGEMENT IN CHINA
The primary goal of agri-food supply chain management is to limit opportunism brought on by
knowledge asymmetry. To control the unpredictability of the agri-food quasi-organization, a tra-
ditional Chinese agri-food supply chain management uses a contract system and a trust me-
chanism. In the situation of asymmetric information, however, improving transaction efficiency
and maintaining agri-food supply chain stability is nearly difficult. Today, Blockchain, IoT and Big
Data are transforming the agri-food supply chain into a massive smart network that will break
down information barriers.

1.5.3 CASE STUDY ON BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SUPPLY CHAIN FOR TRANSACTION PROCESS

AUTOMATION
The transaction problem in supply chain management is extremely important to stakeholders. The
exchange of transactions is critical for the supply chain’s efficient transportation and logistical
activities. The present supply chain management system has various flaws in terms of security and
confidence in the transaction process. As a result, information is transferred in a semi-digital and
paper-based manner. In this article, we examine a supply chain trust issue and offer a new method
based on blockchain technology for addressing the issue and automating the entire payment
process using a smart contract. Validation using a case study is carried out.
16 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

1.6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The blockchain technology will ensure data security at every level of the system. An attacker can’t
update or give bogus data without breaking the chain. The blockchain is a new technology that is
increasingly being used in security systems and other fields. Furthermore, this chapter looked at the
many security issues, obstacles, flaws, and attacks that are preventing more people from using
blockchain technology from a variety of angles. To make the suggested architecture more depend-
able, safe, and scalable, blockchain components are added. Finally, the security and privacy im-
plications of blockchain IoT applications are examined, as well as methods for improving the
scalability and throughput of such systems. Blockchain, the Internet of Things, and Artificial
Intelligence are cutting-edge technologies that will usher in a new era of digital transformation and
disrupt a variety of industries. The convergence of these three technologies will result in the birth of
new business models: Autonomous agents will operate as profit centres on their own. 1) that utilise
IoT in supply chain to build a digital twin, 2) use blockchain technology in supply chain to send and
receive money autonomously, and 3) and use AI in supply chain to make autonomous decisions as
independent economic agents. The influence of supply chains on society, the environment, and fi-
nancial success is immense, as is the establishment of autonomous business models and corporate
digital revolutions. With the right application of modern technologies, supply chains have more
potential to construct and support a sustainable future. By merging technologies such as IoT, AI, and
Blockchain, businesses can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, optimize routes, remove waste, ensure
efficient transactions with suppliers, improve worker safety, and limit hazards. A supply chain is
made up of many firms from one end to the other. These contracts are vulnerable to forgery. The
traceability of changing data is one of the major issues in supply chain systems. When compared to
traditional database management systems, the current cost of blockchain solutions is simply too high,
impeding commercial adoption. Current systems rely on the faith of persons involved in the supply
chain’s operation; this reliance on trust must be eliminated. Better blockchain technology, a me-
chanism to prevent any node from joining the supply chain network without permission, and the
McEliece cryptosystem for a more added security layer to IoT communication systems without the
use of any sophisticated or complicated systems are all included in the system.
The semantic-based technique of access control was taken to the next level of security in the
future, with the history of the user’s request and the development of fine-grained policies. With the
proposed system, which will be implemented with heterogeneous devices in a real social network,
other elements such as trust will be investigated.

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 2 Blockchain, IoT, and Artificial
Intelligence Technologies for
Supply Chain Management:
Bibliometric Analysis
Esra Ozmen
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey

Nurbahar Bora
Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute, Erzurum, Turkey

CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................19
2.2 Background of the Study .......................................................................................................20
2.2.1 Blockchain ..................................................................................................................20
2.2.2 Internet of Things (IoT) .............................................................................................21
2.2.3 Artificial Intelligence..................................................................................................21
2.2.4 Supply Chain Management (SCM) ........................................................................... 22
2.3 Related Works ........................................................................................................................22
2.4 Methodology...........................................................................................................................26
2.4.1 Research Design ......................................................................................................... 26
2.4.2 Data Collection...........................................................................................................26
2.4.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................27
2.5 Findings ..................................................................................................................................27
2.5.1 Co-Occurrence/Author Keywords..............................................................................27
2.5.2 Attribution/Sources ...................................................................................................30
2.5.3 Bibliographic Link/Country......................................................................................34
2.6 Discussion...............................................................................................................................37
2.7 Conclusion and Future Scope ................................................................................................39
References........................................................................................................................................ 39

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Business firms follow different strategies to have competitive advantage in the market. With the
development of technology, various systems and applications are utilized by enterprises for having
competitive advantage, survival, decision planning, management, and so on. Moreover, with the
emergence of Industry 4.0, it is seen that various concepts and systems have also emerged in the
use of technology by enterprises; for example, improved supply chain management systems
providing material, information, and money flow; artificial intelligence imitating human intelli-
gence; the Internet of Things, which enable physical objects to be connected with each other and
with larger systems are new concepts that have entered our life with the development of tech-
nology. In this chapter, a bibliometric analysis study has been conducted with 1558 metadatasets.

DOI: 10.1201/9781003264521-2 19
20 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

The data were collected in January 2022, via Scopus database. All research studies published
between 1995 and 2021 and including Blockchain, IoT, Al, or SCM keywords are listed. With the
bibliometric analysis it is possible to produce scientific maps that reveals relationships in inter-
disciplinary fields. This original study also aimed to contribute related literature, which requires
holistic bibliometric analysis covering these four areas. For data visualization, analysis was per-
formed using the VOSviewer tool. It is plausible to say that this study will be useful in terms of
providing an overview of the blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM literature and may guide researchers
who want to work in these fields. In addition, this research presents the analysis of Blockchain,
IoT, AI, and SCM research from a holistic perspective using bibliometric visualization techniques.
It contributes to researchers, institutions, and scientists who want to work in these fields, to reveal
and evaluate the effect of developing technological processes. This study is limited to the Scopus
database. Those who want to work in this field can examine the databases and find WoS, IEEE
Xplore, Google Scholar, etc.
In this chapter, it is aimed to contribute to the literature by subjecting the studies in the fields of
Blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM to a holistic bibliometric analysis. The execution of the study was
carried out in four main steps. Firstly, it was aimed to examine the current status of the studies in the
field of blockchain, IoT, AI, or SCM. Then, the databases with the studies on these fields were
searched. The data collection process was determined by deciding on the publication range of the
studies in the Scopus database. The bibliometric analysis step of the collected data was started by using
the VOSviewer tool. Details such as country, source, and keywords were discussed in the analysis
phase. The results were presented in light of the findings and various suggestions were included.
Within the scope of this chapter, the following objectives are expected to be achieved:

• To provide a systematic perspective on past, present, and future developments in

Blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM technologies.
• To fill the gap in the literature by providing bibliometric analysis of interdisciplinary fields.
• To guide future research on the course of technology and to contribute to the academic
literature.

Organization of Chapter: The chapter is organized as: Section 2.2 elaborates the background of
the study. Section 2.3 highlights the related works. Section 2.4 elaborates on the methodology.
Section 2.5 outlines the findings. Section 2.6 stresses the discussion. Section 2.7 concludes the
chapter with future scope.

2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

2.2.1 BLOCKCHAIN
There are many definitions in the literature about blockchain. For example, Beck [1] (2018) defined
it as a database that allows secure and consistent transactions by many nodes in the network. Zheng
et al. [2] (2017) defined blockchain as a data ledger. While the transactions approved in this data
ledger are stored in block lists, the data ledger grows as each block is added. In another definition
of blockchain, it is expressed as a part of a distributed software system to ensure data integrity [3].
According to Swan [4] (2015), blockchain is essentially a distributed database system that records
transaction data and information, secured by cryptography and managed by a consensus mecha-
nism. Looking at the definitions in the literature, blockchain can be technically expressed as a
combination of a distributed database and cryptographic algorithms. Blockchain technology has
evolved over time: Blockchain 1.0 in money transfer and payment systems in 2009, Blockchain
2.0, known as smart contracts in 2013, and Blockchain 3.0 in non-financial applications as of
2020 [5]. With the aforementioned development of blockchain, various classifications have been
made. In current classifications, there are public, private, and consortium blockchain categories [6].
IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 21

FIGURE 2.1 Blockchain Working Logic.

Blockchain offers various advantages such as preventing data loss and destruction, high level of
trust, and transparency. In addition to these advantages, there are also disadvantages such as
performance and user privacy [7]. The blockchain working logic conveyed by Crosby et al. [8]
(2016) is presented in Figure 2.1.

2.2.2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The introduction of the IoT concept into our lives was proposed in the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) Auto-ID laboratories in the early 1990s. However, the first IoT application
“Trojan Room coffee pot” was developed in 1999 [9]. In the same year, the world’s first Internet-
controlled device, a remote toaster, was developed [10]. However, the concept we call IoT is
located in the middle of the concepts of object, human, and Internet today. The Internet of Things
is defined as a network formed by connecting objects in the simplest sense [11]. In other words, it
can also mean that objects have communication with each other. The Internet of Things also refers
to the integration of the virtual world with objects, which has emerged with the development of
technology [12]. RFID, NFC, and wireless technologies have been extremely effective in the
development of the Internet of Things [13]. On the other hand, embedded intelligence, connection,
and interaction steps in the development of this technology should not be forgotten [14]. An
example of a high-level IoT architecture is presented in Figure 2.2 [15].

2.2.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Along with the industrial revolution, many developments have occurred in the field of technology.
Technology has helped to do countless jobs that humanity has been challenged or unable to do.
Artificial intelligence is among the technological innovations that started to do the work done
manually by humans. Artificial intelligence is the field of science and technology created with
computer programs and intelligent systems to perform various tasks and tasks that require human
22 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

FIGURE 2.2 An Example of a High-Level IoT Architecture.

intelligence [16]. Artificial intelligence, which is used more and more every day, is the most
important source of innovation today. Many places such as hotels, health care, restaurants, etc. can
be given as examples of fields where artificial intelligence services are employed [17,18].

2.2.4 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM)

Supply Chain is defined as a set of elements including suppliers, logistics services, manufacturers,
distributors, and retailers, and there is a flow of materials, products, and information among those
components [19]. Supply chain management, on the other hand, is the management of materials
and products from the supply of basic raw materials to the final product stage; it is a management
philosophy that focuses on how to exploit the process, competitive advantages, technology, and
capabilities. Supply chain management has some objectives such as increasing customer satis-
faction, shortening the cycle time, reducing costs, and product defects [20]. Supply chain man-
agement also includes processes such as customer relationship management, order processing,
demand management, purchasing, and product development [21,22]. The interrelationship of
blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM technologies is explained in Figure 2.3 [23].

2.3 RELATED WORKS

There are bibliometric studies in many fields in the literature. Related studies were reached by
querying the keywords “blockchain,” “IoT,” “AI,” “SCM,” and “bibliometric analysis” in WoS,
Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar research databases. In this section, related studies in
the literature are summarized.
Firdaus et al. [24] (2019) analyzed blockchain research activities with 1119 publications in the
Scopus database between 2013 and 2018 using bibliometric methods. The countries with the
highest number of publications in the field of blockchain were the United States, China, and
Germany respectively, while Singapore and Switzerland are the countries with the least number of
publications. On the other hand, in terms of the number of citations, it is seen that the publications
IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 23

FIGURE 2.3 The Interrelationship of Blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM Technologies.

originated from Singapore and Switzerland receive higher citations. In terms of keywords used in
the publication by authors, it is observed that blockchain, Bitcoin, privacy, smart contract, and
cryptocurrency were determined as the most used keywords. “Data privacy,” “digital storage,”
“data security,” “big data,” and “distributed databases” were determined as the most used cate-
gories in solving problems in blockchain. Miau and Yang [25] (2018) analyzed 801 publications
and blockchain technologies in the Scopus database related to blockchain technology with bib-
liometric methods. The countries with the most publications in the blockchain space are the United
States, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and China, respectively. “Bitcoin,” “blockchain,”
and “electronic money” are the most used keywords by the authors who publish these posts. It is
stated that the number of literatures on blockchain has increased. Blockchain research in the WoS
database was conducted by Alam et al. [26] (2022). In the bibliometric analysis, China and the
USA were determined as the countries that contributed the most to blockchain research. It is seen
that the blockchain is not only about informatics, but also operates in the fields of tele-
communications, commerce, trust, reputation, and law.
Guo et al. [27] (2021) analyzed the data collected from WoS database and CiteSpace with
VOSviewer analysis tools. It has been determined that the countries with the most publications in
24 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

the field of blockchain are China, the USA, and the United Kingdom, respectively. The USA is the
most cited country compared to other countries. The most popular journals are IEEE Access, IEEE
Journal of the Internet of Things, Next Generation Computer Systems, and Sensor and Applied
Science Basel. In addition, it was concluded that “smart contract,” “Bitcoin,” “security,”
“Ethereum,” and “cryptography” are the most used keywords, respectively. Luo et al. [28] (2021)
performed bibliometric analysis using the blockchain technology SciMat tool with 2993 publi-
cations in the WoS database. They concluded that China, USA, South Korea, England, and
Australia are the countries that broadcast the most, respectively. On the other hand, it is stated that
there are five groups of data sets: “Data Security and Privacy Protection,” “New Algorithms,”
“Features and Applications of Blockchain,” “New Technology Research,” and “Cloud Technology
Research.” Leong et al. [29] (2021) performed a bibliometric analysis of IoT technology studies on
the WoS database using VOSviewer. The most publications in the field of IoT have been seen as
The Technological Forecasting and Social Change. While the most cited journals were
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, the country with the highest number of publica-
tions in IoT studies was the USA. It is also found that “Internet of Things,” “model,” “technology,”
“adoption,” and “user acceptance” are the mostly used keywords by the authors. Katoch [30]
(2021) discussed studies in the fields of IoT, SCM, and logistics in the Scopus database. When the
journals were analyzed according to the number of publications, The International Journal of RF
Technologies Research took the first place. The country with the highest number of publications in
these fields was the USA. It has been seen that “RFID,” “SCM,” “IoT,” “logistics,” and “Industry
4.0” are the most used keywords.
In the study of Raza [31] (2022), research focused on RFID applications in the supply chain
were investigated on Scopus database. According to the findings, while China is the most pro-
ductive country, USA is the most cited country in this field. The International Journal of
Production Economics became the most widely published journal. When the keywords are ex-
amined, it is seen that the most used keywords are “supply chain management,” “radio frequency
identification,” and “supply chains.” It is stated that machine learning, IoT, and blockchain
technologies benefit from supply chain and RFID technologies. Examining the IoT technology in
the WoS database, Wang et al. [32] (2021) reported that the journal with the highest number of
publications in the study was IEEE Access; it has been a sensor magazine. On the other hand, he
stated that China is the most cited country. Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, man-
agement, and security appear to be the most used keywords. In the bibliometric analysis study
conducted by Niu et al. [33] (2016) about artificial intelligence on the WoS database. Expert
Systems with Applications was the journal with the most publications in the study. When the
journals were examined in terms of the number of citations, artificial intelligence took the first
place. The country that produces the most in this field is the USA. When the keywords are ex-
amined, there are “artificial intelligence (AI),” “artificial neural network (ANN),” “genetic algo-
rithm (GA),” “expert system (IT IS),” and “optimization.” Gao and Ding [34] (2022) performed
bibliometric analysis about artificial intelligence in WoS, Scopus, and Derwent Innovation Index
(DII) databases. They reported that USA, China, England, Germany, and Spain have higher of
publications. In the bibliometric analysis, areas of expertise were determined by focusing on three
clusters named random forest, deep learning, and machine learning.
Zeba et al. [35] (2021) discussed the applications of artificial intelligence in the manufacturing
sector in the WoS database. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer and WordStat
analysis tools. The most used keywords in 1979–2010 were “artificial intelligence,” “production
system,” “neural networks,” “flexible manufacturing system,” “expert systems,” “petri nets,”
“control system,” and “decision support.” In 2011–2019, it is stated as artificial intelligence, neural
networks, production system, machine learning, smart manufacturing, cyber-physics, genetic al-
gorithms, and deep learning. The journal that ranked first in terms of citations in 2019 was
International Journal of Production Research. Riahi et al. [36] (2021) conducted bibliometric
analysis using RStudio mapping software in their artificial intelligence-based supply chain research
IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 25

in the Scopus database. International Journal of Production Research ranks first in terms of
number of journals. The countries with the most publications are the United States and the United
Kingdom. Sharma et al. [37] (2022) demonstrated artificial intelligence research in SCM. The
keyword supply chain management ranked first. In SCM and AI research, it was concluded that
there is a relationship with smart agent and inventory control issues. It was concluded that
“supplier selection” in SCM and “genetic algorithms” in artificial intelligence are widely used.
Zekhnin et al. [23] (2020) covered SCM searches in the Scopus, Elsevier, Emerald, Taylor &
Francis, Springer, IEEE, and Google Scholar databases. It has been seen that the USA is the first
country in terms of publishing research in the field of SCM. Supply Chain Management: An
International Journal is the most popular one having the highest number of studies about the topic.
In addition, “SMC,” “supply chain,” and “blockchain” are the most used keywords. Marty [38]
(2022) used BibExcel and Gephi software for supply chain management research in Scopus and
WoS databases. It has been seen that the USA ranks first in terms of the number of publications.
International Journal of Production Economics took the first place in terms of publication
quantity. It is seen that the keywords “supply chain management,” “integration,” “sector,” and
“logistics” are the most common ones.
Kamran et al. [39] (2020) revealed the concept of BIot by analyzing blockchain and iodine
research with bibliometric methods, with 151 publications in the WoS database between 2008 and
2019 (April). In BIot research, the journals with the most publications are listed as IEEE Access,
Sensors, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Future Generation Computer
Systems, and The International Journal of eScience. The countries with the most publications in
this field were China and the USA, respectively. When the author keywords are examined, it is
seen that the results of “security,” “smart contracts,” “computing,” “privacy,” and “smart city” are
reached, respectively. In the study conducted by Szum [40] (2021), VOSviewer analysis tool was
used with 1019 publications in WoS, Scopus and IEEE Xplore databases between 2012 and 2021
and the author analyzed IoT-based smart city research with bibliometric methods. The countries
with the most broadcasts in the field of IoT-based smart city were determined as India, United
States, and China, respectively. IEEE Internet of Things Journal ranks first among the most widely
published journals, with Sensor second andIEEE Access third. Author keywords were analyzed in
five cluster titles. The words specified are “IoT application domains in smart cities,” “IoT archi-
tecture for smart cities,” “energy,” “security-privacy,” and “data.”
Çiğdem [41] (2021) used the R analysis tool in her study with 8036 publications in the WoS
database between 1991 and 2021. Author analyzed research on digital transformation of the supply
chain using bibliometric methods. China ranked first with the most publications in this field, and
USA took the second place. USA ranks first in terms of number of citations, while China ranks
second. International Journal of Production Economics ranks first in terms of citations and
publications, while International Journal of Production Research ranks second. When the author
keywords are examined, it is seen that the keywords “RFID,” “IoT,” “blockchain,” “sustain-
ability,” and “big data” are used intensively, respectively. Zhang et al. [42] (2020) used R and
VOSviewer analysis tools with 777 publications in the Scopus database in (2012-2019) and
analyzed big data and sustainable supply chain management research with bibliometric methods.
The first country with the most publications in these fields was the USA, while the second was
China. Sustainability ranks first among the most popular magazines, while Lecture Notes in
Computer Science is second. Advances in Intelligent System and Computing ranks third. “Big
data,” “sustainability,” “supply chain management,” “big data analysis,” and “supply chains” were
used for author keywords, respectively.
In summary, it is understood that the number of publications in the field of blockchain is quite
high in the USA and China. IEEE Access is the most popular journal; blockchain and Bitcoin seem
to be the most used keywords. In the field of IoT, it is also seen that the number of publications
made in the USA and China is quite high. It can be inferenced that The Technological Forecasting
and Social Change and IEEE Access are among the most popular journals, and IoT and RFID are
26 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

the most used keywords. Applied Expert Systems: International Journal of Production Research
has become the most popular journal in the field of artificial intelligence with its numerous
publications in the USA. It is seen that “artificial intelligence” is the most commonly used key-
word. It is seen that the number of publications in the USA in the field of SCM is high, Supply
Chain Management: An International Journal is the most popular journal, and “SCM” and “supply
chain” are the most used keywords.

2.4 METHODOLOGY
In order to fill the gap in the literature about Blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM with a holistic
bibliometric analysis and provide the interaction between developing technologies from a holistic
perspective, a bibliometric analysis was conducted in this study. This chapter focus on the fol-
lowing research questions:

• Which countries, journals, and author keywords are included in Blockchain, IoT, AI, and
SCM research?
• Which countries and journals are mostly cited in Blockchain, IoT, AI, and SCM
researches?
• How are these areas related to each other over time?

2.4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Bibliometric analysis is one of the quantitative research methods that helps to analyze publications.
With this analysis, it is possible to clearly display and visualize the interactions and performances
of different disciplines [27]. Lists of countries, authors, institutions, journals, keywords, etc. help
to visualize the relationships between them using scientific maps [43].

2.4.2 DATA COLLECTION

Within the scope of this research, data collection was carried out on 23 January 2022 via the Scopus
database. In this context, research published in English languages between the years 1995 and 2021,
having the keywords “Blockchain,” “IoT,” “AI,” and “SCM” in part of the “title,” “abstract,” and
“keywords” were queried. The listed 1558 researches were incorporated in this study. The metadata
set was obtained in “.csv” format and the data collection process was completed. Scopus, which has
been in existence since 2004, is a database that holds close to 69 million records, serving many
researchers in the social, health, life, and physical sciences [43]. The query used in the data collection
process is given below. The steps followed in the study are shown in Figure 2.4.

FIGURE 2.4 Data Collection Process.

IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 27

FIGURE 2.5 Data Analysis Process.

Query: TITLE-ABS-KEY (((“Blockchain” OR “IoT” OR “Internet of Things” OR “Artificial

Intelligence” OR “AI”) AND (“SCM” OR “Supply Chain Management”)))

2.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS

There are many analysis tools with different features for the realization of bibliometric analysis.
Within the scope of this research, bibliometric analysis was performed using the open source
VOSviewer software developed by Leiden University (Netherlands) for the analysis of the
data [44]. With VOSviewer, it is possible to create nodes according to the size of the data, repetition
of nodes, and data visualization according to the level of interaction between nodes [45]. The
bibliometric analysis of the data was completed with Co-Occurrence-Author Keywords,
Citation-Sources, and Bibliographic Coupling-Countries. The data analysis process is presented
in Figure 2.5.

2.5 FINDINGS
The findings obtained within the scope of the study were discussed in three categories: the author,
the journals cited, and the countries where the study was conducted.

2.5.1 CO-OCCURRENCE/AUTHOR KEYWORDS

When the publications on the use of Blockchain, IoT, and artificial intelligence technologies in
supply chain management are examined, “co-occurrence-author keywords” were chosen to
determine the most used author keywords in the VOSviewer analysis tool. The minimum number
of repetitions for each keyword is set at five. In total, 147 out of 3252 keywords were found to be
related to each other. The analysis process was provided by including only one of the same ex-
pressions with the same meaning and spelling. The analysis process was completed by visualizing
108 data as seven clusters. Table 2.1 shows the 20 most repeated keywords.
When Table 2.1 is examined, it is seen that “block chain” is the most used keyword with the
highest connection strength (853). “Supply chain management” is second place, and “Internet of
28 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

TABLE 2.1
Related Keywords Used in Studies
Keywords Occurrences Total Link Strength
Blockchain 489 853
Supply Chain Management 414 722
Internet of Things 215 335
Industry 4.0 92 160
Rfid 77 97
Traceability 63 162
Smart Contract 58 144
Sustainability 53 124
Logistics 49 110
Smart Contracts 41 97
Big Data 38 75
Artificial Intelligence 37 60
Cloud Computing 33 63
Security 30 79
Machine Learning 29 61
Distributed Ledger 28 69
Transparency 27 74
Trust 23 64
Ethereum 23 60
Distributed Ledger Technology 18 45

Things” in third place. Although “Industry 4.0” is the fourth most used keyword, it is seen that it
ranks fifth in terms of connection strength (160). Figure 2.6 includes the most commonly used
keywords related to each other in studies.
The author keywords that emerged as a result of the bibliometric analysis are presented in
Figure 2.6. It seems that “blockchain” ranks first as the keyword with the most used formations (489)

FIGURE 2.6 Related Author Keywords in the Top 10.

IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 29

FIGURE 2.7 “Co-Occurrence-Author Keywords” Analysis (Network Visualization) in Supply Chain

Management of Blockchain, IoT, and Artificial Intelligence Technologies.

and the highest connection strength (853), while “Supply Chain Management” ranks second as the
keyword with occurrences (414) and connection strength (722). On the other hand, “Internet of
Things” ranks third as the keyword with occurrences (215) and connection strength (335), while
“Industry 4.0” occurrences (92) ranks fifth in terms of connection strength (160), although it is the
fourth keyword. “RFID” is the fifth keyword for occurrences (77), while it ranks eleventh in terms of
link strength (97).
Figure 2.7 shows “network visualization” links for co-author keywords. It is clear that there are
strong ties between the keywords questioned for the four disciplines. Large or small circles indicate
strong and weak relationships among others keywords. A total of 108 keywords are divided into
seven clusters. It is understood that there is an intense interaction between the clusters. The keywords
“supply chain management” (cluster 1), Fig 2.7 “blockchain” (cluster 2), and “Internet of Things”
(cluster 1) are represented by the largest circles.
In cluster 1 (28 keywords), “game theory,” “Industry 4.0,” “IoT,” “RFID,” “tedarik zinciri
yönetimi,” etc. keywords are included. Cluster 2 includes (19 keywords), “3D Printing,” “AHP,”
“drones,” “TOPSIS,” etc. keywords. In Cluster 3, 16 keywords such as “Bitcoin,” “blockchain,”
“cryptocurrency,” “Ethereum,” etc. are displayed. Cluster 4 has 14 keywords: “cybersecurity,”
“interoperability,” “machine learning,” and “sensors”. In Cluster 5 (12 keywords), “information
technology,” “innovation,” “technology adoption,” “technology management,” etc. keywords are
included. Cluster 6 caps 10 keywords such as “artificial intelligence,” “big data,” “cloud com-
puting,” and “e-commerce.” And in Cluster 7 (9 keywords), “traceability,” “transparency,” “trust,”
“visibility,” etc. are represented. The clusters and frequently used words obtained as a result of the
analysis are listed below.

Total 108 Products (7 Clusters)

1. CLUSTER 1 (Items 28): case study, coordination, cyber-physical systems, digital supply
chain, digital technologies, digital transformation, EPC, food supply chain, game theory,
30 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

green supply chain management, healthcare, industry 4.0, IoT, logistics, logistics man-
agement, management, performance, procurement, RFID, risk analysis, simulation, smart
cities, smart factory, smart grid, smart logistics, smart supply chain management, supply
chain management, wireless sensor networks.
2. CLUSTER 2 (Items 19): 3D printing, additive manufacturing, agriculture supply chain,
AHP, partnership, COVID-19, decentralization, dematel, digital economy, digitization,
drones, information sharing, integration, risk management, supply chain finance, supply
chain resilience, supply chain risk management, sustainable supply chain, topsis.
3. CLUSTER 3 (Items 16): Bitcoin, blockchain, consensus, cryptocurrency, data integrity,
distributed ledger, Ethereum, hyper notebookmaterial, IPFS, privacy, product traceability,
flexibility, scalability, security, smart contract.
4. CLUSTER 4 (Items 14): cyber security, data analytics, data management, data mining,
high-throughput video coding(HEVC), industrial Internet of things, information security,
interoperability, machine learning, resource, screen content coding (SCC), sensors, smart
manufacturing, standards.
5. CLUSTER 5 (Items 12): adoption, barriers, challenges, circular economy, information
technology, innovation, sustainable development, technology, technology adoption,
technology management, utaut, value chain.
6. CLUSTER 6 (Items 10): agriculture, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, e-
commerce, ERP, food safety, network analysis, operations management, optimization.
7. Cluster 7 (Items 9): design science research, supply chain integration, supply chain
performance, sustainable, sustainable supply chain management, traceability, transpar-
ency, trust, visibility.

2.5.2 ATTRIBUTION/SOURCES
Taking into account the relevant publications on the use of Blockchain, IoT, and Artificial
Intelligence technologies, in supply chain management, the “common citation sources,” a selection
was made to determine the most cited journals in the VOSviewer analysis tool.
When the cited journals are examined, the number of repetitions of the publications has been
determined as at least five. In total, 56 out of 769 journals were found to be interrelated. Only one
of the same expressions with the same meaning and spelling was included in the process to do the
analysis. The analysis was completed by visualizing 56 journals as 12 clusters. The top 20 most
cited journals are presented in Table 2.2.
In Table 2.2, International Journal of Production Research ranks first as the most cited journal.
International Journal of Information Management second, Sustainability (Switzerland) third, IEEE
Access fourth, and Supply Chain Management is fifth.
In Figure 2.8, the most cited journals as a result of the bibliometric analysis are shown.
International Journal of Production Research ranks first with the highest number of citations
(2918) and total link strength (241), and fourth with the number of publications (30). It seems that
International Journal of Information Management is second in citation count (1436), third in total
link strength (154), and and 19th in terms of number of publications (12). Sustainability
(Switzerland) ranks third with the number of citations (974), second with the total connection
strength (239), and first with the number of publications (69). IEEE Access ranks fourth (951) in
terms of number of citations, fifth (127) in terms of total link strength, and third (10) in terms of
number of publications. Supply Chain Management ranks fifth in citation count (880), fourth in
total link strength (138), and 25th according to the number of publications (10).
“Density Visualization” links of cited journals are shown in Figure 2.9. When examined in
general, it is understood that there are strong connections between the journals questioned for the
four disciplines. More or less density indicates strong and weak relationships between other
journals. While it is seen that there is an intense interaction between the four clusters, it is
IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 31

TABLE 2.2
Most Cited Journal List
Source Documents Quotes Total Connection
Strength
International Journal of Production Research 30 2918 241
International Journal of Information Management 12 1436 154
Sustainability (Switzerland) 69 974 239
IEEE Access 31 951 127
Supply chain management 10 880 138
Computer and Industrial Engineering 11th 829 79
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and 11th 524 77
Transportation Study
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 13 498 53
International Journal of Production Economics 16 465 69
Cleaner Production Magazine 9 258 11th
Procedia Manufacturing 7 208 13
Industrial Management and Data Systems 9 187 35
Sensors (Switzerland) 6 187 7
Electronics (Switzerland) 5 185 16
International Journal of Logistics Research 6 180 26
and Applications
European Journal of Operations Research 6 162 5
Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9 151 27
Computer Science Lecture Notes (Including 30 132 2
Artificial Intelligence Subseries Lecture Notes
and Bioinformatics Lecture Notes)
Journal of Business Logistics 6 132 9
Computers in Industry 5 130 16

FIGURE 2.8 Top 10 Most Cited Journals.

32 Blockchain, IOT and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management

FIGURE 2.9 Journals that are not related to each other are listed below. Those, Eaı/Springer Innovations in
communication and Computing, Proceeding of the International, Intelligence Systems Reference, 2020 13 th
International Colloquium, Journal of Physics: Conference, Wit Transactions on Information, Applied
Mechanics and Material, Iclem 2014: System Planning.

understood that there is no interaction between the eight clusters. Interactive logs between the four
clusters are presented in Figure 2.10.
“Network visualization” links of linked and cited journals are shown in Figure 2.10. It is
understood that there are strong connections between the journals questioned for the four disciplines.
Large or small circles indicate that other cited journals have strong and weak relationships. Among a
total of 56 journals, Sustainability (Switzerland) cluster 1, International Journal of Information

FIGURE 2.10 “Co-Citation-Sources” Analysis (Network Visualization) in Blockchain Supply Chain

Management, IoT, and Artificial Intelligence Technologies.
IT For SCM: Bibliometric Analysis 33

Management” cluster 2, Computer and Industrial Engineering cluster 3, and International Journal of
Production Research (cluster 6) are marked with large circles.
In the cluster 1 (16 magazines), Electronics (Switzerland), Supply Chain Management, “Sustain-
ability (Switzerland), Technological Foresight and Social Change, etc. are the most cited journals. In
the cluster 2 (12 magazines), International Journal of Information Management, Applied Sciences
(Switzerland), IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering
Management, Ifac-Papersonline, etc. are seen as the most cited journals. The most cited journals in the
cluster 3 (11 journals) are Computer and Industrial Engineering, Industrial Management and Data
Systems, Journal of Business Logistics, Computer Science Lecture Notes (Including Artificial
Intelligence Sub-Series Lecture Notes and Bioinformatics Lecture Notes). In the cluster 6, nine
magazines, like International Journal of Manufacturing Research, European Journal of Operations
Research, International Journal of Manufacturing Economics, Transportation Research Part E:
Logistics and Transportation Review, etc. are the most cited journals. The clusters and frequently used
words obtained as a result of the analysis are listed below.

Total 56 Products (12 Clusters)

1. CLUSTER (items 16): communications in computer and information science, com-

puting in industry, electronics (Switzerland), IEEE transactions on engineering, ad-
vances in knowledge, international logistics research journal, international supply chain
management journal, cleaner production journal, institute lecture notes, operations and
supply chain management, ongoing manufacturing, production planning and control,
sensors (Switzerland), supply chain management,sustainability (Switzerland), techno-
logical forecasting and social change.
2. CLUSTER (items 12): ACM international conference minutes, smart systems and
developments in computing, appliedsciences (Switzerland), CEUR workshop progression,
IEEE access, IEEE international conferences, online impact articles, international knowl-
edge management journal, lop conference series: earth and environmental science, lecture
notes on commercial computing, lecture notes on electrical engineering, continuation of
annual Hawaii international meeting systems science conferences.
3. CLUSTER (Items 11): computers and industrial engineering, industrial management
and data systems, international journal of advanced computer sciences and application,
journal of business logistic, journal of enterprise information management, lecture notes
in computer science (including subseries lecture notes in artificial intelligence and
lecture notes in bioinformatics), lecture notes in mechanical engineering, lecture notes in
networks and systems, Procedia computer sciences, proceeding of the international
conference on industrial engineering and operations management, wireless personal
communications.
4. CLUSTER (Items 9): advanced materials research, annals of operations research,
European journal of operational research, international journal of production economics,
international journal of production research, international journal of recent technology,
pervasive health pervasive computing technologies for healthcare, smart innovation sys-
tems and technology, transportation research part logistics and transportation review.
5. CLUSTER (Item 1): 2020 IEEE 13th International colloquium of logistic.
6. CLUSTER (Item 1): applied mechanics and materials.
7. CLUSTER (Item 1): springer innovation.
8. CLUSTER (Item 1): journal of physics, conference.
9. CLUSTER (Item 1): proceeding of the international.
10. CLUSTER (Item 1): operations related to information.
11. CLUSTER (Item 1): ICLEM item 2014; system planning.
12. CLUSTER (Item 1): intelligent systems reference library.
Other documents randomly have
different content
Ship on the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche [p. 423]: Jordan, Ann. dell'
Inst., vol. 44 (1872), pp. 20-26; Visconti, Fronte di Sarcofago con
Tritoni e navi, Bull. Com., vol. 1 (1872-1873), pp. 255-269; cf. Cic.
De Sen. XIX. 71. Petronius (Sat. LXXI.) humorously represents
Trimalchio as ordering 'ships under full sail' among the carvings of
his tomb.
Inscription of Salvius [p. 426]: found, according to C. I. L. X. 1032,
beside the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche; but we have the testimony of
Bonucci (Pompéi, 1830, p. 37) to the effect that it was found in the
niche where it now is, where it exactly fits the cavity. The mistake in
the Corpus may have arisen from a misunderstanding of the report
of the excavation, which is now unfortunately lost.
M. Alleius Luccius Libella [p. 426]: the name was originally Luccius
Libella, with what praenomen is not clear; but Luccius Libella
married the daughter of M. Alleius (M. Alleius Nigidius Maius?) and
was adopted by him, assuming his praenomen and nomen, so that
the full name took the form given in the inscription. The son
dropped the original nomen Luccius, and was called simply M. Alleius
Libella. In like manner the name of the son of D. Lucretius Satrius
Valens became D. Lucretius Valens [p. 222].

CHAPTER LI. BURIAL PLACES NEAR THE NOLA, STABIAN, AND

NOCERA GATES
Burial places near the Nola Gate [p. 429]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist.,
vol. 2, pp. 594-597; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 480-483.
Graves east of the Stabian Road [p. 429]—earlier finds: Fiorelli,
Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1. pt. 1, pp. 11-12, 14, 42, 46-48, 50, 51-52; C.
I. L. X. 1047-1062; Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), p. 226, 7. Later
finds: Not. d. scavi, 1893, pp. 333-335, 1894, pp. 15-16, 382-385,
1897, pp. 275-276; Mau, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol.
9 (1894). pp. 62-65. vol. 10 (1895), pp. 156-159.
Tombs near the Stabian Gate [p. 430]: Not. d. scavi. 1889, pp. 280-
281, 368-369, 406-410, 1890, pp. 44-45, 165; Mau, Scavi fuori porta
Stabiana, Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 277-284. The inscriptions
are given also in Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 87-88 (nos. 318, 325,
327, 330).
Tombs near the Amphitheatre [p. 431]: Not. d. scavi, 1886, pp. 334-
337, 1887, pp. 33-40, 452-458; Mau, Sepolcri della via Nucerina,
Röm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 120-149. For the inscriptions, see also
Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 88-90 (320, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332);
advertisement of the stray horse, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3, p. 145.
Desecration of tombs near Rome [p. 436]: Lanciani, The Destruction
of Ancient Rome, pp. 89-98.

CHAPTER LII. ARCHITECTURE

Doric frieze with red metopes [p. 441]: there is a similar frieze in the
house VII. III. 31; see Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 97.

CHAPTER LIII. SCULPTURE

Of the sculptures found at Pompeii: Very few of the sculptures
unearthed at Pompeii are treated or reproduced in the
comprehensive works on ancient sculpture. The more important
statues and reliefs found prior to 1865, as well as those discovered
in Herculaneum, are published in the Real Museo Borbonico, with
descriptive text; see the Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 8-34. They
are reproduced also by Roux, with descriptive text by Barré,
Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 6 and 7 (first part). These engravings,
while in many cases faulty, are often serviceable to students at a
distance in the identification of photographs, which are easily
obtained through the Naples dealers. The better terra-cottas are
published by Von Rohden, Die Terracotten von Pompeji (Stuttgart,
1880). A somewhat fuller treatment of Pompeian sculpture is given
in Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 532-563.
Heads of Epicurus, Demosthenes, and Callimachus [p. 447]: Mau,
Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 242-243; Brizio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 45
(1873), pp. 98-106; Mommsen and Robert, Archäologische Zeitung,
1880, pp. 32-36; Comparetti, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni (Torino,
1883), pp. 33-53, pl. III, nos. 4, 7, 8; Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, pp.
89-96; for other references, see Helbig, Führer durch die öffentlichen
Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2, 2 vols., Leipzig,
1899), vol. 1, p. 319, no. 476.
Busts of Virgil and Horace [p. 448] (found in October, 1868):
Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 1 (1868), p. 133
and pl. 1; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 164;
Bernoulli, Römische Ikonographie, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 127,
192; Helbig, Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer
Altertümer in Rom (Edit. 2), vol. 1, pp. 355-356. A further reason
why Brutus cannot be represented in the Naples bust is that the
similar bust in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (Helbig, op. cit., no.
536) shows a person well on in years, while the prominence of
Brutus lasted only for a brief period, and it is not likely that there
should be preserved to us portraits representing him at periods so
entirely different. Susa mosaic: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, serie 4, vol. 24 (Paris, 1896), pp. 578-
581 and pl. after p. 580; Gauckler, Les Mosaïques virgiliennes de
Sousse, Monuments et Mémoires publiées par l'Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 4 (Fondation Piot, 1897), pp. 233-
234; Fowler, Portraits of Virgil, School Review, vol. 6 (1898), pp.
598-605; Archäologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst.,
vol. 13 (1898), p. 114.
Aphrodite and Spes [p. 450]: Mau, Bull, dell' Inst., 1873, pp. 233-
235.
Artemis [p. 450]: often reproduced, as Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 8;
Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 76, 77; Brunn and Bruckmann,
Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, no. 356.
Identification with Artemis Laphria (Paus. VII. XVIII. 9): Studniczka,
Die archaische Artemis-statuette aus Pompeii, Röm. Mitth., vol. 3
(1888), pp. 277-302, and pl. 10; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture
grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 656-657.
Dancing satyr [p. 450]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 42; Roux,
Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 6, pl. 59; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp.
549-551.
Silenus carrying frame with glass vase [p. 451]: Museo Borb., vol.
16, pl. 29; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 159;
Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, p. 552.
Listening Dionysus [p. 452]: Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, 1862, p.
60 and pl. 14; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 158-
159; Benndorf, Sulla statua Pompeiana creduta di Narcisso, Ann. dell'
Inst., vol. 38 (1866), pp. 107-113; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 552-
555; Hauser, Narcisso, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 113-118;
Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 451-453;
Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 28; Brunn and Bruckmann, Denkmäler, no.
384. Hauser in the article cited makes it appear probable that the
figure had originally a somewhat different pose; the right foot rested
flat upon the base, the left only on the heel, so that the body,
instead of leaning forward, was slightly bent back. The present pose,
however, was given to the figure in antiquity; according to G.
Patroni, the wedge of lead under the right foot was in its present
place when the statuette was discovered.
Ephebus of 1900 [p. 453]: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 584-587 (7
illustrations); Sogliano, L'efebo in bronzo rinvenuto in Pompei, Mon.
dei Lincei, vol. 10 (1901), pp. 641-654, pl. 16-26. This statue is
assigned to the Roman period by Waldstein, The Monthly Review,
1901, pp. 125-126, and Petersen, Röm. Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), p. 96.

CHAPTER LIV. PAINTING. WALL DECORATION

Technique of Pompeian painting: Donner, Die erhaltenen antiken
Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung, printed as an introduction
to Helbig's Wandgemälde (see Chap. LV.), pp. I—CXXVII; Mau,
Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882;
with atlas of 20 plates).
Specimen illustrations: Many entire walls as well as single paintings
are reproduced in color in the extensive works by Zahn, Die
schönsten Ornamente und merkwürdigsten Gemälde aus Pompeji,
Herkulanum und Stabiae, nebst einigen Grundrissen und Ansichten
(Mit deutschem und französischem Text. Drei Abtheilungen in 30
Heften, 302 Tafeln. Berlin, 1827-1859); and Niccolini, Le case ed i
monumenti di Pompei designati e descritti (Naples, 1854-1901). Both
works are rarely found complete, and the plates of the second in
particular leave much to be desired in respect to drawing as well as
coloring; it has therefore been thought best not to encumber these
notes with detailed references to them. A number of walls are shown
also by Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi (8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 1
(108 plates), and by D'Amelio, Dipinti Murali di Pompei, Naples, 1888.
Professor Mau has in preparation a new work on wall decoration
which will be illustrated by colored plates similar to those in the atlas
to his Wandmalerei. The sources of the illustrations in this and the
following chapter are given in our List of Illustrations, p. xxv.
Preparation of the wall [p. 456]: Vitr. VII. III; cf. also Middleton, The
Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols. London, 1892), vol. 1, pp. 91-103.
Decoration of the house of Lucretius [p. 457]: see references on p.
528.
The four styles of decoration [p. 457]: suggestive critical comments
by Wickhoff, Roman Art (English trans. by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong,
London, 1900), pp. 117 ff.; but see the review of the German
original by Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 227-235.
Decoration of the second style in Rome [p. 462]—house of
Germanicus on the Palatine: Mau, Due pareti d'una stanza sul
Palatino, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 52 (1880), pp. 136-149, and Mon. dell'
Inst., vol. 11, pl. 22-23; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp.
196-205 and pl. 9. House in the Farnesina garden: Not. d. Scavi,
1879, pp. 15, 40, 68, 114, 141, 179-180, 267, 314, 333, 1880, pp.
32, 127-128, 138-140, and pl. 4 (plan); Mau, Parete dipinta della
casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol.
54 (1882), pp. 301-308; Hülsen, Fregio dipinta nella casa antica
scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, ibid., pp. 309-314; Mau, Pitture
della casa antica scoperta nella villa Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol.
56 (1884), pp. 307-322, vol. 57 (1885), pp. 302-318; Mon. dell'
Inst., vol. 11, pl. 44-48, vol. 12, pl. 5, 5 a, 7, 7 a, 8, 17-34;
Supplemento (1891), pl. 32-36; especially Lessing and Mau, Wand-
und Deckenschmuck eines römischen Hauses aus der Zeit des
Augustus (Berlin, 1891; with 16 plates from the same blocks as
those in the Mon. dell' Inst.); Helbig, Führer durch die Sammlungen
klassischer Altertümer in Rom, vol. 2, pp. 226-223, nos. 1107-1108,
1119-1122, 1124, 1129-1136, 1141-1144, 1146-1148, 1151.

CHAPTER LV. THE PAINTINGS

Of the paintings in general: the paintings discovered prior to 1868
are described, with references to the literature, by W. Helbig,
Wandgemälde der vom Vesuv verschütteten Städte Campaniens
(Nebst einer Abhandlung über die antiken Wandmalereien in
Technischer Beziehung, von Otto Donner, Leipzig, 1868); those
discovered after the publication of Helbig's work and before 1880, by
Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane scoverte negli anni 1867-1879
(supplemento all' opera dell' Helbig, Naples, 1879. Published also in
the volume, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio, for which
see p. 513); those that have come to light since 1879 are described
by Mau in his reports (see note to Chap. IV) and in the Notizie degli
scavi; cf. also Helbig, Untersuchungen über die campanische
Wandmalerei (Leipzig, 1873). Besides the reproductions of paintings
by Zahn and Niccolini mentioned above (p. 544), the more important
examples are published in the Real Museo Borbonico (see Index at
the end of vol. 16, pp. 37-58); Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vols. 1-
5 (Paris, 1840); Rochette, Choix de peintures de Pompéi, la plupart
de sujet historique (lithographiées en couleur par M. Roux, et
publiées ... par M. Raoul-Rochette; 7 livraisons in fol., Paris, 1844-
1853, incomplete); Presuhn, Pompeji, Die neuesten Ausgrabungen
von 1874 bis 1881 (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1882; 80 chromolithograph
plates); and in other works the titles of which are easily accessible in
Furchheim's Bibliografia. The colored plates presented by Niccolini,
Arte Pompeiana Monumenti scelti (a selection of 55 plates from the
larger work, Naples, 1888), give a false idea of the paintings
reproduced.
No evidence of development in composition or technique [p. 471]:
cf. Wickhoff, Roman Art, pp. 139 ff.
Hercules and Antaeus [p. 472]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 101;
Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, no. 495.
Mosaic pictures on the floor [p. 472]: as in the house of the Faun;
see references on p. 533. For the Pompeian mosaics in general, see
Gli ornati delle pareti ed i pavimenti delle stanze dell' antica Pompei,
3 vols. Naples, 1796-1808, vols. 1 and 2; Museo Borb., Index at the
end of vol. 16, pp. 35-37; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 5 (latter
part, 32 plates).
Group of Admetus and Alcestis in architectural framework [p. 473]:
Sogliano, op. cit., no. 506.
Seafights [p. 474]: Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1576-1580 (those of
the Macellum are shown in a colored plate by Mazois, Les ruines de
Pompéi, vol. 3, pl. 46); Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 56, nos. 113-
116, and Sogliano, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), p. 310, fig. 33; cf.
also Sogliano op. cit., nos. 669-670.
Xenia [p. 474]: Vitr. VI. VII (X) 4; Helbig, Wandegemälde, nos. 1661-
1718. For fig. 266 cf. Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38; Helbig, no. 1690.
Landscapes [p. 475]: Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 3 (end; 30
plates); Helbig, Wandgemälde, pp. 385-394; Sogliano, op. cit., pp.
141-144.
Tadius, Ludius [p. 475]: Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 116. In Mayhoff's text
(vol. 5, 1897) the name is given as Studius. Cf. Helbig, Beiträge zur
Erklärung der campanischen Wandbilder. Rhein. Mus., vol. 25 (1870),
pp. 393-407. Decoration of the villa at Prima Porta: Brunn, Scavi di
Prima Porta, Bull. dell' Inst., 1863, pp. 81-86; Antike Denkmäler des
Kaiserlich deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 1 (1890), pl. 11,
24.
Group of musicians [p. 476]: Museo Borb., vol. 1, pl. 30; Helbig,
Wandegemälde, no. 1442.
Paquius Proculus and his wife [p. 477]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 204;
Sogliano, op. cit., no. 673.
Busts of youths with the names of Homer and Plato [pp. 477-478]:
found in 1892 in the tablinum of the small house joined to the house
of the Silver Wedding [fig. 146, δ]; reproduced, with fuller
description, Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 19-23.
Paintings of Achilles in the house of Castor and Pollux [p. 478]:
Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1297, 1307.
Scenes of combat [p. 478]—Hercules, from Herculaneum: Pitture di
Ercolano, vol. 3, pl. 47, p. 247; ibid., vol. 4, pl. 5, p. 27; and Museo
Borb., vol. 11, pl. 9; Helbig, Wandgemälde, nos. 1124, 1125.
Meleager and the boar: Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 40, 382;
Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 508, 509. Achilles and the fleeing Troilus: Bull.
dell' Inst., 1868, p. 37; Helbig, Wandgemälde, pp. 460-461; cf. also
Sogliano, op. cit., no. 548. Combat between warrior and Amazon:
Bull. dell' Inst., 1871, p. 204; Sogliano, op. cit., no. 547, cf. also no.
548.
Io and Argus, Io in Egypt [p. 479]: Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 12, vol.
10, pl. 2; Roux, Herculanum et Pompéi, vol. 2, pl. 59; Helbig,
Wandgemälde, nos. 131, 138. Cf. Braun, Elenco dei monumenti
rappresentanti il mito di Io, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 328-
330, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 59.
Hecuba [p. 479]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1877, p. 13; Mau, Ettore riportato a
Troia, pittura paretaria di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 49 (1877), pp.
268-279, and pl. O, P (colored, at the end of the volume); Sogliano,
op. cit., no. 579.
Narcissus, Polyphemus, Apollo, and Admetus [pp. 479-480]: Helbig,
Wandgemälde, nos. 1338-1367, Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 586-592;
Helbig, nos. 220-222, 1048.
Idyllic pictures [p. 480]—Selene and Endymion: Helbig,
Wandgemälde, nos. 950-962; Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 456-457. Paris
and Oenone: Helbig, no. 1280. Perseus and Andromeda: Helbig, nos.
1192-1198. Bacchus and Ariadne: Helbig, nos. 1235-1240; Sogliano,
no. 538; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 52-53 (no. 98, house of the
Vettii). Hercules and Omphale: Helbig, nos. 1136-1140; cf. Sogliano,
nos. 496, 497.
Examples of a pathetic situation [p. 480]—Aphrodite and the
wounded Adonis: Helbig, nos. 335-340; Sogliano, no. 142.
Cyparissus: Sogliano, nos. 109, 110; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p.
19 (no. 36, with illustration, house of the Vettii). Europa and the
bull: Sogliano, no. 79; cf. Helbig, nos. 123-130.
Groups with figures in contrast [p. 480]—Hephaestus and Thetis:
Helbig, nos. 1316-1318 c. Daedalus and Pasiphaë: Helbig, nos. 1205-
1208; Röm. Mitth., vol. 11, pp. 49-51 (with illustration, house of the
Vettii). Danaë cast away: Helbig, nos. 119-121; Sogliano, nos. 76-78.
Paintings in groups [p. 481]: Trendelenburg, Gegenstücke in der
Wandmalerei, Archäologische Zeitung, vol. 9 (1876), pp. 1-8, 79-93.
Group of three paintings, Achilles: Bull. dell' Inst., 1879, pp. 51-54
(Ins. IX. V. 2); Sogliano, nos. 572, 576, 577. Group of two,
Polyphemus, Aphrodite fishing: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 49-50;
Sogliano, nos. 146, 472 (Ins. VI. XIV. 28); Helbig, nos. 354, 1049
(house of Lucretius). Group of two, Europa and Pan: Sogliano, nos.
79, 196 (Ins. IX. V. 18). Double group, Hercules and Artemis, Athena
and Marsyas: Röm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 263-269 (with
illustrations), vol. 6 (1891), pp. 71-72 (Ins. V. II. 10).

CHAPTER LVI. MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS AND PUBLIC NOTICES

Publication: in the notes to the preceding chapters references have
been given to the place of publication of nearly all the monumental
inscriptions, both Latin and Oscan; the Latin inscriptions on stone
are classified C. I. L. X. 787-1079, with a supplementary collection,
Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 86-90 (nos. 311-332); cf. also Not. d.
scavi, 1898, pp. 422-423. The Oscan inscriptions of all classes are
published by Zvetaieff, Sylloge Inscriptionum Oscarum (with 19
plates of facsimiles; St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1878); Inscriptiones
Italiae inferioris mediae (with 11 plates; Moscow and Leipzig, 1886);
von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte (2 vols.,
Strassburg, 1892, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 499-510 (nos. 28-116); Conway,
The Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 54-81 (nos.
39-86). The public notices are collected in C. I. L. IV. pp. 1-75 (nos.
1-1204), pp. XVI-XVII (nos. 3256-3296), and the Supplement, pt. 2,
which is in press, pp. 467-499 (nos. 3341-3884).
House of Aemilius Celer [p. 486]: Mau, Röm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889),
pp. 118-119.
Election notices [p. 487]—M. Marius: C. I. L. IV. 3. Publius Furius:
ibid., 67. Herennius Celsus: ibid., 299. Casellius: ibid., 223 et al., and
Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. Holconius Priscus: C. I. L. IV. 157.
hic aerarium conservabit: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3702. Claudius Verus: C.
I. L. IV. 367, Suppl. 5229, and often between nos. 3707 and 3828.
Election notices [pp. 488-489]—Helvius Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 787. M.
Epidius Sabinus: ibid., 470. Sabinus: ibid., 635. Epidius Sabinus:
ibid., 787. Vatia: ibid., 575, 576, 581. Claudius: ibid., 425.
Notices to rent—insula of Nigidius Maius [p. 489]: C. I. L. IV. 138.
Property of Julia Felix [p. 490]: ibid., 1136.
Offer of reward [p. 490]: C. I. L. IV. 64.

CHAPTER LVII. THE GRAFFITI

Publication: the graffiti are collected, C. I. L. IV. pp. 76-166 (nos.
1205-2549 c), pp. XVII-XVIII (nos. 3297-3339), and Suppl., pt. 2, pp.
499-599 (nos. 3885 et seq.). Cf. Correra, Graffiti di Roma, Bull. com.,
1893, pp. 245-260, 1894, pp. 89-100, and pls. II-VI, 1895, pp. 193-
216.
Admiror, paries [p. 491]: found in the Large Theatre, the
Amphitheatre, and the Basilica; C. I. L. IV. 1904, 2461, 2487; Bull.
dell' Inst., 1867, pp. 50-53; Bull. com., 1894, p. 99; Buecheler,
Carmina Latina epigraphica, no. 957 (vol. 1, Leipzig, 1895), p. 440.
References to writing on walls in ancient authors: Plin. Epist. VIII.
VIII. 7; Mart. Ep. XII. LXI. 7-10; Cic. In Verr. III. XXXIII. 77. Metrical
graffiti: Buecheler, Die metrischen Wandinschriften, Rhein. Mus., vol.
12 (1857), pp. 250-260.
Graffiti relating to the conflict in the Amphitheatre [p. 492]: see
references on pp. 529-530.
Praetorian guard [p. 492]: C. I. L. IV. 1994.
Names and greetings [p. 493]—Paris, Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 1245,
1305. Aemilius: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 5350. Samius, Pyrrhus: C. I. L. IV.
1864, 1852.
Love [p. 494]—Quisquis amat: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 233; C. I. L.
IV. Suppl. 4091; cf. C. I. L. IV. 1173, 3199: Buecheler, Carm. Lat.
epigr., nos. 945, 946. Nemo est bellus: C. I. L. IV. 1883; Buecheler,
233; Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 45. Nam nemo flammas: C. I. L.
IV. 1898; Buecheler, 948. Alliget hic auras: C. I. L. IV. 1649; Buecheler,
944. Si quis forte meam: C. I. L. IV. 1645; Buecheler, 953, 954.
Quotations and paraphrases [p. 495]: Propert. II. V. 9; C. I. L. IV.
Suppl. 4491; Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, p. 191: Ovid, Ars Am. I. 475-476,
and C. I. L. IV. 1895.
Lovers' messages [p. 495]—Victoria: C. I. L. IV. 1477. Cestilia: ibid.,
2413 h. Pupa: ibid., 1234; Buecheler, no. 232. Serena: Bull. dell' Inst.,
1874, p. 269; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3928-3930. Si quid amor: Not. d.
scavi, 1883, p. 53; Buecheler, no. 935.
Lovers' complaints [p. 496]: Tu, dea: C. I. L. IV. 2310 k. Quoted
couplets joined: ibid., 1893, 1894. Threat against Venus: ibid., 1824;
Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 59 (no. 29); Buecheler, no. 947.
Records of tarrying [p. 496]—Romula: C. I. L. IV. 2060. Staphilus: C.
I. L. IV. Suppl. 4087. Restitutus: Röm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), p. 25;
Buecheler, 355. Varus and Pelagia: C. I. L. IV. 2321. Balbus and
Fortunata: Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, p. 195; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4933.
Greeting of Hirtia Psacas [p. 497]. Bull. dell' Inst., 1894, p. 201; C. I.
L. IV. Suppl. 3905.
Memoranda [p. 497]—gambling: C. I. L. IV. 2119. Paces: ibid., 1714.
Advent of young: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 202; C. I. L. IV. Suppl.
3890. Figures: C. I. L. IV. 1996, 2008, 2011, 2020, etc. Oleum l. a.:
C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4000; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, p. 59.
Catchwords, quotations, proverbs [p. 498]: Verg. Aen. I. 1: C. I. L.
IV. 1282, 2361, 3198. Aen. II. 1: ibid., 2213, and often; Röm. Mitth.,
vol. 8 (1893), p. 57.[5] Lucr. I. 1: C. I. L. IV. 3072. Minimum malum:
ibid., 1811, 1870. Moram si quaeres: ibid., 2069.

CHAPTER LVIII. INSCRIPTIONS RELATING TO BUSINESS AFFAIRS

Tablets of Caecilius Jucundus [p. 499 et seq.]: edited by Zangemeister,
C. I. L. IV. Suppl. fasc. 1 (1898); first published by de Petra, Le
tavolette cerate di Pompei rinvenute a' 3 e 5 Luglio, 1875 (Rome,
1876), also in Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 3,
150-230; cf. Mommsen, Die Pompeianischen Quittungstafeln des L.
Caecilius Iucundus, Hermes, vol. 12 (1879), pp. 88-141; Mommsen,
Pompeianische Geschäftsurkunden, Hermes, vol. 23 (1888), pp. 157-
159; Bruns, Fontes iuris Romani antiqui (Edit. 6, 1893), pp. 291-293,
314-320.
Of interest in this connection are the remains of wax tablets found in
the gold mines near Verespatak (ancient Alburnus Maior) in
Transylvania (C. I. L. III. pp. 921-960), and the records of
transactions found on papyri of the Roman period in Egypt (cf., e.g.,
Schulten, Ein römischer Kaufvertrag auf Papyrus aus dem Jahre 166
n. Chr., Hermes, vol. 32, 1897, pp. 273-289).
Tablet A [p. 502]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, XXV; de Petra, no. 15.
Tablet B [p. 504]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, CXLVII; de Petra, no. 124.
Inscriptions on amphorae [p. 505]—ex fundo Badiano: C. I. L. IV.
2551. Estate uncertain: C. I. L. IV. 2552 (names of the consuls
incorrectly given). fundus Satrianus, fundus Asinianus: Mau, Röm.
Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96; Not. d. scavi, 1895, p. 33.
Brands of wine [pp. 505-506]—Cnidium: Röm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898),
p. 40. Coum: C. I. L. IV. 2565. Λύττιος: Röm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p.
60. Λευκουνάριον: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 264.
Gustaticium [p. 506]: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96.
Edibles [p. 506]—Oliva alba dulce: C. I. L. IV. 2610. Lomentum: ibid.,
2597. g. f.: ibid., 2576. Liquamen: ibid., see Index, p. 243; Röm.
Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 30.
Names of proprietor, consignor, consignee [p. 507]—M. Caesius
Celer: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. Virnius Modestus: Not. d. Scavi, 1881, p.
195. Caecilius Jucundus: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 24. Caecili Iucundi:
C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3433.
Inscriptions of the Boscoreale treasure [p. 507]: published in
facsimile by Héron de Villefosse, Le trésor de Boscoreale; see pp. 42
et seq.
Inscription of the Alexandria patera [p. 507]:
PHI·ET·EMB·P·P·IIS𐆐𐆐℈VI. PHI·P·P·II𐆐𐆒 · EMB·P·P·S𐆑𐆒
Stamps [p. 508]: for the stamped and other permanent inscriptions
on tiles, lamps, amphorae, and different kinds of terra-cotta vessels
found at Pompeii, as well as the stamps and seals, see the second
part of C. I. L. X., under Ins tr umentum Domes ticu m .
Examples of stamps [p. 508]—bread: C. I. L. X. 8058, 18. Popidius
Priscus: ibid., 8058, 70. Vettii: Röm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 3.
 INDEX

Abinnerich, 18.
Acceptus and Euhodia, house of, 341-343.
accounts, memoranda of, on walls, 334, 495; of Caecilius
Jucundus, 496.
Acerrae, Pompeii seaport of, 3.
Achilles, in paintings: among the daughters of Lycomedes,
350, 478, 481; delivering up of Briseis, 317; quarrel
with Agamemnon, 84, 350, 478; Thetis bringing arms
to, see Thetis; Troilus seized by, 478.
Actius Anicetus, actor, 148.
Admetus and Alcestis, painting, 313.
aediles, office of, 121, 123; title of, 12, 13.
Aemilius Celer, writer of notices, 223, 486.
Aeneas, statue of, 115.
Aesculapius, worshipped at domestic shrine, 272.
Agamemnon, in the sanctuary of Artemis, painting, 331;
quarrel with Achilles, painting, 84, 350, 478.
Agrippina, mother of Nero, statues of, 47, 99.
alae, sanctuary of the City Lares, 102; of Pompeian house,
258-259.
Alexander and Darius, battle of, mosaic, 293-294.
Alexandria, influence of, in the development of decorative
styles, 458, 465.
Alleia Decimilla, priestess of Ceres, 426.
M. Alleius Luccius Libella, tomb of, 426.
M. Alleius Minius, tomb of, 430.
Cn. Alleius Nigidius Maius, 222, 349, 489.
altar in dining room, 264.
altars, in the courts of temples: of Apollo, 86; of Isis, 174;
of Doric temple, 139; temple of Vespasian, 107; temple
of Zeus Milichius, 183, 440; on the sides of the streets,
233-236.
Amphitheatre, 26, 212-226.
amphorae, use of, 14; in the house of the Faun, 295; in
the villa of Diomedes, 360; inscriptions upon, 505-506.
Anchor, peristyle of the house of the, 351.
andron in Pompeian houses, 260.
P. Aninius, 195.
antefixes about compluvium, 251.
Antioch, 469.
Apelles, 277.
Aphrodite, statue of, 450.
Apollo, house of, 262, 268, 273, 351; represented in
stucco relief and in paintings, 205, 312, 329, 331, 480;
statues of, 88, 140, 272, 352; temple of, 49, 80, 90.
Apuleius and Veia, tomb of, 434.
Apuleius on the worship of Isis, 169, 173, 174, 176, 181,
182.
architectural periods at Pompeii, 39-44.
architecture, Pompeian, 437-444.
architraves of timber and stone, 51.
Ares and Aphrodite, painting, 286.
Ariadne, in paintings. See Bacchus, Theseus.
arm band, 379.
Arria, tomb of, 428.
M. Arrius Diomedes, tomb of, 356, 427.
Artemis, in paintings, 315; Agamemnon in sanctuary of,
331; shrine of, 481; statues of, 88, 450.
artist at work, painting, 282.
M. Artorius Primus, architect of the Large Theatre, 150.
Atella, Atellan farces, 142.
Athena and Marsyas, painting, 482.
M. Atinius, 200.
atrium of Pompeian houses, 250-255; atrium without a
compluvium, 343-344.
Atticus, gladiator, 223-224.
Auctus, gladiator, 225.
Augustales, 100, 216, 409, 421, 423.
Augustus Caesar, Brotherhood of. See Augustales;
regulation of standard measures, 93; statues of, 47,
115; worship of, 14, 89-90, 104.
Auriolus, gladiator, 224.
autumn, Genius of, mosaic, 293.
L. Avianius Flaccus, 243.
bacchantes, 326, 336, 448, 468, 473.
bacchic figures in capitals of columns, 309, 349; in
paintings, 329.
Bacchus, reliefs of Blue Glass Vase, 415; triumph of, 336;
in paintings, 88, 354; as tutelary divinity, 236, 417;
finds Ariadne, 339, 354, 480; in sculptures, 175, 325,
448.
bakery, arrangements of, 386-392.
Basilica, 52, 70-79.
bath, toilet appliances of, 377.
Baths, public, 186-189; Stabian, 189-201; Baths near the
Forum, 202-207; Central Baths, 208-211;
Baths, private, of M. Crassus Frugi, 408; in houses, 267,
297, 306-307, 346, 357, 362-363.
Bay of Naples, 2, 6, 358.
bisellium, 369, 370, 421, 423.
block. See Insula.
Boccharis, myth of, 17.
Bonaparte, Joseph, excavations under, 27.
Boscoreale, villa rustica at, 14, 361-366; treasure of, 366,
380-382, 507-508.
bricks, Pompeian, 36.
Briseis, delivered to the messenger of Agamemnon,
painting, 316-318.
building materials, 35-36.
bust stones, 412, 418, 421, 428, 432 et seq.
L. Caecilius Jucundus, herm of, 447, 477; house of, height
of shops, 276; cellar of, 268; decoration of tablinum,
348, 479; meeting in house of, 496; names of sons of,
507; receipts of, 499-505; relief in the house of, 64.
L. Caecilius Phoebus, 176.
Julius Caesar, place for statue of, 115.
P. Caesetius Postumus, 90.
L. Caesius, 203.
M. Caesius Celer, 507.
L. Caesius Logus, 433.
Caligula, elected duumvir of Pompeii, 14; statue of (?), 48.
Callimachus, marble head, 447.
Callistus, 424.
C. Calventius Quietus, tomb of, 421.
Campani, Campanienses, suburb of Pompeii, 11, 492.
Campania, events in the history of, 8-10.
Campanian plain, 1, 2.
candelabra, 372-375.
capitals of columns, 437, 440-441.
Capri, 6, 406.
casa dell' Amore Punito, 275.
casa del Balcone Pensile, 273.
casa della Fontana Grande, 351.
casa della Fontana Piccola, 351.
Casellius, 487.
Cassius Longinus, 141.
Castellammare. See Stabiae.
Castor and Pollux, house of, 350; Corinthian atrium, 252;
paintings, 476, 481.
casts made at Pompeii, human beings, 22; doors, 249.
Cato the elder, reference to millstones, 15.
Ceius Labeo, tomb of, 426.
L. Ceius Secundus, 397.
Celadus, gladiator, 226.
Celer, 486.
Centaur, house of, 350; bedroom in house of, 261.
Centenary, house of, 261, 268, 348, 487.
Ceres, priestesses of, 14, 426.
M. Cerrinius Restitutus, tomb of, 409.
Cestilia, 495.
chairs, 367, 369.
chalcidicum, 111.
Championnet, excavations of, 27.
Chius, 493.
choinix, Greek measure, 93.
Christians at Pompeii, 18.
Chryseis, departure of, painting, 316.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 16, 58, 423.
Citharist, house of, 352-354; fountain figures in the house
of, 449.
city council, constitution of, 12; hall of, 121, 122.
City Lares, sanctuary of the, 102-105.
city wall, construction of, 237-241; course of, 31.
Claudius, statues of, 47, 99.
Ti. Claudius Verus, 487, 489.
Clitumnus, 2.
A. Clodius Flaccus, 57, 90, 161.
L. Clodius Varus, 496.
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