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A Seminar Report

On

Earthing and Grounding Techniques

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree

Bachelor of Engineering

In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

DEVRAJ KUMAR
21103156021

Under the guidance of

Prof. Jeetendra
Assistant Professor

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOJPUR

(Affiliated to Bihar Engineering University, Patna)
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOJPUR

(Affiliated to Bihar Engineering University, Patna)
CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Seminar work entitled “Earthing and Grounding Techniques” carried out by Mr.
Devraj Kumar, Reg No: 21103156021 a bonafied student of GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BHOJPUR in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical
Engineering of the BIHAR ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY, Patna. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited
in the departmental library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Prof. Jeetendra Prof. Ansul Shekhar
Assistant Professor HOD, EE
Internal guide

External Viva
Signature with Date
Name of Examiners

1.

2.
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOJPUR

(Affiliated to Bihar Engineering University, Patna)
DECLARATION

I, Devraj Kumar (21103156021) student of 7th semester, Department of Electrical Engineering,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOJPUR hereby declare that the technical seminar
titled “Earthing and Grounding Techniques” has been presented by me and submitted in partial
fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering during the year
2024.

Place: ARA
Date:

Signature:
Name: Devraj Kumar
Reg No: 21103156021
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accomplishes the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who make it possible.
I am thankful to The Management of GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOJPUR,
for their continuous support and encouragement for carrying out the seminar work.
I would like to thank The Principal, Dr. CV Mahto, for the encouragement and valuable
suggestions.
I would like to express our sincere gratitude to The Controller of Examination, MVJCE,
Bengaluru, for persistent guidance.
I would like to thank Prof. Anshul Shekhar, Assistant Professor and HOD, Department of
Electrical Engineering, GEC Bhojpur, for being a constant support and providing all the facilities that
was needed in the seminar work.
I avail this opportunity to express profound sense of gratitude and thank to our guide. I would like
to thank Prof. Jeetendra, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, GEC Bhojpur,
for her wholehearted support, suggestions, and invaluable advice throughout Technical Seminar and
for the help in the preparation of this report.
I am in debt to the support of all the teaching and non-teaching members of Department of EE,
GEC Bhojpur, for their kind help and co-operation, throughout the seminar.
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ABSTRACT

This paper is aimed at developing a conventional procedure of electrical earthing and

creating a safety measure against various kinds of faults than can be fatal for a man.

We can assume that working in electrical system is similar to that of work in war field.
Those who are involved in electrical job they should be alert for each and every
second. Mistake or failure will not be any of any excuse. Electricity is blunt and
rude.In present paper I would like to enlighten some important areas which need
special attention and also create awareness among the people who are working or
using electrical power systems.

Grounding and its design is a complex subject encompassing personnel safety,

lightning or static protection, electrical power system earthing and computer system
grounding. One must define the purpose to be achieved, as each system may
accomplish the objective by different means. The paper lists and defines the more
common earthing-grounding terms. A brief history of early attempts at grounding
electrical and computer systems is covered. The paper answers the questions of why
and how an electrical connection is made to earth. It details the methods of connecting
the various types of electrical systems to earth. Personal safety with respect to
electricity is covered

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Index:
Sl. No Title Page No:

1. Certificate i

2. Declaration ii

3. Acknowledgement iii
4. iv
Abstract

5. Introduction 1

6. Literature survey 3

7. Advantages of Solar panels 6

8. Applications 6

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar tree 7

10. Future scope 7

11. Conclusions

12. References 8
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List of Figures

Sl. No Title Page N

1. Fig 1.1. Solar tree 1

2. Fig 2.1. Proposed Solar PV tree model 3

3. Fig 2.2. Schematic diagram of general arrangement of PV panels 4

4. Fig 2.3. Whorled and spiral phyllotaxis 5

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5. Fig 2.4. Solar tree in Amaravati 5

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1. INTRODUCTION

Safety should be defined as reduction of risk to a level that is as low as reasonable and as
practicable. It is a state of mind and environment that must become an integral part of each working
procedure. This is what we mean by built-in or integrated safety and permanently effective.
Electrical safety is more important, because we could not apparently realize that, what amount of
current a simple cable or a bare conductor carrying or at a glance we could not ascertain whether a
conductor is live or dead. This harmless appearance could misguide us. And this is the root cause of
most of electrical accident. Risk is chance of something happening that will have an impact and
could be counted by its consequence and likelihood.

Accident is an unexpected event causing loss of life or bodily injury and loss of property.
Accident is an unplanned event which hampers the process of production and adds miseries.
Accidents occur either due to unsafe act or unsafe action of work or both.

Safety Precaution means to strictly follow the prescribed rules for safety of self, working
personnel and tools to conduct electrical work, otherwise possibility of electric shock or hazards
could be experienced. Safety of an electrical installation could be ensured by proper insulation,
good earthing system and adopting adequate protection and control systems.

2. literature survey

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2. IMPORTANCE OR PURPOSE OF EARTHING

Protect workers who are regularly exposed to electrical equipment that can shock them. In the
event of a single-phase earth fault, keep the device voltage constant in the healthy phase. A
good ground path that has a low impedance value ensures that electrical path faults are
eliminated quickly. If defects in the system remain for a long time, they can pose a serious
threat to the stability of the system. Many modern electronic devices produce a form of
"electrical noise" that can damage the device and reduce its efficiency, unless the device is
grounded. Surge protectors work best with proper grounding. Defective electrical equipment
often leaks electricity, which has the ability to start a fire if not redirected safely.

3.INDIAN STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL

SAFETY.

Code of practice for Earthing

• IS − 3043 (1987)
• Section − Electrical Installation
• Application − Design, installation and calculation of Earthing system

Lightning arrester for Alternating Current System

• IS − 3070 (1993)
• Section − Electro technical: Surge Arresters
• Application − Identification, ratings, classification and testing procedure of
Arrester

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL EARTHING

Electrical equipment mainly consists of two nonconductive parts. These parts are neutral for
electrical equipment systems or chassis or support structures. By the earthing of these two
nonconductive parts of the electrical system, earthing can be classified into two types: neutral
earthing and equipment earthing.

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Neutral Earthing In neutral earth, the system conductor neutral is directly connected to
the earth using a metal conductor wire. Neutral grounding is also known as system grounding.
This type of grounding is mainly provided to the star winding system. For example, generators,
transformers, motors, etc

In neutral grounding system, the neutral of the system or rotating system or

transformer is connected to the ground. The neutral grounding is an important aspect
of power system design because the performance of the system regarding short
circuits, stability, protection, etc., is greatly affected by the condition of the neutral.

Advantages of neutral Earthing

• Voltages of phases are limited to the line-to-ground voltages.

• Surge voltage due to arcing grounds is eliminated.
• The overvoltages due to lightning discharged to ground.
• It provides greater safety to personnel and equipment.
• It provides improved service reliability.
Equipment Earthing
This type of grounding is provided to the electrical equipment. The non-current-carrying part
of the device, such as a metal frame, is connected to the earth using conductive wire .If there is
a malfunction in the device, short-circuit current to aid the earth pass through the wire aid.
Hence protect the system.

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ADVANTAGES OF EQUIPMENT EARTHING

• Electrical safety: Equipment earthing helps to protect people from electric

shock by providing a low-impedance path for fault currents to flow, which
causes the protective device to trip and disconnect the power supply. This
helps to prevent dangerous electric shock hazards.

• Equipment protection: Equipment earthing helps to prevent damage to

electrical equipment by ensuring that there is a low-impedance path for
fault currents to flow, which helps to limit the voltage that can build up in
the equipment. This helps to prevent damage to the equipment and reduces
the risk of fires or explosions.

• Lightning protection: Equipment earthing can provide a path for lightning

strike which helps to protect equipment from damage and prevent the risk
of fire or explosion

Safety Precautions When Working With Electricity

 Make Sure Your Body Is Dry

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Often we have seen people touching electrical cables and charges with wet
hands. Like, it happens quite a lot that at one moment you are doing the dishes
and suddenly you remember that you have to put your phone on charge and
during that you just forget that drying your hands is important before reaching
for the socket.
 Never Use Broken Equipment

As said earlier, our charger cables are often broken, and we don’t even find it
necessary to fix it or get a new one. Now, this is again one big mistake, and the
wiser thing to do is to never deal with frayed cords, broken plugs, and damaged
insulations
 Always Turn Off The Mains First

Never, we repeat, never make the mistake of leaving your mains on. We’ve heard of
some terrible incidents just because people forgot to turn off their mains. Also, make
sure that before plugging anything in the socket, turn it off first, then put the charger
inside and then turn it on. This will guarantee your electrical safety.

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Use Rubber Gloves

For those who work electric

in and other such factories, make sure to keep
a pair of insulatedworkshops
rubber gloves with you all the time. Make sure that you are wearing
one all the time when dealing with the electrical circuit or branch circuits. Never deal
with anything at your workplace with. bare hands

Effects of Electric Shock on the human body

Electric Shock can cause severe outcomes such as:

• Burns

When electricity comes in contact with our body, it can travel through our body.
When this happens, the electricity can damage tissues and organs.

• Irregular heartbeat

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• Respiratory arrest

When an electrical discharge occurs, the person is “stuck” to the source

of electricity, possibly causing paralysis of the respiratory muscles and
respiratory arrest.

First Aid for an Electric Shock

Here are some quick first-aid pointers.

Call emergency number for help: Call the local emergency number immediately if
you encounter an Electric Shock accident. Do not touch the person directly, as he may
still be in contact with the electric current. Such incidents always require emergency
medical attention, even if the injured person seems fine afterward.

Separate the injured person from the electric current source: Try to turn off the
appliance's power by unplugging it or shut off the power through the circuit breaker,
or fuse box. If it is impossible to turn off the power, try to separate the person from the
current using a non-conductive object such as a plastic or wooden stick, broom, chair,

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or doormat while standing on something dry and non-conductive such as a wooden

board, dry newspaper or cardboard. If the source of current is high-voltage, then the
local power company must shut them off. If a power line or wire falls on a car,
instruct the passengers to stay inside unless a fire or explosion threatens.

Do CPR, if required: If you can safely touch the injured person, do CPR
(cardiopulmonary resuscitation) if the person does not have a pulse or is not breathing.
To perform CPR, you should place one hand on top of the other in the middle of the
chest. Then administer two inches-deep compressions by pushing down hard and fast
using your body weight. The aim is to give 100 to 120 compressions in 60 seconds.
Then tilt the person’s head back, lift his chin, pinch his nose closed and blow into his
mouth to make his chest rise. Make sure the person’s mouth is clear before performing
the rescue breaths. Perform two rescue breaths followed by 30 compressions. Repeat
this until medical help arrives or the person starts breathing.

Check for other injuries: If the injured person is bleeding, then apply pressure and
elevate the wound if the arm or leg is bleeding. Also, if the shock made the person
fall, then he may have a fracture. Cover the burned areas with a clean cloth or
bandages if the person has sustained burn injuries.

.
What is Electrical Grounding?
Simply, "grounding" means a low-resistance path has been made for electricity to flow
into the ground. A "grounded" connection includes a connection between the electrical
equipment and a ground through a wire. Once wired properly, this provides your
devices and appliances a secure place to discharge excess electrical current. This will
potentially prevent electrical equipment from several risks. The ground wire in an
electric outlet is basically a safety valve.

Types of Grounded System:

We can classify grounding based on Low-Voltage and High-Voltage Networks.

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Low Voltage Systems

In Low Voltage Networks i.e., the supply to residential and small industrial users, the
grounding arrangement can be TN, TT or IT.

Here, the first letter indicates the connection between transformer and earth (T – direct
connection to earth and I – No connection with earth). The second letter indicates the
connection between the electrical equipment at the consumer and earth (T – Local
earth connection and N – electricity supplier provides the earth connection).

TN Grounding

In TN earthing system, the star point of the transformer (neutral) is connected to earth
and at the consumer side, the ground wire of electrical appliances is connected with
this connection. There are three types of TN Systems.

• TN-S: The ground and neutral conductors are separate and are connected at
the transformer.
• TN-C: Ground and neutral conductors are the same.

 TN-C-S: Separate ground and neutral conductors but only near the consumer
side.

TT Grounding

In this type of grounding, the grounding at the transformer and at the consumer are
independent i.e., the star point (neutral) at the transformer is connected to earth and a
local ground electrode acts as a grounding point at the consumer. These two points
have no connection.

IT Grounding

In IT grounding, there is no grounding at the transformer but there is a local

.
grounding using a ground electrode at the consumer

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High Voltage Systems

Power generation stations, Substations etc. form the high voltage network that are
quite different from the low voltage distribution transformers and consumers. In these
high-voltage systems, there are three main types of grounding.

• Ungrounded Systems
• Resistance Grounding
• Solidly Grounded Systems

Ungrounded Systems

In ungrounded or unearthed systems, there is no direct connection between the star

point (neutral) and ground. In these systems, the ground faults have essentially no
closed paths and hence their magnitude is very less. Theoretically, there is no potential
between the conductors and ground but in AC systems, there is always a capacitance
between conductors. Therefore, we call these systems as capacitively coupled to
ground.

An important point about ungrounded systems is that even though the line-to-line
ground fault currents are very low, it is very difficult to identify the line-to-ground
fault.

Solidly Grounded Systems

In solidly grounded or directly grounded systems, the star point of the transformer
(neutral) is connected directly to ground without any added resistance to limit the
current.

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Resistance Grounding

You might have guessed what this type of grounding is. In resistive grounding, there is
a resistor (known as Neutral Earthing Resistor) between the star point (neutral) of the
transformer and the ground. This resistor limits the fault current flowing through the
neutral conductor.

High Resistance Grounding

In high resistance grounding, the fault current is relatively low, about 10A or the
current that is equivalent to the capacitive charging current.

Low Resistance Grounding

In low resistance grounding, the fault current is relatively high, about 50A in some
areas. The fault current value varies from area to area.

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Common Methods for Electrical Grounding Systems :

The most common methods used for electrical grounding are:

• Grounding Plates
• Grounding Pipes and Rods

Grounding Plates:

Grounding plates are made up of copper or Galvanized Iron (GI) and placed
vertically into the ground in a pit (filled with charcoal and salt layers) over
10 feet deep. For a higher electrical grounding system, the earth moisture
condition must be maintained around the grounding plate system.

The National Electric Code requires that ground plates have at least 2 ft
of surface area exposed to the surrounding soil. Ferrous materials must be
at least .20 inches thick, while non-ferrous materials (copper) need only
be .060 inches thick.

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Grounding Pipes and Rods:

A galvanized steel pipe (mixture of salt and charcoal) is placed vertically into the soil
through drilling for connecting the grounding wires. The length and diameter of the
pipe size mainly depends on the type of soil and electrical installation (magnitude of
current). The soil moisture will decide the pipe's length to be placed in the ground.

A copper rod with galvanized steel pipe is placed upright into the ground. This is very
similar to pipe grounding. Here, rods are in the form of electrodes therefore
decreasing the resistance of earth to a specific value. The National Electric Code
(NEC) requires that driven rods be a minimum of 8 feet in length and that 8 feet of
length must be in direct contact with the soil.

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FUTURE SCOPE
The future of electrical safety holds immense potential for a safer and more sustainable world.
Smart grids, IoT integration, enhanced personal protective equipment, AI, and advanced training
programs are just a few of the many innovations set to transform electrical safety. By embracing
these technology-driven advancements, we can create an environment where electrical hazards are
minimized, accidents are prevented, and the security of individuals and communities is prioritised.

CONCLUSIONS
It is suggested that the priority should be given for high risk related factors. Until people are not
taking it cautiously, we will face many electrical hazards in indoor and outdoor also. We should
follow proper Rules and Regulations to avoid accident and there should be trained personnel so that
they can work with proper Rules and Regulations. Electrical hazards can cause burns, shocks and
electrocution (death). Overhead wires are energized at lethal voltages. Repair of electrical cords or
equipment is not recommended unless authorized. Qualified electricians are recommended to
inspect electrical equipment. In damp locations, inspect electric cords and equipment in order to
ensure they are in good condition; use a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Precaution must be
taken when working near electricity or with electrical equipments.

Electrical grounding system ensures personal and equipment safety while working on the line.
Remember, a line that's de-energized will simply become energized in the blink of an eye, therefore
electrical system should be kept safely grounded in all times.

The proven expertise of our team of certified professional engineers will aid in the evaluation of
your system and deliver state-of-the-art grounding solutions for your power system's protection. We
work closely with our clients in collecting the data, modeling the system, simulating the worst case
conditions and abnormalities, plotting the step and touch potentials & offering recommendations in
compliance with the latest industrial standards.

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REFERENCES
Mark A. Cook, Richard S. Reines, (2003): History and Interpretation Of Electrical
Grounding In Wisconsin,Public Service Commission of Wisconsin PSC White Paper
Series May 2003 Pp 1 -16
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERTV9IS050858 (This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by :
www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 05, May-2020.

Doughty, R. L., Epperly, R. A., and Jones, R. A. (1991), ‘Maintaining Safe Electrical
Work Practices in a Competitive Environment’, Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting, 1991., Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE, Vol. 2, 28 Sep 1991-04 Oct
1991, IEEE, pp. 1275 – 1283.

Barrett, J.S.; Chisholm, W.A.; Kuffel, J.; Ng, B.P.; Sahazizian, A-M.; and de Tourreil,
C. (2003), “Testing and Modelling Hollow-Core Composite Station Post Insulators under Short-Circuit Conditions,”
IEEE PES General Meeting, Vol. 1, 13–17 July 2003, pp. 211– 218.

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