UPPSC-AE 2024 |ersmmneacr ENGINEERING | APTITUDE (w) Green Energy | (S) Energy Conversion Principles | | | (&) Climate Change \ | jisaster Management \ | Contains exam oriented Theory Concepts, Solved Examples & Practice Exercise f= = luis |e) Ji =}"] AMT Celtsy Lele eel ee © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd. Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai, New Deii-110016 | Ph.: 9021300500 E-mail: infomepamadeeasy.in Webs wurwmadeeasypublications.org Engineering AptitUde ea ©Copyright, by [MADE EASY Publications Pvt.Ltd. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored In or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, ‘mechanical, photo-copying, recording Cr otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher ofthis book. WADE EASE PUBLICATIONS PIT. LID, has taken due cre ‘e colcting the data and providing the slutions, before publishing tis boo. inspite of ths if any inaccuracy oF piety erreurs then MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS PVT, UD. owes esponbilty MABE EASY PUBLICATIONS PVT, 10 alte grate yourould poi ot any sucha. Your ‘gprs lb apprecutes. Basics of Green Energy. Solar Energy. A | Green Energy SECTION | Tidal Energy. (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversions (OTEC) and Wave Energy... Geothermal Energ} Biomass Energy.. Fuel Cells. Energy Conservation. B | Eneray conversion sécnon | Principles Gas Power Cycle... Air Compressors, Vapour Power Cycle. 7 ‘Steam Turbines. Fluid Machinery. Electrical Energy Conversion.. oS) © scanned with OKEN Scanner[ CONTEN C | climate change (181-234 secon es Ve Introduction nnn. D | pisaster Management SECTION 1 Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming and Ozone Depletion wm Mitigation Strategies and India on Climate Change. International Climate Change Organisations. Basics of Disasters. Classifications of Disasters. nen DAD Disaster Management... 253 Disaster Management in India. 266 International Organisations/Frameworks 279 © scanned with OKEN ScannerSECTION Introduction ‘The energy sources which can be renewed by nature again and ag: GREEN ENERGY Basics of Green Energy and their supply is not affected by the rate of their consumption are called green energy resources or renewable energy resources. These are environment friendly and have potential to replace non-renewable energy resources. These are also known as inexhaustible sources of energy. The examples of renewable energy resources are solar, wind, ocean, hydro, biomass, geothermal, etc. Renewable energy resources are available in unlimited amount in nature and can be renewed over relatively shorter period of time. Most of the renewable sources of energy are fairly non-polluting and considered as clean. Indiais implementing one of the world's largest programmes in renewable energy sector. The Government of India is on its way to achieving 500 GW target for installed renewable energy capacity by 2030 Large hydropower is also renewable in nature, but has been utilized all over the world for many decades and hence not included in the term ‘renewable’. However, small hydropower comes under renewable source category, Municipal and industrial waste is also a useful source of energy, but these are diferent forms of biomass. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MRE) has made efforts during the past few decades to develop and utilize various renewable energy resources in the country. Consequently, wind electric generators, solar water heaters, solar lanterns, street lights, biogas plants, biomass gasifiers and small hydroelectric generators have become commercially available, at sytem —{ Romnale —" Energy X ad ol soar Energy Wind Eney ‘Geothermal Energy =e Leal Ee © scanned with OKEN ScannerGreen Energ 2 y UZ eRe eee | Renewable Energy Source Installed Capacity (mi) Soar power 74808.52 Wind power 29960.28 Biomass power 702823 Smell Hyero Power (up 25 MW) 490875 Waste energy (Uiban and Indust) 30405 Total 3511636 Types of Green Energy Sources + Solar Energy: Solar energy harnesses the power of the sun through photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar panels. These panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar power is widely used for both residential and commercial energy needs, and it has become one of the most popular and affordable green energy sources in recent years. © Wind Energy: Wind power is generated using wind turbines, which capture the kinetic eneray of moving air. Wind farms can be found both onshore and offshore, depending on the geography and ‘wind patterns of the area. Wind eneray is clean, renewable, and increasingly cost-effective. + Hydropower: Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power, utilizes the eneray of moving water to ‘generate electricity. This can be achieved through dams, where water is stored and released to drive turbines. While hydropower is a powerful source of energy, its environmental impact depends on the size and design of the system. + Tidal Energy: Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of acean tides to generate electricity. The rise and fall of tides are caused by the gravitational pull of ne moon and sun, creating a predictable and reliable source of energy. * Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): OTEC is a process that uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water in the ocean to generate electricity. The temperature difference is typically about 20°C (36°F) or more, with warm water near the surface and colder water found at deeper ocean levels. © Wave Energy: Wave energy is a form of renewable energy that hamesses the power of ocean waves to generate electricity. It takes advantage of the kinetic energy created by wind-driven waves on the surface of the ocean. Wave energy is considered a reliable and consistent renewable energy source, as waves are produced continuously by wind patterns. © Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy taps into the heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface Geothermal power plants use steam or hot water from underground reservoirs to generate electricity This source of energy is highly sustainable, especially in regions with significant geothermal activity * Biomass Energy: Biomass energy comes from organic materials such as plant matter, wood, and waste. When these materials are burned or converted into biofuels, they release energy. Biomassis a renewable resource, but its sustainability depends on how itis managed and whether it contributes 10 deforestation or other negative environmental impacts. Benefits of Green Energy + Environmental Benefits: Green energy significantly reduces the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming and climate change. By replacing fossil fuels, green energy helps protect ecosystems and reduces air and water pollution D. © scanned with OKEN ScannermADE EASY Basicsof Green Energy 3 Energy Independence: By tapping into renewable resources, nations can reduce their dependence ‘on imported fossil fuels, improving their energy security and stability. This is particularly important for countries that rely heavily on energy imports. Economic Growth and Job Creation: The green energy sector creates numerous job opportunities, from research and development to installation and maintenance of energy systems. The transition to renewable energy can stimulate local economies and create a more resilient job market Sustainable Development: Green energy supports the principle of sustainable development, where future generations can meet their energy needs without depleting natural resources or harming the environment. Renewable energy technologies are continuously improving, making them more accessible and efficient. Challenges of Green Energy While green energy offers numerous benefits, there are also challenges to widespread adoption: + Intermittency: Many renewable energy sources like solar and wind are intermittent, meaning they aren't always available when demand is high. Energy storage solutions and a more integrated eneray grid can help address this issue. * Initial Costs: The upfront cost of installing green energy systems (e.g., solar panels, wind turbines) can be high. However, prices have been decreasing, and long-term savings on energy bills often make it a financially viable option. ‘* Infrastructure: Developing the infrastructure to support green energy, such as energy storage and a smart grid, requires investment and innovation. Organisations and Policies International Energy Agency (IEA) ‘+ International Eneray Agency is an inter-governmental organization established in 1974 as per framework. of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). '* Its prime focus is on the “3Es" of effectual energy policy: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. ‘+ Italso seeks to promote altemate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies and multinational energy technology co-operation. + Itacts as energy policy advisor to 30 member countries. India has become Associate Member of IAE. © Itpublishes World Energy Outlook report * Headquarters: Paris, France. World Energy Council (WEC) © The World Energy Council (WEC) is a global, non-governmental organization founded in 1923, aiming to promote the sustainable supply and use of energy. Itbrings together energy leaders, governments, businesses, and experts to foster collaboration and share knowledge across sectors. * WEC focuses on addressing global energy challenges such as energy access, security, and environmental sustainability. Through research, policy analysis, and international dialogue, WEC advocates for the transition to cleaner, more efficient energy systems. ‘© Its biennial World Energy Congress is a key event for discussing future energy solutions and shaping global energy policy. WEC's work supports long-term energy sustainability worldwide, © scanned with OKEN ScannerGreen Energy 4 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) eat isa leading think tank dedicated to conducting research for sustainable devolopm din 1974 as an information centre on energy issues. seal «© Itwas establishes © TERI's key focus lies in promoting: () Clean Energy (ii) Pollution Management (vy) Climate Resilience Headquarters: New Delhi, India. (ii) Water Management (iv) Sustainable Agriculture International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) = Thelnternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation at suppor qpuntie in their transition to a sustainable eneray future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation on renewable energy. «IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean energy, solar and wind energy in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. = ttencourages governments to adopt enabling policies for renewable eneray investments, provides practical tools and policy advice to accelerate renewable energy ‘deployment, and facilitates knowledge ‘sharing and technology transfer to provide clean, sustainable eneray {or the world's growing population. «thas 160 Member States actively engaged, IRENA promotes renewable resource and technologies as the key to a sustainable future and helps countries achieve their renewable energy potential. Headquarters: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. ny Partnership (REEEP) hip that works to accelerate market-based deployment ims in low- and middle-income countries. emissions and Renewable Energy and Energy Effi © REEEP is an international multilateral partners! of renewable energy and energy efficient syster «invests in clean energy markets in low and middle income countries to reduce co, build prosperity. + Itcreates, adapts and shares knowledge to bull energy efficient solutions; advance eneray access, im reduce climate and environmental damage. Headquarters: Vienna, Austria. nergy Policy Network for the 21" Century) = REN21, an international non-profit association, is the global renewable nerdy policy muli-stakenolder ponwork that connects a wide range of key actors fromincluding Governmen's, International organisations. Industry associations, science and academia and civil society to faciliate knowledge exchange: policy development and joint action towards a rapid global transition 0 renewable energy. + Itpromotes renewable energy tomeet the needs of both industrialized ‘and developing countries tnat ce oriven by climate change, energy security, development and poverty allevialion. id sustainable markets for renewable energy and prove lives and economic opportunities; and REN21 (Renewable EI Paris Agreement (2015) The Paris Agreement is an international treaty under the United Nations Fré Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at combating climate change by limiting global temperat below 2°C, with efforts to limit it to 1 °C above pre-industrial levels. amework Convention oF ture rise 0 i © scanned with OKEN ScannermADE ERSY Basics of Green Energy 5 * The agreement, adopted by 196 countries, sets voluntary climate goals (Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs) for each nation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also includes measures for financial support, technology transfer, and adaptation strategies for developing countries. + The Paris Agreement emphasizes transparency, accountability, and periodic reviews to ensure global progress in tackling climate change. Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) © Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), also known as Renewable Energy Standards (RES), are policies set by governments to mandate that a certain percentage of electricity consumed within a jurisdiction must come from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower. ‘+ These standards are designed to encourage the development and use of renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote energy sustainability. + RPSpolicies typically set incremental targets, requiring utilities to gradually increase their renewable energy share over time. Failure to meet these standards may result in penalties, providing strong incentives for utilities to invest in clean energy. The Climate Group ‘© The Climate Group is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on accelerating climate action through collaboration between businesses, governments, and organizations. It aims to drive the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable future by promoting clean energy solutions, eneray efficiency, and carbon reduction initiatives. ‘© The organization works with influential global leaders through initiatives such as RE100, which encourages companies to commit to 100% renewable electricity, and EP100, promoting energy productivity. By leveraging the power of business and government leadership, + The Climate Group seeks to foster systemic change to combat climate change and advance the global energy transition. World Resources Institute (WRI) © World Resources Institute (WRI) Is a global research organization that focuses on addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development. © WRI works with governments, businesses, and civil society to provide data, analysis, and solutions for issues like climate change, deforestation, water scarcity, and sustainable energy. * Through initiatives like Global Forest Watch, Climate Advisers, and Energy Program, WRI aims to ‘accelerate the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy. By fostering collaboration, providing actionable insights, and advocating for policies that balance economic growth with environmental protection, WRI strives to create a healthier, more equitable world for future generations. 350.0rg ‘© 350.0rg is a global grassroots movement focused on addressing climate change by reducing ‘atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO,) levels to 360 parts per million (ppm), considered the safe threshold for avoiding the most severe impacts of climate change. © Founded in 2008 by environmentalist Bill McKibben, 350.org advocates for a transition to renewable energy, divestment from fossilfuels, and stronger climate policies. The organization organizes global campaigns, actions, and events to raise awareness and push for systemic change. © Bymobilizing individuals, communities, and governments, 350.0rg aims to build momentum for urgent action to reduce emissions and prevent global warming, © scanned with OKEN Scanner6 Green Energy objectives of REN21: a USE Ronee Proviaing policy-relevant information and research based analysis on renewable energy to decision ‘makers, multipliers and the public to catalyse policy change. ltering a platform for interconnection between muli-stakeholder actors working in the renewable energy eld worldwide and identifying barriers as well as working to bridge existing gaps toincrease the large-scale deployment of renewable energy worldwide, Headquarters: Paris, France. 6 \@= PRACTICE EXERCISE Qa a2 a3 a4 Which of the folowing is NOT a renewable energy source? (@) Solar energy (0) Wind energy (©) Coaleneray (@) Geothermal energy \Whatis the primary component used to harness solar energy? (2) Wind turbines (0) Solar panels (©) Hydroelectric dams (6) Biomass Which of these technologies converts the movement of water into electricity? (@) Solarpower ——(b) Wind power (6) Hydropower (d) Biomass \Which energy source is derived from the heat of the Earth's core? (@) Solar energy (©) Geothermal energy (©) Wind energy (@) Biomass energy Q.5 Tidal energy is generated from which of the following? (@) Wind currents (b) Sun's radiation (6) Oceantides —(d) Plant biomass 0.6 Which country is the world's largest producer of wind energy? (2) Crina (b) United States ) (©) Germany (6) India ee Q.7. The process of converting plant material into energy is called (@) Solar conversion (b) Biomass energy (0) Hydroelectric conversion (d) Wind turbine conversion Q.8 Which of the following is a key benefit of using green energy sources? (@) Depletion of natural resources (0) Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (©) Increased air pollution (@) Lowerenergy efficiency Q.9 Whatis the main challenge associated with solar energy? (@ High installation costs (©) Energy intermittency (©) Limited geographical availability (A) Environmental impact Q.10 Wind energy is considered as which of the following? (@) Non-renewable (b) Fossitfuel-based (©) A form of kinetic energy (¢) A form of thermal energy Q.11 Which of the following is a major environmental concem regarding hydropower? (a) Carbon dioxide emissions (©) Disruption of aquatic ecosystems (©) Excessive land usage (4) Increased air pollution © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY Q.12 Which energy source is associated with the highest energy density per unit of weight? (a) Windenergy (0) Biomass (©) Hydropower (d) Geothermal energy Q.13 What is the main mechanism by which wind turbines generate electricity? (2) The rotation of blades converts mechanical energy into electricity (©) The movement of air creates steam for turbines (©) The sunlight heats air to turn a turbine (6) Water flowing through turbines produces electricity Q.14 What does the term “green energy’ refer to? (@) Energy generated from coal (©) Energy that is produced through harmful emissions (©) Energy that comes fram renewable and environmentally friendly sources (@) Energy that only benefits the economy Q.15 Which of the following is a major contributor to ocean wave energy? (@) Earth's gravity (©) Wind-driven waves (©) Tidal forces from the moon (0) Sun's radiation Q.16 The Paris Agreement aims to: (@) Encourage the use of fossil fuels (b) Limit global temperature rise to below 2°C. (©) Promote deforestation (@) Increase global greenhouse gas emissions Q.17 The term “sustainable development" refers to: (@) Increasing fossil fuel use (b) Meeting current needs without compromising future generations’ abilty to meet theirs (c) Maximizing resource consumption (0) Focusing only on economic growth Q.18 The energy from ocean tides is known as: (a) Wind energy (b) Tidal energy (©) Geothermal energy (6) Hydroelectric energy Basics of Green Energy 7 Q.19 Which is a disadvantage of wind energy? (@) Itis highly predictable. (b) It generates no greenhouse gas emissions. (©) Itis intermittent and location-specitic. (d) Itrequires no land area. Q.20 The Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (RPS) require utilities to: (@) Reduce energy consumption (b) Increase energy from renewable sources (©) Cut down on coal use (0) Use less nuclear energy Q.21 What is the largest source of renewable electricity generation worldwide? (@) Solar power (b) Wind power (©) Hydropower (¢) Biomass Q.22 Which type of energy is produced from the Earth's internal heat? (a) Wind eneray (b) Geothermal energy (©) Solar energy (0) Hydroelectric energy Q.23 The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) works to: (a) Promote coal-based energy systems (b) Support the expansion of wind energy worldwide (©) Regulate nuclear power (d) Decrease reliance on solar power (Q.24 What is the function of a solar inverter in a solar energy system? (@) Convert suntight into electricity (b) Convert DC electricity to AC electricity (¢) Store energy for later use (@) Increase sunlight absorption Q.25 Which of the following is a challenge associated with biomass energy? (@) Itrequites a lot of space for installation (b) It produces significant amounts of carbon dioxide (©) Itisnon-renewable (d) It causes severe air pollution © scanned with OKEN ScannerGreen Ener: 8 gy 0.26 Which of the following is a disadvantage of most of the renewable energy sources? (a) Highly polluting (0) High running cost (©) High waste disposal cost (d) Unreliable supply Q.27 Non-renewable energy sources are: (@) {essilfuel sources found in top layer of Earth's crust. (©) ranging from low carbon-hydrogen ratio volatile materials like methane to non-volatile materials composed of pure carbon like anthracite coal. (©) formed from fossilized remains for dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure for hundreds of millions of years (as per biogenic theory). (@) Allof the above Q.28 Which of the following is not a renewable source of energy? (@ Sun (©) Natural gas (©) Wind (©) Ocean tides Q.29 Consider the following statements regarding REN 21: 1. REN21 isthe global muit-stakeholder network to assist governments and other institutions regarding renewable energy policy. 2. Itisaninternational non-profit association and headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (@) tonly (b) 2only (©) Both 1 and 2 (@) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.30 Consider the following statements regarding renewable eneray resources: 1. These are the sources which can be renewed by nature again and again, 2. These are the sources whose supply isn't affected by rate of their consumption. 3. These sources are exhaustible. Which of the statements given above are correct? (@) 1and2only () 2and3 only (©) tand3 only (d) Allof the above Answers Key 1. @ 2 (be) 3. ©) 4. () 5. © 6. @ 7. (b) 8. (b) 9 (b) 10.0) 11.) 12.) 13.(@) 14.) 15. (6) 16. (b) 17. (6) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (©) 22. (b) 23. (6) 24.(b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29.(a) 30. (a) ooo © scanned with OKEN ScannerCaen Introduction Solar energy is a primary source of energy which directly obtained from the sun by capturing the solar radiation and converting it into another form of energy to perform various useful activities. For receiving the solar radiation, it is necessary for the collectors to be able to track the sun to ensure a maximum and continuous reception, There are two ways of solar energy ulilization: 1. Conversion of solar energy into thermal energy 2. Photovoltaic cells The conversion of solar energy into thermal energy can be done by using solar collectors, whereas in photovoltaic cells the direct sunlight is used to generate electricity. The given schematic diagram of solar power plant depicts four processes: (i) Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to Direct Current (DC) electricity. The inverter converts Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC) electricity. The electrical panel sends power to be consumed within property as lights and in other appliances. i) (iv) The distribution board supplies electricity to grid. Sun rays, \W\ Solar Energy Terrestrial Solar Radiation «© Solar radiations that pass through the earth's atmosphere and are subjected to scattering and atmospheric absorption, are knownas Terrestrial Solar Radiation. «© Shortwave ultraviolet rays are absorbed by ozoneand long, wave infrared rays are absorbed by CO, and water vapour. Apart of scattered radiation is reflected back into space. This seatering is due to air molecules, dust particles and water droplets that cause attenuation of radiation. Solar Radiation Atmospheric Mechanisms Solar Pane! ‘Array poac__| Inverter Used within | so» Supply to oer ee vstiin Boe Merkngt lr Power ont Reflected back into space © scanned with OKEN Scanner10 Green Energy CRS SECRET Types of Radiation NOTE a Beam radiation (I,): Solar radiation received on the earth's surface without chan. called beam or direct radiation Diffuse radiation (J,): The radiation received on a terrestrial surface (scattered by aerosols ang dust) rom all parts of the sky, is known as diffuse radiation. Total radiation (1,): The sum of beam and diffuse radiations is referred as total radiation. When measured at alocation on the earth's surface, itis called solar insolation at that place. When measured on a horizontal surface, itis called global radiation (J,).. Irradiance: The rate of incident energy per unit area of a surface is termed as irradiance. Itis also known as Solar Constant. Based on the experimental measurements, the standard value of the Solar Constant is 1.367 kWim?. Albedo: The earth reflects back nearly 30% of the total solar radiant energy to the space by reflection from clouds, scattering and reflection at the earth's surface. This is called the albedo of the earth's atmosphere system. Insolation: Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface. It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimeter per minute. Insolation is directly proportional to the temperature ie., more the insolation; higher the temperature. Factors that affect insolation are angle of the sun, distance between sun and the earth and duration of daylight. 198 in ditection, is © The sun is a hydrodynamic spherical body of extremely hot ionized gases (plasma) which generates energy by the process of thermonuclear fusion. * The energy radiated from the sunis electromagnetic waves reaching the Earth in three spectral regions namely, ultraviolet 6.4% (2 < 0.38 m), visible 48% (0.38 m < 2.< 0.78 mm) and infrared 45.6% ().> 0.78 um) of total energy. Countries Lecations on Equator and Sub-tropics ‘Countries lies on Tropic of Cancer North America | Mexico, Bahamas (Archipelago) Arica Niger, Algeria, Mauritania, Egypt, Libya, Mal, Western Sahara Asia ‘Myanmar, Omen, Bangladesh, India, Saudi Arabia, China, United Arab Emirates, Taiwan 7 Countries lies on Equator South America | Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil ‘Alica Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesi 1nd Kiribati (Oceania) Countries lies on Tropic of Capricorn South America | Argentina, Braz, hile Paraguay ‘Attica Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar Asia Australia Light Sunis the ultimate source of energy for most of the organisms on the earth. It emits light as a electromagnetic ‘2iation which is visible within the certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. _d © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY Electromagnetic spectrum consists of short wave radiation, light and long wave radiation. The short wave radiation includes cosmic rays, X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) rays which have wavelengths shorter than 0.4mm or 400 nm, Light or visible spectrum having wavelengths of 400- 700 nm is also called Photo- synthetically Active Radiation (PAR), Depending upon the wavelength, three types of ultraviolet radiations are Gistinguished. These are UV-A (3201nm ~ 400 nm), UV-B (280 nm ~ 320 nm) and UV-C (100 nm ~ 280 nm). Out of these three, UV-C radiation is lethal. Solar Energy u PAR, aoonm PAR 700m Visine {xrays Infrared or; tg ~—«400~~—« M000 ~~ 10.000 100,000 [+ Wovelongt ln nanometre (1 nim = 10°%m}———+1 Electromagnetic Spectrum of Solar Radiation The ultraviolet radiation (wavelength 100 nm-400 nm) is mostly absorbed by ozone layer present in the stratosphere and a small fraction of it reaches the earth's surface. Solar Radiation Measuring Instruments Pyranometer: The pyranometer measures global or diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface. It covers. total hemispherical solar ragiation with a view angle of 2 steradians. It operates on the principle of thermopile. Pyranometer consists of a black surface which heats up when exposed to solar radiation. Pyrheliometer: A pyrheliometeris an instrument which measures beam radiation on a surface normal to the sun's rays. It is often used in the same setup with pyranometer. ‘Sunshine recorder: A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at the given location. The results provide information about the weather and climate of a geographical area. Solar Photovoltaic System Photovoltaic power generation is a method of producing electricity using solar cells. A solar cell converts solar optical energy directly into electrical energy. A solar cell is essentially a semiconductor device fabricated in a manner which generates a voltage when solar radiation falls on it. Solar cells are fixed on a board and connected in series and parallel combinations to provide the required voltage and power to form a PV module. Working of Solar Photovoltaic System Solar photovoltaic system consists of photovoltaic cells in which each cell is made up of at least two semiconductor layers-one positively charged and the other negatively charged. Solar Cel LT LETT] An ETELT) EELLT] Components of PV Aray © scanned with OKEN Scannermn Green Energy Wine EESTI * Asa PV cell is exposed to sunlight, photons Soh 5 = are absorbed by the cell. When enough photons a= io are absorbed by the negative layer of the ee ae Photovoltai¢ cell, electrons are freed from the negatively charged semiconductor material (CO These freed electrons migrate to the positive | OO OOH) hinge layer creating a voltage difference. When these ~ 7 S| semteoncuny ‘wo layers are connected to an external load, ~ a the electricity produced, Semiconductor * To operate electrical appliances used in Ught bub \ Cn households, the inverters are used to convert vcen OC power into 220 V, 50 Hz AC power, Working of a PY Cel ac. ‘O80 CNVERTER 1 t be ‘CHARGE LoD REGULATOR Pv ARRAY BATTERY, communication booster stations and marine warning lights, Besides, these are also used mn water pumping, medical Fefrigeration and for lighting in remote areas, Solar Thermal Collector * A solar thermal energy collector is an equipment in which solar energy is collected by absorbing radiation in an absorber and then transferring toa fluid \n general, there are two types of solar collectors: (il) Concentrating-type solar coll oncentrate the sun's rays on the ‘absorber, and the fluid temperature ‘can be raised up to 500°C, {he capacity ofa battery is usually expressed in ampere hous (Ah). tis defined as the number of hours for which a batten of the battery, Advantages of Solar Energy The versatility of solar ener i ¢ industrial projects, Som, ‘Sy allows it 10 be applied in a wide range of Settings, from residential use to '@ common applications include: aA © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE ERSY SolarEnergy 13 * Solar Power Generation: Solar energy can be used to generate electricity either on a small scale (e.g., roottop solar panels) of large scale (e.g., solar farms). Large-scale solar farms are typically located in sunny regions and are connected to the power grid, contributing significantly to the energy mix in countries like China, India, the United States, and Germany, * Solar Heating: Solar thermal eneray is primarily used for water and space heating, It can replace traditional gas or electric water heaters, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Solar water heating systems are particularly effective in regions with ample sunshine, + Solar-Powered Transportation: Solar energy can be used to power electric vehicles (EVs) either directly via solar charging stations or indirectly by integrating solar panels into vehicles. Solar-powered cars, buses, and even trains are being developed to reduce the carbon footprint of transportation. + Solar Energy in Rural and Remote Areas: One of the most significant advantages of solar energy is its ability to provide electricity in off-grid areas. Solar microgrids and solar home systems are deployed in rural or remote locations where it is expensive or impractical to extend the central electricity grid Environmental and Economic Benefits of Solar Energy Environmental Benefits * Zero Emissions: Solar energy systems produce no greenhouse gas emissions during their operation, making them an excellent solution for reducing global warming and air pollution. + Sustainable and Renewable: Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is inexhaustible. As long as the sun shines, we can harness its energy. * Reduced Water Usage: Solar power does not require water for cooling, unlike fossil fuelbased power plants that consume vast amounts of water. Economic Benefits ‘+ Job Creation: The solar energy industry has become a significant job creator, providing employment inmanufacturing, installation, and maintenance. + Energy Independence: By investing in solar energy, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels, improving energy security. * Cost Savings: Solar power can significantly lower electricity bills for homeowners and businesses. In many regions, the cost of solar electricity is now competitive with grid electricity * Economic Growth: Investment in solar energy infrastructure drives economic growth by generating revenue and fostering innovation in green technologies, Challenges of Solar Energy Despite its many advantages, solar eneray faces several challenges that must be addressed to achieve widespread adoption. © Intermittency and Energy Storage: Solar energy is intermittent.it can only be generated when the sunis shining, This variability creates challenges for balancing supply and demand. Energy storage technologies, such as batteries, play a critical role in storing excess energy for later use. * High Initial Costs: The upfront costs of installing solar panels and other necessary equipment (e.g.. inverters, batteries) can be significant. While costs have decreased dramatically over the years, the initial investment remains a barrier for many homeowners and businesses. * Space and Land Requirements: Large-scale solar farms require substantial land area, which may not always be available, especially in densely populated regions. Additionally, the installation of solar panels on rooftops may not be feasible in all building types. © scanned with OKEN Scanner“wo + Manufacturing Impact: The production of solar panels involves the use of materials such which requires energy-intensive processes. While the overall lifecycle emissions of solar w, the manufacturing process can have some environmental impact. 88 Silo, Panels ar Organsations Related Solar Energy International Solar Alliance (ISA) + 1SAwas jointly launched in Paris by India and France on 30 November 2015 during the United Nation Climate Change Conference (COP21). Itis the first international and inter-governmental organization consisting of more than 121 Countries have headquarters in India with United Nations as Strategic Partner. twill work with parner countries to formulate projects and programmes to accelerate developmen and deployment of existing clean solar energy technologies, the potential for which largely remaining untapped, + Itcreates a collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies to enhance energy security, sustainable development, improves access to energy and opportunities for better livelinoods in rural and remote areas. * _ Italso facilitates capacity building for promotion and absorption of solar technologies and research and development among member countries. It will encourage muttilateral bodies like IRENA, REEEP, IEA, REN21, UN bodies, bilateral organizations, corporate, industry, and other stakeholders to contribute towards the goal of increasing utilization of solar energy in the member countries. * Is governance structure consists of an Assembly, a Council and a Secretariat. The Assembly wil provide guidance, direction and advice to the Secretariat for undertaking the activities. Headquarters: Gurugram (Haryana), India The Global Solar Council (GSC) * The GSC was founded on the sidelines of Paris Climate Agreement on 2015 to act as the voice of the solar PV industry across the world. The GSC represents the solar industry at key international forums such as COP, Clean Energy Ministerial, G20, Climate Weeks, as well as global and national industry events, * The GSC is uniquely positioned to work with a wide range of stakeholders globally to unite the global solar sector and accelerate the deployment of solar solutions for a more sustainable world. * The GSC represents the global solar industry and works to create favorable policies and frameworks to accelerate the deployment of solar energy worldwide. + Key Activities: Advocates for global standards and practices for solar technologies. ‘+ Focuses on the promation of solar energy at global events, such as the United Nations Climate Change Conferences (COP). = Collaborates with governments, international institutions, and companies to promote the economic. environmental, and social benefits of solar energy. = Supports policy and market reforms for solar eneray integration. PI Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana ‘+ PM Surya Gnar Muft Bij Yojana is a government scheme that aims to provide free electricity 0 Pousenolds in India. The scheme was launched on February 18, 2024. © scanned with OKEN ScannermADE EASY Solar Energy 15 * Under the scheme, households will be provided with a subsidy to install solar panels on their roots. The subsidy will cover up to 40% of the cost of the solar panels, * The scheme is expected to benefit 1 crore households across India. Its estimated that the scheme will Save the government Rs. 75,000 crore per year in electricity costs. The benefits of the scheme include: * Free electricity for households. ‘+ Reduced electricity costs for the government ‘* Increased use of renewable energy. * Reduced carbon emissions. PM-KUSUM (Pradhan MantriKisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan) Scheme * The PM-KUSUM Scheme was launched in 2019 for de-dieselisation of the farm sector and enhancing the income of farmers. * [tis aimed at ensuring energy security for farmers in India, along with honouring India's commitment to increase the share of installed capacity of electric power from non-fossil-fuel sources to 40% by 2030 as part of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). * The scheme aims to add Solar capacity of about 34,800 MW by March 2026 with the total Central Financial support of Rs 34,422 crore. * Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) * Under the Scheme, a central government subsidy up to 30% or 50% of the total cost is given for the installation of standalone solar pumps and also for the solarization of existing grid-connected agricultural pumps. + Further, farmers can also install grid-connected solar power plants up to 2MW, under the Scheme on their barrenffallow land. ‘+ This scheme is being implemented by the designated departments of the State Government. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) + The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, also known as National Solar Mission, is one of the eight key National Mission's which comprise India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) * NAPCC.was launched on 30" June 2008 which identified development of solar energy technologies in the country as a national mission. The mission was approved on January 11, 2010 by the Government. ‘+The Mission had set the ambitious target of deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022, which was revised to 1,00,000 MW by 2022. * The target principally comprised of 40 GW Rooftop and 60 GW through Large and Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects. + The Mission adopted a3 phase approach, Phase 1 (up to 2012 - 13), Phase 2 (2013 - 17) and Phase 3 (2017-22). +The immediate aim of the Mission is to focus on setting up an enabling environment for solar technology penetration in the country both at a centralized and decentralized level. ‘Objectives of the Mission © Tocreate favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability, particularly solar thermal for indigenous. production and market leadership. * Toachieve 15 million sq. meters solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20 million by 2022. * To deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022 © scanned with OKEN ScannerGreen Energy PRACTICE EXERCISE Q.1 Whatis the primary component used in most solar photovoltaic (PV) cells? (a) Copper (6) Silicon (©) Carbon (a) Aluminum Q.2 Which of the following is the main advantage of solar energy? (a) High operational costs (©) Itisa renewable resource (c) It requires fossil fuels (d) It produces harmful emissions Q.3 Which type of solar technology is used for converting sunlight into electricity? (a) Solar thermal (b) Solar photovoltaic (©) Solar concentrators (A) Solar collectors What does the efficiency ofa solar panel depend on? (a) The color of the panel (©) The amount of sunlight the panel receives, (©) The weight of the panel (6) The size of the installation Q.5 Net metering refers as: (@) Amethod to store solar energy in batteries (©) Asystem where excess electricity produced by solar panels.is sentto the grid in exchange for credits (©) technique used to increase the efficiency of solar panels, (d) A device that tracks solar power generation Q.6 What is the primary use of solar thermal technology? 2) Generating electricity (o) Heating water and spaces (©) Providing energy for electric vehicles (2) Cooling buildings Q.7 What is a potential disadvantage of large-scale Solar power installations (solar farms)? > ELT (@) They canbe installed in any location (b) They require significant amounts of tang (c) They are highly efficient (@) They produce large quantities of waste Q.8 Solar farm refers as: (2) Assmall rooftop installation of solar panels (6) Acommercial building with solar panels (©) Alarge-scale installation of solar panels tha, generates electricity (2) Aresearch facility for solar energy Q.9 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of solar energy? (@) Itreduces greenhouse gas emissions (6) Itis a renewable source (©) It generates high operational costs (d) Ithelps reduce reliance on fossil fuels Q.10 What is the main function of an inverter in a solar power system? (@) To increase the output voltage (©) To convert DC electricity into AC electricity (6) Tostore excess electricity (4) Toimprove solar panel efficiency Q.11 Which of the following isa limitation of solar energy? (@) Solar panels are expensive to produce (©) Solar energy isnot renewable (©) Solar panels require a large amount of water (d) Solar power generation is intermittent and weather-dependent Q.12 Which of the following is an example of a solar energy storage technology? (@) Solar thermal collectors (b) Lithium-ion batteries () Windturbines (d) Nuclear reactors Q.13 Which organization is focused on promoting the adoption of solar energy globally? (a) International Solar Alliance (ISA) (b) World Health Organization (WHO) (©) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (d) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY Q.14 How does solar energy contribute to reducing climate change? (a) By reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning (©) By creating pollution-free fossil fuels (©) Byenhancing the greenhouse effect (0) By increasing the use of non-renewable resources Q.15 What does the solar constant represent? (a) The total amount of energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun (©) The average temperature of the sun's surface (©) The amount of solar energy received per unit area per time at the Earth's surface (d) The distance between the Earth and the sun Q.16 Which of the following is a type of solar energy that uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a small area? (@) Solar photovoltaic (©) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) (©) Solar thermal collectors (8) Solar sails Q.17 Whatis the role of the photovoltaic effect in solar energy? (2) Itconverts sunlight into heat (0) It produces a chemical reaction that stores energy (©) Itconverts sunlight into electricity (d) It concentrates sunlight for use in solar thermal systems Q.18 Which of the following is an example of a government incentive to promote solar energy adoption? (@) Carbon tax (©) Solar tax credits (0) Gas subsidies (2) Fossil fue! tax rebates Q.19 Which of the following is a common application of solar thermal technology? (a) Solar-powered cars (0) Space heating and water heating (c) Electric vehicle charging (0) Large-scale power generation Solar Energy 17 Q.20 What challenge does the intermittent nature of solar energy present? (@) Itleads to high carbon emissions (©) It creates difficulties in balancing energy supply and demand (©) Itrequires constant water for cooling (A) It makes solar panels extremely expensive Q.21 Which scheme provides subsidies for the installation of rooftop solar panels in households? (@) PM-KUSUM (b) PM Surya Ghar Muft Billi Yojana (©) PM Ujjwala Yojana (d) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation Q.22 Whatis the main goal of the PM-KUSUM Scheme? @) To provide free electricity to urban households (©) To install solar power plants on government land (©) Tosolarize agricultural pumps and promote energy seourity for farmers (@) To reduce the cost of solar panels for the private sector 2.28 Which ofthe following s an environmental benefit of solar energy? (@) High water consumption compared to fossil fuels (©) Solar panels require no land to be installed (©) Itreduces greenhouse gas emissions (@) Itleads to significant air pollution ‘Q.24 What is one of the challenges associated with large-scale solar energy adoption? (@) Low initial installation costs (b) Limited land availabilty for solar farms (©) Solar energy is available at night (A) Solar panels are energy-inefficient Q.25 Which of the following is a key activity of the Global Solar Council (GSC)? (a) Reducing taxes on fossil fuels (b) Promoting solar energy at international events like COP (©) Building coal-based power plants (d) Regulating the oil market © scanned with OKEN ScannerGreen Energy 18 0.26 Consider the folowing statements regarding solar Q.30 What are the limitations of solar energy? enotay 1. Collecting solar energy over large areas ang 1 To encourage the adoption of solar energy production, many State Governments and the Centre have announced plans by way of buy back as well as subsidies for installation, 2. Land acquisition of several hectares is a bottleneck in implementing this programme, 3. Considerable R & D effort is needed to bring down the cost of P-V cells. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Vand 2only (0) 1 and 3 only (c) 1,2and3 (0) 2and 3 only Q.27 Consider the following statements regarding Green Energy: 4. Increased cloud cover will lead to warmer winters due to clouds reflecting more intense. solar energy. 2. Overcast cloud conditions result in decrease in the day-night temperature difference. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only1 () Only2 (©) Bothiand2 — (d) Neither 1nor2 Q.26 Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1. Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet Earth. 2. Allrenewable energy is green energy. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only 1 (0) Only2 (©) Both tand2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 @.29 Consider the following statements regarding Insolation: 1, Itistne solar raciation thatreaches the Earth's surface 2. Itismeasured by the amount of solar eneray received per square centimeter per minute. 3. Itis the amount of solar energy absorbed by the stratosphere. Which of the above statements are correct? (@) 1.2and3 (©) 1and2only (c) 1and3only — (d) 2and 3only converting it to other forms that can be conveniently transported, stored and used in existing equipment is not economical 2. Low density of solar energy as compared to coal, oil and gas. 3. Its major applications are photothermal conversion, solar water heating, green housing technology and photo voltaic conversion Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (©) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Q.31 Which one of the following statements is NOT correct regarding thermal mass? (@) In solar buildings, it reduces temperature variations between day and night. (6) Itis useful in ordinary buildings as it serves, as a reservoir or sink for both heating and cooling (©) It provides a means of storing the solar energy that enters through the windows. (d) The heavier a material is available, then the less thermal mass is available. Q.32 The expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight is known as (@) the albedo effect (b) the greenhouse effect (©) the genshin effect(d) the permafrost Q.33 With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements: 1, Photovoltaics is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, 2. Photovoltaics generates alternating current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates direct current (OC). 3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics. Which of the statements given above is/are conect? (a) 1 only (b) 2. and 3 only (c) 1,2and3 (d) None of these © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY Q.34 Consider the following statements regarding solar panel 1, Ithas high maintenance cost. 2. Ithas no moving parts 3. It provides pollution free, noiseless energy. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1and2only ——(b) 2and 3only (©) tand3only —(@) 1, 2and3 Q.35 The value of Solar Constant is (@) 140Wm? (b) 1.4Wm2 (©) 1.4kWm? (@) 1.4MWm? Q.36 The efficiency of the solar cooker can be increased by placing a (2) plane mirror (©) convex mirror (©) convexlens (concave lens Q.37 A solar cell is made up of @) silicon (©) titanium (©) magnesium (4) tefion .38 A solar cell converts (@) heat energy into electrical energy (©) solar energy into electrical eneray (©) heat energy into light energy (2) solar energy into light energy (0.39 The daily differences in the amount of solar energy received by Earth is due to its @) size (0) shape (©) aimosphere ——(d) rotation Q.40 Which of the following areas is preferred for solar power plants (@) Coastal areas (©) Mountain tops (b) Hot arid zones (@) High rainfall zones Q.41 Which one of the following is not a disadvantage of solar energy? (@) Electricity generation is limited by climate. (0) High installation cost and low power stations, (©) Batteries being charged by solar power required replacement and also require large space to occupy. (6) Clear, noise free energy source with litle maintenance as having no moving part Solar Energy 19 Q.42 Consider the following statements regarding solar energy systems 1. Solar energy systems on buildings have minimal impact on the environment, 2. The efficiency at which photovoltaic cells convert sunlight to electricity varies by the type of semiconductor material used. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (@) tonly (0) 2only (©) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.43 Consider the following statements regarding International Solar Alliance (ISA) 1. It is the first treaty-based international organisation which is headquartered in India. 2. Itwas launched at the Conference of Parties (CoP21) in Paris, France. 3. Its most of the members are the countries lying on or within the tropics. Which of the above statements are correct? (@) 1and2 only (b) 2and 3 only (©) 1and only () 1,2and3 Answers Key 1. (&) 2. (b) 3. (b+) 4. () 5. by 6. &) 7. ©) 8 © 9 © 10.() 14. @) 12. (6) 13. @) 14.) 15. (¢) 16. (b) 17. (©) 18. (b) 19.(b) 20. (0) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23, (0) 24.(b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (0) 28. (@) 29.(0) 30. (b) 31. @) 32. @) 93. (@) 34.(b) 35. (c) 36. (2) 37. @) 38. (6) 39.(4) 40. (b) 41.) 42.0) 43. (@) © scanned with OKEN ScannerWind Energy Introduction * Winds ir in motion and it derives energy ftom solar radiation. About 2% ofthe total solar fx th teaches the earth's surfaces transformed into wind energy due to uneven heating o the atmosphere * During daytime, the air over the land mass heats up faster than the air over the oceans. Subsequently {he hot alt expands and rises while cool air trom oceans rushes to fill he space, creating local winds Atnight, the process is reversed as the air cools more rapidly over land than ocean, causing breeze, Therefore, wind energy is the kinetic energy generated by virtue of the movement of large ai masses Caused by differential heating of the atmosphere by the sun. * Wind energy is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources that hold out the promise of ‘meetinga Significant portion of energy demand in the direct, arid connected modes as well as remote applications ‘ike water pumping, desalination, telecommunication, etc Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) * Awind energy conversion system (WECS) is an equipment which generates mechanical energy Powered by wind energy, that can be directly coo Converted into electrical energy. {cee The major components of a typical wind energy conversion system include a wind turbine, a Generator, inter-connected apparatus, and control systems, ‘The wind turns large turbine blades which spins a | generator shaft and produces electricity. This “ electricity then charge batteries which can be [ aac directly connected to local power distribution system or to the power grid In particular, the medium and large scale wind Gneray conversion systems aro designed to ‘Operate in parallel with a public or local AC grid. Types of Wind Energy Systems 1. Onshore Wind Energ) \<- Rotor sade This involves wind farms locat of wind energy installations and are typically found in 2. Offshore Wind Energy: Offsh coast, where wind speeds are they can produce large amounts of energy with mini a imal impact on land use. [sTower Switehyard a ae Wind Energy Conversion System ted on land. These are the most common type Fegions with strong and consistent winds, ated in bodies of water, usually far from the 'stent. These systems are gaining popularity a © scanned with OKEN ScannermADE EASY Wind Energy 21 High Wind Potential Regions and Areas Wind Energy in India * Wind energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources in India, contributing significantly to the country’s clean energy capacity. India is blessed with abundant wind resources, particularly along its western coast and southern regions. * With the country’s focus on reducing dependence on fossil fuels and addressing environmental concerns, wind energy has become a crucial component of its renewable energy strategy. ‘+ Asof recent estimates, India ranks among the top § countries in the world in terms of installed wind energy capacity. The country has made substantial progress in harnessing wind power, but there is still much potential to be tapped, especially in under-utilized areas. Current Status of Wind Energy in India ‘+ Installed Capacity: India's installed wind power capacity is over 40,000 MW, making it one of the global leaders in wind energy. © Wind-rich regions: The key states contributing to India's wind power capacity are Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, due to their high wind potential. © Energy Contribution: Wind energy accounts for about 10-12% of the total power generation in India, and the sector continues to grow at a rapid pace. Benefits of Wind Energy in India © Clean and Renewable: Wind power is a clean, sustainable source of energy that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ‘* Local Economic Benefits: The development of wind farms creates jobs, supports rural economies, and provides a reliable income for farmers who lease their land for wind turbine installations. * Reduced Energy Import Dependency: By increasing the share of wind energy in its energy mix, India can reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels, contributing to energy security. + Cost Competitiveness: Over the years, the cost of wind energy has decreased significantly, making it one of the cheapest sources of electricity. Major Wind Energy Schemes in India India has introduced several policies, programs, and schemes to accelerate the growth of wind energy. These schemes focus on capacity addition, technological advancements, and creating a supportive ecosystem for both large-scale and small-scale wind power projects. 1. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018) © Objective: This policy aims to promote the hybrid development of wind and solar projects, maximizing land use and grid integration. «Key Features: + Encourages developers to set up combined wind-solar plants to optimize land and resource usage. «Aims to increase power generation efficiency by leveraging both resources simultaneously. = Financial support for hybrid projects, including the waiver of inter-state transmission system charges for renewable power. © scanned with OKEN ScanneroY een GES Grrr 22 Green Energy Seas SUED Wind Power Projects under the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) * Objective: The NCEF is designed to suppor the development of clean energy technologies, nly iy wind power. + Key Features: = Provides funding for wind energy projects that contribute to environmental Sustainability ang reduce carbon emissions. Focuses on encouraging innovation and advancements in wind turbine technology, Particularlyin the manufacturing of more efficient and cost-effective turbines. 3. Wind Energy Capacity Building Program * Objective: This program seeks to build the necessary human and technical capacity forthe rig expansion of wind power in India. + Key Features: * Capacity building for various stakeholders, including wind turbine manufacturers, installation companies, and technical professionals, = Focus on research and development to improve wind energy efficiency and reduce operational costs, 4 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) * Objective: To encourage the generation and consumption of renewable energy by creating a tradable certificate system, * Key Features: = RECs serve as proof of the generation of renewable energy. Companies that fail to meet renewable ‘energy obligations can purchase these certificates. = Wind eneray producers eam RECs, helping them get additional revenue and promoting the growth ofthe sector. 5. Repowering of Wind Turbines Scheme * Objective: To replace older, less efficient turbines with modern, more efficient ones to increase Power generation without requiring additional land, + Key Features: = Promotes the use of advanced wind turbine technology to enhance generation efficiency. * Helps increase the installed capacity in regions that have already been developed but are operating with older turbines 6 Green Energy Corridor (GEC) ‘The Cabinet Committee on Economie Affairs has approved the scheme on Green Energy Corridor (GEC) Phase-II for Intra-State Transmission System (InSTS), Key Pc arnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan. * _I'Sworking fr the grid integration and power evacuation of about 24GW of Renewable EnerOY pd © scanned with OKEN ScannermRDE EASY Wind Energy 23 + GEC-2: = It will facilitate grid integration and power evacuation of approximately 20 GW of Renewable Energy (RE) power projects in seven States namely, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, = Thetransmission systems will be created over a period of five year from Financial Year 2021-2210 2025-26, = Itistargeted to be set up with a total estimated cost of Rs. 12,031 crores, and the Central Finance Assistance (CFA) will be 33% of the project cost. = The CFAwillhelp in offsetting the Intra-State transmission charges and thus keep the power costs down, * Objectives: = Itaims at synchronizing the electricity produced from renewable resources, such as wind and solar, with the conventional power stations in the grid. = Itaims to achieve the target of 450 GW installed RE capacity by 2030. = The objective of the GEC is to evacuate approx. 20,000 MW of large-scale renewable power and improvement of the grid in implementing states. * Significance: = Itwill contribute to the long-term eneray security of India and will promote ecologically sustainable growth by reducing carbon footprint. = It will facilitate in generating large direct and indirect employment opportunities for both the skilled and unskilled personnel. National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015 ‘© Under this Policy, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been authorized as the Nodal Ministry for use of offshore areas within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EZ) of the country. ‘+ The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Chennai, has been authorized as the Nodal Agency for development of offshore wind energy in the country and to carry out allocation of offshore wind energy blocks, coordination and allied functions with related ministries and agencies. It would pave the way for offshore wind energy development including, setting up of offshore wind power projects and research and development activities in waters, in or adjacent to the country, up to the seaward distance of 200 nautical miles (EEZ of the country) from the base line. «The policy will provide a level playing field to all investors/beneficiaries, domestic and international. t is planned to set up the first offshore wind power project off the Gujarat coast soon. Challenges in Wind Energy Development in India 1. Intermittency of Wind: Wind power generation is highly dependent on wind speeds, which can be inconsistent, leading to energy supply fluctuations, 2. Land Acquisition: While India has significant wind resources. finding available land for large-scale wind farms is a challenge, especially in densely populated areas. 3. Transmission Infrastructure: Insufficient transmission networks, especially in remote wind-rich regions, hinder the efficient transport of generated power to the grid. 4. Environmental Concerns: There are concems related to the impact of wind farms on local wildlife, such as birds and bats, as well as land use conflicts with agriculture. © scanned with OKEN Scanner24 oY Green Energy LES td Future Prospects of Wind Energy in India Technological Advancements: Ongoing research and development in turbine desi tools, and grid integration technologies are expected to improve efficiency and lower Offshore Wind Energy: India is exptoring the potential of offshore wind farms, paticulaty of ng coast of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, where higher and more consistent wind speeds exist '9N. forecasting costs, Hybrid Systems: The integration of wind with other renewable energy sources like solar wil further optimize energy production, allowing for a more reliable and flexible power supply, Policy Support: Continued governmental support and favorable policies are expected to drive growtn in wind energy, with a focus on meeting India’s ambitious renewable energy targets. Wind Power Potential in India India ranks 4" globally after China, the United States and Germany, in terms of installed wind energy capacity, with 42.8 GW (onshore wind) as of April 2023. Wind resource assessment by the National Institute of Wind Energy reveals an estimated wind power Potential of approximately 695.5 GW at 120 meters and 1,164 GW at 150 meters above ground level across the nation. Best Performing States: Wind Power Potential (in GW) at 120m Above Ground Level: Gujarat (142.56), Rajasthan (127.75), Kamataka (124.15), Maharashtra (98,21), and Andhra Pradesh (74.90). Wind Power Potential (in GW) at 150 m Above Ground Level: Rajasthan (284.25), Gujarat (180.79), Maharashtra (173.86), Karnataka (169,25), and Andhra Pradesh (123.33), Advantages of Wind Energy NoTE Wind energy is a non-polluting and environment friendly source of energy which is available free of cost. Power generation is cheaper as there is no shortage of input, and recurring expenses are almost ri {can be made available easily in many offshore, onshore and remote areas. Thus, it is helpful in supplying electricity to remote and rural areas. itations of Wind Energy Wind turbine design is complex and needs more research and development work due to widely varying atmospheric conditions where these turbines are made to operate. Large units have less capital cost per kWh, but require capital intensive technology. In contrast, small units are more reliable but have higher capital cost per kWh. Ithas low energy density, {tis generally favourable in geographic locations which are away from cities, {tis variable, unsteady, irregular and intermittent type of energy resource. National institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu ‘+The major wind energy installations are situated in Tamil N: Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, + India now ranks 5 Germany, and UK. ladu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra 'n grid connected wind power installations in the world after China, USA, © scanned with OKEN ScannermADE EASY. Wind Energy 25 (6 PRACTICE EXERCISE Q.1, What is the primary source of energy used by wind turbines? (2) Solar energy (©) Geothermal energy (©) Wind eneray (6) Biomass energy Q.2. What does a wind turbine convert? (a) Electrical energy into mechanical energy (0) Kinetic energy into thermal energy (©) Kinetic energy into mechanical energy (A) Solar eneray into electrical energy Q.3. Which country is the global leader in installed wind energy capacity? (@) India () Germany (©) China, (2) United States .4. Whatisthe primary disadvantage of wind energy? (@) High operational costs (0) Intermittency of wind (c) High maintenance requirements (0) Land contamination Q.5. Whatis the role of the blades of a wind turbine? (@) Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy (b) Rotate the turbine to generate power (©) Store the electricity generated (4) Direct the wind into the turbine Q.6 Which type of wind energy system is located in bodies of water? (a) Offshore wind energy (0) Onshore wind energy (©) Hybrid wind energy (d) Small-scale wind energy Q.7. Which of the following states in India is a major contributor to wind energy production? (a) Punjab (0) Tamil Nadu (©) Uttar Pradesh (0) West Bengal Q.8 What is the typical height of a commercial wind turbine tower? (2) 10-30 meters (©) 30-50 meters (©) 50-80meters (d) 100-150 meters Q.9 What is the potential wind energy capacity of India, according to estimates? (@) soaw (o) 100GW (©) 200Gw () — 3006w Q.10 Which of the following is a key environmental benefit of wind energy? (a) Reduces greenhouse gas emissions (b) Increases water usage for energy generation (0) Produces large amounts of waste (d) Destroys natural habitats Q.11 Which government policy in India focuses on the hybrid development of wind and solar projects? (@) National Wind Energy Policy (©) National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (©) National Renewable Energy Policy (4) Green Energy Policy Q.12 What is the main challenge associated with integrating wind eneray into the power grid? (@) High operational costs (©) Variability and intermittency (©) Difficulty in manufacturing turbines (@) High land acquisition costs Q.13 What is the role of the gearboxin a wind turbine? @) Convert wind energy into electricity (b) Increase the speed of rotation of the blades (©) Store excess energy for later use (d) Direct the wind to the blades Q.14 What is the main objective of the Green Energy Corridor Scheme in India? (a) To promote wind energy auctions (b) To strengthen grid integration for renewable energy (©) To provide subsidies for wind turbine manufacturers (d) To reduce the cost of wind energy © scanned with OKEN Scanner26 Green Energy Q.15 What type of wind energy system is most commonly used on tand? (a) Offshore wind farms (b) Onshore wind farms (c) Hybrid wind systems (@) Small-scale residential tu s Q.16 What is the name of the system that allows wind energy producers to sell renewable energy certificates (RECs)? (2) Renewable Energy Trading System (0) Wind Energy Certificate System (©) Green Energy Certification Program (0) Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism Q.17 Which country has the second-largest installed wind energy capacity after China? (@) India (©) United States (©) Germany (6) Denmark Q.18 Which of the following is a key factor that determines the efficiency of wind energy generation? (a) The size of the wind farm (b) The speed of the wind (c) The color of the blades (d) The location of the power grid Q.19 What does the term “repowering” in wind energy refer to? (@) Installing turbines in offshore areas (©) Replacing old turbines with more efficient ones (C) Increasing the number of wind farms in rural areas (d) Combining wind and solar energy for greater efficiency .20 How does wind energy contribute to India’s energy security? (a) By reducing dependence on nuclear energy (b) By lowering energy imports from other countries (©) By increasing reliance on coal-based power, plants (2) By reducing the need for hydropower plants CASE E Leen Q.21 Whatis the primary function of the wind turbine? (2) Toconvert electrical eneray into mechanica) energy (©) Tostore the energy produced by the turbine (¢) To convert mechanical energy into electiical energy (A) To regulate the speed of the turbine blades Generator in g Q.22 What type of wind turbine is most commonly used in large-scale wind farms? (@) Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) (©) Horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) (©) Hybrid wind turbine (@) Offshore wind turbine Q.23 What is one of the main environmental concerns related to wind energy production? (@) Soil erosion (©) Bird and bat collisions with turbine blades (©) Excessive water usage (0) Radiation emission Q.24 Which renewable energy source is often paired with wind energy to provide a more stable eneray ‘supply? (@) Solar energy (©) Biomass energy (©) Geothermal energy (6) Hydroelectric energy Q.25 The wind power capacity in India has crossed how many gigawatts as of 2024? (a) 20GW (b) 40GW (©) 6oGw (d) 100GW Answers Key 1, @ 2 © 3. © 4.) 5. &) 6 @ 7.) 8 © 9 @ 10.@ 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14.(b) 1. (b) 16. (@) 17. (b) 18. (bd) 19.(b) 20. (b) 21. (0) 22. (b) 23. (db) 24.(a) 25. (b) © scanned with OKEN Scannertara) Hydropower Introduction ‘+ Hydro energy or hydraulic energy is the energy of moving water which is obtained when the gravitational descent of a river is compressed from a long run to a single location with a dam or a flume. Itis not only a clean and non-polluting source of energy, but also one of the most important sources of ‘energy next only to thermal energy. Inthe hydro power plant, a turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water intomechanical energy, which is coupled with a generator that converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy. ‘* The amountof electric power generated is proportional to the product of net head (in metre) and flow (in cubic metre per second). Therefore, the power generated (in kW) is expressed by P = 981QHn where, Q = Discharge through turbine, in m/s H = Nethead, inm h = System efficienoy, in 9% * Water head in hydraulic systems is defined in several ways as follows : (i) Gross head : Itis the difference in level from the upper surface of water at the highest usable point to the lowest level at the discharge side of the turbine when no water is flowing. (ii) Net head : It is the head of water available for doing work on the turbine. It is the gross head less the hydraulic losses occurred in carrying water to the entrance of the turbine. (iii) Rated head : Itis the head at which the turbine produces the rated output at the rated speed. Do You Know: In India, the firsthydropawer station (130 KW capacity) was commissioned in 1897 in the hills of Darjeeling in West Bengal. Working Principle of Hydropower The basic principle behind hydropower is simple. Water from rivers, dams, or waterfalls is allowed to flow through turbines. As water flows through the turbine, it spins the blades of the turbine, converting the water's, kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine is connected to a generator that converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The amount of electricity generated depends on the volume of water, the height from which it falls, and the efficiency of the system. Steps in the Hydropower Process: 1. Water Source: Water from rivers, lakes, or dams is collected, Penstock: The water flows through a large pipe (penstock) towards the turbine, Turbine: The pressure from the falling or flowing water spins the blades of the turbine. Generator: The turbine is connected to a generator that produces electricity. Transmission: The electricity is transmitted through power lines to the grid for distribution. enon © scanned with OKEN Scanner28 Green Energy Cases Types of Hydropower Systems Hydropower systems are typically categorized based on the method used to capture the ener, water and how the water flow is managed. The three main types of hydropower systems are: ‘OY Of he Conventional Hydropower Plants + Run-of-River Hydropower: This type of system generates electricity by diverting part ofthe tow 2 tver or stream through turbines. It doesn't require large reservoir, andit as @ minimal environmen impact. Itis suitable for locations where rivers have a steady flow but don't require large-scale dame * Storage (Reservoir) Hydropower: This system uses a dam to store water in a reservoir behing The stored water is released through turbines when electricity is needed. This type of system ishighy flexible, allowing for both base-load and peak-load electricity generation. * Pumped Storage Hydropower: A specialized form of hydropower that involves two reservoirs at different elevations. Water is pumped from the lower to the upper reservoir during periods of low electricity demand. During periods of high demand, the water from the upper reservoir is released to generate electricity, ‘Small and Large Hydropower Systems * Hydropower projects are generally categorized in two segments: () Smal hydro project (SHP) (i) Large hydro project (LHP) * In India, hydro projects upto 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as small hydro power (SHP). These projects have been increasingly used as an alternative energy source, especially in remote areas where other power sources are not feasible. A small hydro project can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no environmental effect on activities such as fish migration, + Large scale hydropower plants are generally developed to produce electricity for large electric utity projects. These plants use @ dam or reservoir to retain water from river. Environmental and Social Impacts Despite its many advantages, hydropower comes with its share of environmental and social challenges ‘Some of the main concerns are: 1. Ecological Impact * Fish Migration: Dams and turbines can obstruct fish migration routes, affecting aquatic ecosystems Fish ladders and other measures are often used to mitigate this issue. * Water Quality: The creation of reservoirs can alter water quality, including changes in temperature and oxygen levels, which can affect aquatic life. 2 Displacement of Communities ‘+ Large hydropower projects often require the flooding of large areas, which can displace communities and cause the loss of arable land. This displacement can lead to social conflicts and econoric hardships for affected populations, 3. Loss of Biodiversity ‘+ The alteration of natural river systems and ecosystems can lead to a reduction in biodiversity, Habit! destruction due to dam construction, along with water quality degradation, can harm species tha! depend on the river for survival «ei © scanned with OKEN ScannermROE ERSY Hydropower 29 Hydropower in the Global Context Hydropower is a major contributor to the global renewable energy mix. As of recent estimates: * Hydropower accounts for around 16% of the world's electricity generation. * Itis the largest renewable source of electricity globally, producing more energy than wind and solar combined, * Countries such as China, Brazil, Canada, Russia, and India are leaders in hydropower capacity. with China holding the largest share. Hydropower in India India has a significant potential for hydropower, especially in states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, and the Northeastern region. As of 2024, India's installed hydropower capacity is approximately 46 GW, making it one of the largest producers of hydropower in the world. Government Initiatives * The Indian government has launched several iniatives to promote hydropower, including the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), which focuses on the developmentot large-scale hydropower projects. * The government also aims to increase hydropower’s contribution to the energy mix and has set ambitious goals for capacity addition in the coming years. Challenges in India * Land Acquisition: Hydropower projects often require vast areas of land, leading to conflicts with local populations. * Environmental Concerns: The ecological impact of large dams, including the displacement of wildlife and communities, has been a major point of contention in India. The Future of Hydropower The future of hydropower looks promising, with significant potential in several regions, especially in developing countries. Some key trends shaping the future of hydropower include: 1. Small and Micro-Hydropower: With increasing demand for decentralized and off-grid solutions, ‘small and micro-hydropower plants are expected to play a key role in providing energy to rural and remote areas. 2. Improved Efficiency and Technology: Ongoing research and technological advancements are improving the efficiency of turbines, generators, and storage systems, making hydropower more competitive and less environmentally impactful. 3. Pumped Storage and Grid Integration: Pumped storage hydropower plants will become more important as the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar increases, Hydropower provides the necessary flexibility to balance electricity grids. 4. Sustainability and Environmental Mitigation: The development of sustainable hydropower will focus on reducing ecological impacts. Innovations such as fish-friendly turbines and fish ladders, along with better environmental management practices, are helping minimize the harm caused to river ecosystems. Advantages of Hydropower Hydropower offers several key benefits as a renewable energy source: ‘Source: Hydropower is a clean energy source that does not produce direct greenhouse 1. Clean Energy i electricity generation compared to {gas emissions. This helps reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels. © scanned with OKEN Scanner30 Green Energy CEASE LN Renewable and Sustainable: Water is a renewable resource, and as long as the water oye, continues, hydropower can provide consistent electricity generation. Itis sustainable in the long ter, unlike finite resources such as coal or natural gas. Energy Storage Capabilities (Pumped Storage): Hydropower, especially pumped storage, hy. unique energy storage capabilities. It can store energy when demand is low and release it during petiods of high demand. This flexibility helps balance the grid, providing reliable power even ving, other renewable sources, like wind and solar, are intermittent. Cost-Effective: Once a hydropower plantis buil, its operational and maintenance costs are relatively low compared to other forms of energy generation. Hydropower also has a long operational lifespan, which contributes to its cost-effectiveness. Flood Control and Water Supply: Dams associated with hydropower plants can provide multi: benefits, including flood control, irrigation for agriculture, and water supply for industrial use ang Grinking, Limitations of Hydro Energy Hydro power plants can only be installed in those areas where there is sufficient supply of water. The hydro power plants can induce flooding or submerge large forests (if they have not been harvested} The resulting anaerobic decomposition of the carboniferous materials which release methane-a greenhouse gas. These plants rarely erected near load centers, requiring long transmission lines. Even during low-demand periods, it keeps producing electricity which leads to loss of power. * India and China have the highest number of installed small hydro projects. * Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been implementing UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) | GEF (Global Environment Facility) projects on optimizing development of small hydro resources in Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions. s \@= PRACTICE EXERCISE Q.1 Whatistne primary source of energyinhydropower —Q.3 Which of he following is the most commonly used generation? method for hydropower generation? (2) Solar energy (@) Tidal power (0) Hydroelectric dams (©) Wind energy (c) Windturbines (d) Solar panels (c) Gravitational potential energy of water Q.4 Which component of a hydropower plant conver (2) Geotnermalenergy the mechanical energy of water into electrice Q.2 Wrat is ine basic principle behind hydropower energy? eration? (a) Generator (b) Turbine Conversion of chemical energy to elecitical (©) Dam (@) Reservoir (©) © (a) Q.5_ Which of the following types of hydropower plan's Stores water in a reservoir to release it as need20” (a) Run-of-river plants (b) Pumped storage plants (©) Reservoir-type plants (2) Tidal power plants © scanned with OKEN ScannerMADE EASY a6 a7 a8 ag What is the main environmental concern associated with large-scale hydropower plants? (@) Air pollution from turbines (0) Greenhouse gas emissions () Displacement of local communities and wildlife habitat disruption (6) Water scarcit In a hydropower system, what is the role of the dam? (a) To increase the speed of the water (0) To store water and regulate its flow (c) Toconvert electrical energy into mechanical eneray (0) To prevent the turbine from spinning Which country has the largest installed hydropower capacity in the world? (@) United States (b) Brazil (©) China (d) Canada What type of hydropower plant is considered to bea “run-of-river” system? (@) A plant that uses water stored in a large reservoir (©) Aplantthat diverts a river's water flow directly toaturbine without significant storage (©) A plant that uses tidal energy for power generation (6) A plant that operates only during the rainy season Q.10 The “head” in hydropower refers to which of the following? (a) The flow rate of water through the turbine (0) The height of the dam (©) The pressure of the water (0) The amount of electricity generated Q.11 Which of the following is a disadvantage of hydropower plants? (a) They require large amounts of land (0) They generate greenhouse gas emissions (©) They produce intermittent energy (0) They are not cost-effective 0.12 Which of the following is the largest hydropower project in India? fa) TenriDam (p) Sardar Sarovar Dam Hydropower 31 (©) Bhakra Nangal Dam (6) Koynanagar Dam Q.13 Ina hydropower plant, the turbine is connected towhich component to generate electricity? (a) Alternator (b) Condenser (©) Pump (d) Reservoir Q.14 The flow of water through a turbine in a hydropower plant causes it to spin, What does this spinning motion generate? (@) Gravitational force (b) Mechanical energy (©) Electricalenergy (d) Chemical energy Q.15 What is the primary benefit of using hydropower, asa renewable energy source? (@) Itproduces no waste (©) It uses water, which sustainable (©) It can generate energy even in cloudy weather (4) Itis inexpensive to install and maintain abundant and Q.16 What is a pumped storage hydropower system used for? (@) Tostore excess energy produced during low demand periods for use during high demand Periods (b) To produce electricity only during floods (©) Togenerate energy using tidal forces (4) To store water for irrigation Q.17 Which of the following is a key advantage of run- ot-river hydropower plants over traditional reservoir based plants? (a) They generate more electricity (0) They have minimal environmental impact and do not require large reservoirs (©) They can operate without water (d) They are easier to install and require no maintenance Q.18 Which of the following is a disadvantage of using hydropower? (@) It can lead to displacement of local communities (b) Itcan cause air pollution (0) Ituses non-renewable resources (d) Itis not scalable © scanned with OKEN Scanner32 Green Energy Q.19 What is the main purpose of a penstock in a hydropower plant? (a) To store water (0) Torelease water athigh pressure to theturbine (c) Togenerate electricity (A) To filter water for the turbine Q.20 Which of the following is an example of a small scale hydropower system? (a) Hoover Dam (©) Kariba Dam (©) Micro-nydro systems for rural electrification (6) Itaipu Dam Q.21 What factor is most important in determining the energy output of a hydropower plant? (a) The speed of water flow (©) The depth of the reservoir (©) The height of the water drop (head) and the flow rate of water (d) The temperature of the water Q.22 Which of the following is a key environmental impact of large-scale hydropower plants? (@) Habitat destruction and disruption of local ‘ecosystems (©) Creation of permanent chemical waste (©) High levels of radiation release (@) Increased soil erosion Q.28 The Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydropower plant in the world, is located in which country? (@) United States (b) Canada (©) China (6) Russia Q.24 Which of the following is true about the efficiency of hydropower plants? (@) Hydropower plants are highly efficient, often achieving efficiencies of over 90% (0) Hydropower plants are less efficient than fossil fuel power plants (©) Hydropower plants only operate at 30% efficiency (d) Hydropower plants have a lower efficiency than solar power plants Q.25 In hydropower plants, the alternators role is to Convert which type of energy into electrical energy? (@) Thermalenergy (b) Chemical eneray (c) Mechanical energy(d) Solar energy Q.26 Which power plant works on the basis of gray; of Earth? (a) Wind forms (0) Geothermal y (0) Hydropower (@) Solar Q.27 Consider the following statements regarding hydra power: 1. Animpoundment facility of hydro power plant generally uses a dam to store water in a reservoir. 2. Run-of-tiver facility of hydro power plant captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams, without a large reservoir ang sometimes without the use of dams. 3. Small hydro power (SHP) plantis defined as any hydro power project which has an installed capacity of less than 50 MW. Which of the above statements are correct? (@ tand2only — (b) 2and3only (©) tand3only —(d) 1, 2and3. Q.28 ‘Run of the river’ systems usually used for which of the following projects? (@) Tidal eneray project (©) Small-scale hydropower project (©) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion project (6) Large reservoir based hydropower project Q..29 Consider the following statements regarding small hydropower projects: 1. These projects have short gestation period. 2, These have low operating and maintenance cost. 3. These are installed away from load centers, thus require long transmission line. Which of the above statements are correct? (@) tand2only —(v) 2and3 only (©) 1 and3only (@) 1,2and3 Answers Key 1 @ 2 © 3 &) 40) 5. © 6. ©) 7. &) 8B ©) 9 &) 10.) 11. (@) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14.(0) 15, (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19.(b) 20. (co) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24.(a) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (2) 28.(b) 29.(4) : © scanned with OKEN ScannerTidal Energy Cara Introduction India's coastline is ideal for the development of tidal power, especially in areas where the tidal range is large enough to generate significant energy. States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh have the potential for commercial-scale tidal power projects. India has set ambitious renewable energy targets, including reaching 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based power generation capacity by 2030, Tidal energy, being predictable and consistent, offers a promising solution to support the grid, especially when combined with other renewable sources like wind and soler. + Energy can be extracted from the tides which are formed due to the gravitational effect of the sun and moon on the Earth. This gravitational force causes a periodic rise and fall of the water level of sea which can be used to produce electric power. Such type of energy is known as tidal energy. * During the high tide, the height of the tide is above that of tidal basin and the turbine unit operates and generates power. During low tides, the height of tide is lower than that of the tidal basin and water is allowed to flow out to drive or propel the turbine unit, ‘+The tidal power plant requires a great tidal range and a suitable bay where a dam can be construct which will store water and release it during low tides torun a turbine, NOTE Residential flats in multi-storied building with balcony, need not be provided with refuge area, however flats without balcony shall provide refuge area as given above. | Where there is a difference in level between connected areas for horizontal exits, ramps, not more than 1 in 10m slope shall be provided, steps shall not be used. Doors in horizontal exists shall be openable at all times from both sides. Types of Tidal Energy Technologies + Tidal Stream Generators: These are underwater turbines that work similarly to wind turbines. The movement of water, driven by tidal currents, turns the turbines to generate electricity. India's coastal regions with strong tidal currents are ideal for deploying tidal stream systems. + Tidal Range Systems (Tidal Barrages): Tidal barrages involve building dams across tidal rivers orestuaries to capture water at high tide. When the tide recedes, the water is released through turbines, generating power. The Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat is considered a potential location for tidal barrage projects in India © Tidal Lagoons: These are artificial enclosures in the sea that harness tidal power through the rise and fall of tides. The concept has not been fully explored in India yet but could offer potential benefits © scanned with OKEN Scanneraa Green Eneray CSET Tidal Energy Potential Sites in India * Gujarat: Gujarat is often considered the state with the highest potential for tidal energy in India due to the large tidal range in the Gulf of Khambhat. + Maharashtra: The coasts of Maharashtra, especially around Mumbai and the Ratnagiri district, algg hold promise due to high tidal amplitudes. ‘+ West Bengal: The Sundarbans Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage site, could also be a candidate for tidal power projects if environmental concerns are carefully managed, * Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: Both of these states have relatively untapped tidal energy potential, particularly around the Palk Bay, India's Current Tidal Energy Projects Currently, there are few operational commercial tidal energy projects in India, but there have been studies and pilot projects conducted to understand the feasibility and potential. The most notable pilot project in India is located in the Gulf of Knambhat, Gujarat, where the government has been exploring feasibility studies for a tidal barrage. Research Institutions * National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT): A key government research organization involved in studying and promoting tidal energy potential in India. * Central Electrical Authority (CEA): Involved in the planning and assessment of tidal energy feasibility, especially for large-scale adoption. Indian National Oceanographic Institute (INCOIS): Plays a key role in conducting research ‘elated to tidal movernents, which can help in optimizing the potential of tidal energy. Tidal Energy Challenges in India * High Capital Costs: The initial cost of setting up tidal power plants, including turbines, barrages, and infrastructure, can be prohibitively high. This remains one of the si scale development. * Environmental Concems: Large-scale tidal proj effects on local ecosystems. For example, the c impact fisheries. ignificant challenges for large- jects, especially tidal barrages, can have negative onstruction of barrages can disrupt marine life and Technological Barriers: Tidal energy technology in India is stil in the nascent stage, and many technological advancements need to be made for it to become commercially viable Regulatory and Institutional Barriers: The lack of clear regulations and a standardized policy framework or tidal energy in India complicates large-scale project implementation Future Prospects of Tidal Energy in India * The Role of Tidal Energy in India’s Renewable Future: bee Gels, H'may find tidal energy to be a critical piece in the puzzle, particularly for providing baseload power. Technological Advancements and Cost Redui tidal technology, the cost of deploying tidal energy Over time. Technological innovations, including im systems, and enhanced grid integration, will make ti lotion: With ongoing global advancements in systems in India could become more affordable proved turbines, more efficient energy storage idal energy increasingly viable. © scanned with OKEN Scanner