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_Physics Project (1)

This project report analyzes the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell, which is crucial for improving battery performance in electronic devices. It identifies that internal resistance is influenced by the separation distance between electrodes, the area of the electrodes in the electrolyte, and the concentration of the electrolyte. The findings indicate that reducing internal resistance can enhance the reliability and efficiency of batteries.

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ranuarumugam
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2 views

_Physics Project (1)

This project report analyzes the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell, which is crucial for improving battery performance in electronic devices. It identifies that internal resistance is influenced by the separation distance between electrodes, the area of the electrodes in the electrolyte, and the concentration of the electrolyte. The findings indicate that reducing internal resistance can enhance the reliability and efficiency of batteries.

Uploaded by

ranuarumugam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ABSTRACT:

There is a need of batteries in our daily use


electronic appliances, such as remotes, etc.,
and the use of them is increasing everyday,
thus the battery trees to be made more
powerful so that the electric potential can be
increased greatly. This project report is based
on practical analysis for the factors affecting
the internal resistance of a cell. When the
resistance of the cell is decreased, we can
increase the potential difference across it and
hence make it more reliable.
OBJECTIVE:

To study the various factors on which the internal


resistance of a cell depends on.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

When there is a current present in the device or


the electrical circuit and there is a voltage drop in
source, voltage or source battery is internal
resistance. It is caused due to electrolytic material
in the batteries or other voltage sources.

Internal resistance is the result of resistance in the


battery or the accumulation in the battery. It is
the resistance which is present within the battery
resist the current flow when connected to a
circuit. Thus, it causes a voltage drop when
current flows through it. It is the resistance
provided by the electrolyte and the electrodes
which is present in the cell.
SI UNITS OF RESISTANCE = OHM (Ω)

For a cell, E.M.F (E) and internal resistance (r)


connected to an external resistance (R) such that the
current (I) is flowing through the circuit, E

E=V+Ir

Therefore, r=E-V/I
FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL RESISTANCE:

The resistance of a metallic conductor is given by

𝑅=𝜌𝐿/𝐴

Where L is the length of the conductor, A is the


area of cross section, and 𝜌 is the resistivity of the
metal. The internal resistance of the cell can be
given in terms of resistance between the electrodes
of the cell B, common of a cross section of the
electrodes of the cell A and the ionic concentration
of the electrolyte C.

R=d/CA

FROM THE ABOVE EQUATION IT CAN BE SEEN


THAT

Larger the separation between the electrodes of


the cell, more the length of the electrolyte
through which current has to flow, and
consequently a higher value of internal
resistance.
Internal resistance depends on the nature of the
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the common area of the electrodes dipping in the
electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell depends on the nature


of the electrodes.

APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or a battery
eliminator),two one way keys, a rheostat,a galvanometer ,a
resistance box and a metre ,a leclanche cell,a jockey
connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY:

The internal resistance is directly proportional to


the distance between the electrodes.

Let X be the distance between the electrodes

It is inversely proportional to the surface area of


the electrodes in the electrolyte.

Let A be the surface area of the electrodes.

It decreases with increase in temperature of


electrolyte.

It is inversely proportional to concentration of


electrolyte.

THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE CELL IS


GIVEN BY:

.
. r=(E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THE ABOVE CIRCUIT INCLUDES

A power supply
Two one watt keys
A Galvanometer
A Resistance box
A Leclanche cell
A Shunt resistor
PROCEDURE:

Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connection according to the circuit diagram.

Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

Check the E.M.F of the battery and of the cell, otherwise null or balance
point will not be obtained.

To study the variation of the internal resistance with distance of


separation

Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat small


resistance

Without inserting a plug n key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a nullpoint
is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square
and measure the balancing length (L1) between the null point and the
end P.

Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square
and measure the balancing length (L1) between the null point and the
end P.

Next, introduce plug in both the keys K1 and K2. At the same time, take
out a small resistance (1-5 Ω) from the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the null point.

Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.

Measure the balancing length (L2) from end P.


RECORD THESE OBSERVATIONS:

Now the electrodes 12 cm apart.

Then remove the plug of key (K1 and K2), wait for some time
and repeat step 7-10.

Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of


observation.

TO STUDY VARIANCE OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH


AREA OF ELECTRODES:

Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of


electrodes dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.

Obtain 3 such observations by repeating steps 7-10. Record


your readings.
RESULT AND INFERENCE:

From the above observations, it is verified that:

1. The electromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal to


E = 0.98 VOLT

2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the


separation between the electrodes.

3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of


the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the


temperature of the electrolyte.

5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the


concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS:

The connection should be neat, clean, and tight.

The plugs should be introduced in the key only when the observations
are not taken.

The positive poles of the battery E and cell E1 and E2 should all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.

The jockey keys should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch
the wire gently.

The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of


observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and


material density throughout its length.

End resistances may not be zero.

(A diagram is included with the following notes):

Each coulomb of charge can only pass through 1 cell.


CONCLUSION:

This project has examined the various factors that


affect the internal resistance of a cell, the separation
between its electrodes, their surface area, and the
concentration of its electrolyte. Internal resistance is a
property responsible for decreasing the terminal
voltage of a cell below its EMF. As such, it is generally
advantageous to reduce the internal resistance of a
cell, since the study of factors affecting internal
resistance is of economic relevance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Physics NCERT class 12 Textbooks


www.test book.com
www.knowledgecycle.in
www.studocu.in
www.sisphysicswebly.in

Youtube - Lectures by Walter Lewin that will


make you ♥︎ physics

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