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The Elements
Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass (amu)

actinium Ac 89 (227)

aluminum Al 13 26.98

americium Am 95 (243)

antimony Sb 51 121.8

argon Ar 18 39.95

arsenic As 33 74.92

astatine At 85 (210)

barium Ba 56 137.3

berkelium Bk 97 (247)

beryllium Be 4 9.012

bismuth Bi 83 209.0

bohrium Bh 107 (267)

boron B 5 10.81

bromine Br 35 79.90

cadmium Cd 48 112.4

calcium Ca 20 40.08

californium Cf 98 (251)

carbon C 6 12.01

cerium Ce 58 140.1

cesium Cs 55 132.9

chlorine Cl 17 35.45

chromium Cr 24 52.00

cobalt Co 27 58.93

copernicium Cn 112 285

copper Cu 29 63.55

curium Cm 96 (247)

darmstadtium Ds 110 (269)

dubnium Db 105 (262)

dysprosium Dy 66 162.5

einsteinium Es 99 (252)

erbium Er 68 167.3

europium Eu 63 152.0

fermium Fm 100 (257)

flerovium Fl 114 289

fluorine F 9 19.00

francium Fr 87 (223)

gadolinium Gd 64 157.3

gallium Ga 31 69.72
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germanium Ge 32 72.40

gold Au 79 197.0

hafnium Hf 72 178.5

hassium Hs 108 (277)

helium He 2 4.003

holmium Ho 67 164.9

hydrogen H 1 1.008

indium In 49 114.8

iodine I 53 126.9

iridium Ir 77 192.2

iron Fe 26 55.85

krypton Kr 36 83.80

lanthanum La 57 138.9

lawrencium Lr 103 (260)

lead Pb 82 207.2

lithium Li 3 6.941

livermorium Lv 116 293

lutetium Lu 71 175.0

magnesium Mg 12 24.31

manganese Mn 25 54.94

meitnerium Mt 109 (268)

mendelevium Md 101 (258)

mercury Hg 80 200.6

molybdenum Mo 42 95.94

moscovium Mc 115 288

neodymium Nd 60 144.2

neon Ne 10 20.18

neptunium Np 93 237.0

nickel Ni 28 58.69

nihonium Nh 113 284

niobium Nb 41 92.91

nitrogen N 7 14.01

nobelium No 102 (259)

oganesson Og 118 294

osmium Os 76 190.2

oxygen O 8 16.00

palladium Pd 46 106.4

phosphorus P 15 30.97

platinum Pt 78 195.1

plutonium Pu 94 (244)

polonium Po 84 (209)
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potassium K 19 39.10

praseodymium Pr 59 140.9

promethium Pm 61 (145)

protactinium Pa 91 231.0

radium Ra 88 (226)

radon Rn 86 (222)

rhenium Re 75 186.2

rhodium Rh 45 102.9

roentgenium Rg 111 (272)

rubidium Rb 37 85.47

ruthenium Ru 44 101.1

rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)

samarium Sm 62 150.4

scandium Sc 21 44.96

seaborgium Sg 106 (266)

selenium Se 34 78.96

silicon Si 14 28.09

silver Ag 47 107.9

sodium Na 11 22.99

strontium Sr 38 87.62

sulfur S 16 32.07

tantalum Ta 73 180.9

technetium Tc 43 (98)

tellurium Te 52 127.6

tennessine Ts 117 294

terbium Tb 65 158.9

thallium Tl 81 204.4

thorium Th 90 232.0

thulium Tm 69 168.9

tin Sn 50 118.7

titanium Ti 22 47.87

tungsten W 74 183.9

uranium U 92 238.0

vanadium V 23 50.94

xenon Xe 54 131.3

ytterbium Yb 70 173.0

yttrium Y 39 88.91

zinc Zn 30 65.41

zirconium Zr 40 91.22

Note: Parentheses ( ) denote the most stable isotope of a radioactive element.

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Essentials of
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GENERAL, ORGANIC, and BIOCHEMISTRY
THIRD EDITION

Denise Guinn

The College of New Rochelle

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VICE PRESIDENT, STEM: Daryl Fox

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959141
ISBN: 978-1-319-26756-8 (mobi)
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2009 W. H. Freeman and Company
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All rights reserved
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To my sons, Charlie and Scott, for their unwavering support.

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About the Author
Denise Guinn received her B.A. in chemistry from the University of
California at San Diego and her Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University
of Texas at Austin. She was a National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellow
at Harvard University before joining Abbott Laboratories as a Research
Scientist in the Pharmaceutical Products Discovery Group. In 1992, Dr. Guinn
joined the faculty at Regis University in Denver, Colorado, as Clare Boothe
Luce Assistant Professor of Chemistry, where she taught courses in general
chemistry, organic chemistry, and the general, organic, and biochemistry
course for nursing and allied health majors. In 2008, she joined the chemistry
department at The College of New Rochelle, in New York where she teaches
organic chemistry, biochemistry, and the one-semester GOB course for nursing
students. She has published in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, the Journal of
the American Chemical Society, and the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. She
currently resides in Nyack, New York with her dog Puck.
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Matter, Energy, and Measurement
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes
Chapter 3 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry, Polarity, and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Chapter 5 Chemical Quantities and Introduction to Reactions
Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium
Chapter 7 Changes of State and the Gas Laws
Chapter 8 Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, Osmosis, and Dialysis
Chapter 9 Acids and Bases,
and Buffers

Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbon Structure

Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, Ethers, and Amines
Chapter 12 The Common Carbonyl-Containing Functional Groups
Chapter 13 Common Organic Reactions in Biochemistry
Chapter 14 Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
Chapter 15 Lipids: Structure and Function
Chapter 16 Proteins: Structure and Function
Chapter 17 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Chapter 18 Energy and Metabolism
Appendix A Basic Math Review with Guidance for Using a TI-30Xa Scientific Calculator
Appendix B Answers to Odd-Numbered Additional Exercises
Glossary/Index
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Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 | Matter, Energy, and Measurement
Concepts in Context: Osteoporosis and Measurement of Bone Density
1.1 Matter and Energy
Kinetic and Potential Energy

1.2 Units and Measurement

Systems of Measurement
Units of Length, Mass, and Volume

1.3 Significant Figures in Measurements and Calculations

Significant Figures in a Measurement
Exact Numbers
Significant Figures in Calculations

1.4 Dimensional Analysis

Using Dimensional Analysis in Metric-Metric Unit Conversions
English-Metric Conversions
Density Calculations
Dosage Calculations

1.5 Temperature Scales and Conversions

The Temperature Scales
Temperature Conversions

Chemistry in Medicine: Matter, Energy, and Starvation

Chapter 2 | Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes

Concepts in Context: The Micronutrients and Nutrition
2.1 Elements and the Structure of the Atom
The Structure of the Atom
Elements and the Periodic Table
Isotopes of an Element
Average Atomic Mass

2.2 Navigating the Periodic Table of the Elements

Groups and Periods
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Important Elements in Biochemistry and Medicine

2.3 Electron Arrangement and Valence Electrons

Energy Levels and the Arrangement of Electrons
Valence Electrons and Periodicity

2.4 Radioisotopes: α Decay and β Decay

α decay
β decay
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Half-Life

2.5 High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation
Radioisotopes That Emit Gamma Rays

2.6 The Penetrating Power and Biological Effects of Radiation

Penetrating Power of Radiation
Radiation Sickness

Chemistry in Medicine: Electromagnetic Radiation in Medical Imaging

Chapter 3 | Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Concepts in Context: What Is in Your Morning Coffee?
3.1 Ionic Compounds Containing Monatomic Ions
Monatomic Cations and Anions
Writing the Formula Unit for an Ionic Compound
Writing the Name of an Ionic Compound from Its Formula Unit

3.2 Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

3.3 Covalent Compounds
The Covalent Bond
The Molecular Formula of a Covalent Compound

Naming Simple Binary Covalent Compounds

3.4 Writing Lewis Dot Structures of Covalent Compounds

The Process for Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Extension Topic 3-1: Expanded Octets

Chemistry in Medicine: Blood Chemistry and the Diagnosis of Disease

Chapter 4 | Molecular Geometry, Polarity, and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Concepts in Context: The Role of Estrogens in Breast Cancer
4.1 Three-Dimensional Shapes of Molecules
Molecular Models
Predicting Electron Geometry and Molecular Geometry
Molecular Geometries of the Atoms in Larger Molecules

4.2 Bond Dipoles and Molecular Polarity

Electronegativity
Bond Dipoles
Nonpolar and Polar Molecules

4.3 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in a Compound

Dispersion Forces
Dipole–Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding Forces

Chemistry in Medicine: Designing Drugs to Treat Breast Cancer

Chapter 5 | Chemical Quantities and Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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Concepts in Context: A Chemical Reaction That Saves Lives
5.1 Counting and Weighing Matter: The Mole
Molecular Mass and Formula Mass
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
The Mole and Molar Mass
Interconverting between Mass and Number of Particles

5.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

The Law of Conservation of Mass
Writing a Chemical Equation
Balancing a Chemical Equation
Mole-to-Mole Stoichiometry Calculations

Extension Topic 5-1: Mass-to-Mass Stoichiometry Calculations

5.3 Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Single Replacement Reactions
Double Replacement Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Chemistry in Medicine: Antacids and the Chemical Reactions That Relieve Acid Indigestion

Chapter 6 | Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium

Concepts in Context: Food and Energy
6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions

Units of Energy: The Nutritional Calorie, calorie (cal), and Joule (J)
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
The Calorie Content of Foods
An Overview of Energy and Metabolism in Cells

6.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions

Activation Energy, EA

Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

6.3 Chemical Equilibrium

Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
Le Châtelier’s Principle

Chemistry in Medicine: The Human Calorimeter and Indirect Calorimetry

Chapter 7 | Changes of State and the Gas Laws

Concepts in Context: Diver Rescue and the Bends
7.1 Changes of State
Kinetic Energy versus Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Energy Transfer and Changes of State
Melting and Boiling Points
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Specific Heat

7.2 Properties of Gases and the Gas Laws

Pressure
The Gas Laws
Molar Volume and the Volume-Mole Relationship

7.3 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

Henry’s Law

Chemistry in Medicine: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)

Chapter 8 | Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, Osmosis, and Dialysis

Concepts in Context: How the Kidneys Filter Our Blood
8.1 Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures

8.2 Solutions: Dissolving Covalent and Ionic Compounds in a Solvent

Solvation of Covalent Compounds
Solvation of Ionic Compounds

8.3 Solution Concentration

Preparing a Solution with a Given Concentration
Mass/Volume Concentration
% Mass/Volume Concentration
Molar Concentration

8.4 Solution Dosage Calculations in Medicine

Administering Solutions of Oral Medications
IV Solutions and Flow Rate

8.5 Solution Dilution Calculations

8.6 Osmosis and Dialysis
Diffusion and Crossing the Cell Membrane
Osmosis
Dialysis

Chemistry in Medicine: Hemodialysis—Performing the Function of the Kidneys

Chapter 9 | Acids and Bases,

and Buffers

Concepts in Context: Metabolic Acidosis and Blood

9.1 Acids and Bases

Acids Produce Hydronium Ions and Bases Produce Hydroxide Ions in Aqueous Solution
The Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
Strengths of Acids and Bases

9.2
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Physiological

Kw and the Autoionization of Water

Calculating Hydroxide or Hydronium Ion Concentrations Using the Ion-Product Constant for Water
Calculating
from the Hydronium Ion Concentration

9.3 Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions

Neutralization Reactions with Hydroxide-Ion-Containing Bases
Hydrogen Carbonate and Carbonate Ion as Bases

9.4 Buffers
Components of a Buffer
The Buffer Equilibrium
The Carbonic Acid/Hydrogen Carbonate Blood Buffer

Chemistry in Medicine: Acid-Base Homeostasis, Acidosis, and Alkalosis

Chapter 10 | Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbon Structure

Concepts in Context: Good Fats . . . Bad Fats . . . What Does It All Mean?
10.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
What Is Organic Chemistry?
Introduction to Hydrocarbons

10.2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Conformations of Alkanes
Structural Isomers
Writing and Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes
Writing and Naming Cycloalkanes

10.3 Writing Condensed and Skeletal Line Structures of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Writing Condensed Structures
Writing Skeletal Line Structures

10.4 Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes
Alkynes

10.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Benzene

10.6 Naming Substituted Hydrocarbons

Naming Substituted Alkanes
Naming Substituted Cycloalkanes
Naming Substituted Alkenes and Alkynes
Naming Substituted Benzenes
Pharmaceuticals: IUPAC, Generic, and Brand Names

Chemistry in Medicine: The Chemistry of Vision

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Chapter 11 | Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, Ethers, and Amines
Concepts in Context: Opioids and Their Abuse
11.1 Introduction to Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
The Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
Writing Skeletal Line and Condensed Structures for Molecules with Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds

11.2 Alcohols
Naming Alcohols
Types of Alcohols
Diols, Triols, and Polyols in Nature and Industry
Physical Properties of Alcohols

11.3 Phenols
Phenols in Nature and Industry
Naming Phenols

11.4 Thiols
Naming Simple Thiols
Thiols in Nature and in Industry

11.5 Ethers
Ethers as Anesthetics and Pharmaceuticals

11.6 Amines and Their Chemical Reactivity as Bases

Types of Amines
Physical Properties of Amines
Physiological and Pharmacological Activity of Amines
Amines Are Weak Organic Bases

Chemistry in Medicine: The Role of Dopamine in Schizophrenia

Chapter 12 | The Common Carbonyl-Containing Functional Groups

Concepts in Context: Clean It with Soap!
12.1 Introduction to the Carbonyl-Containing Functional Groups
12.2 Aldehydes

Aldehydes in Nature
Naming Aldehydes

12.3 Ketones
Ketones Found in Nature and in Pharmaceuticals
Naming Ketones

12.4 Carboxylic Acids

Identifying a Carboxylic Acid Functional Group
Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylate Ions
Carboxylic Acids in Nature and in Pharmaceuticals
Naming Carboxylic Acids

12.5 Esters
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Identifying an Ester Functional Group
Esters in Nature and in Pharmaceuticals
IUPAC Rules for Naming Esters

12.6 Amides

Amides in Nature and in Pharmaceuticals

Naming Amides

Chemistry in Medicine: L-Dopa, a Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

Chapter 13 | Common Organic Reactions in Biochemistry

Concepts in Context: How Does the Body Handle Alcoholic Beverages?
13.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Organic Substrates
Oxidation and Reduction of Common Functional Groups

13.2 Esterification, Thioesterification, and Amidation Reactions

Formation of Esters and Thioesters
Amidation Reactions

13.3 Hydrolysis Reactions

Applications of Hydrolysis Reactions

13.4 Hydration and Dehydration Reactions

Hydration Reactions
Dehydration Reactions

Chemistry in Medicine: Are You Getting Your Vitamins?

Chapter 14 | Carbohydrates: Structure and Function

Concepts in Context: Dental Caries and the Sweet Tooth
14.1 An Overview of Carbohydrates and Their Function
Types of Carbohydrates

14.2 Stereoisomers
Chirality
Enantiomers

Extension Topic 14-1: Converting from a Skeletal Line Structure to a Fischer Projection

Diastereomers: Stereoisomers with More Than One Chirality Center

14.3 The Structures of the Common Monosaccharides

The Chemical Structures of Monosaccharides
The Ring Forms of Monosaccharides

14.4 The Structure of Complex Carbohydrates

Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

14.5 The Role of Oligosaccharides as Cell Markers

Chemistry in Medicine: Blood Glucose Levels and Diabetes

Chapter 15 | Lipids: Structure and Function

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Concepts in Context: Anabolic Steroids and Their Abuse by Professional Athletes

15.1 Fatty Acids

Types of Fatty Acids
Shapes and Physical Properties of Fatty Acids

The Delta and Omega Systems

15.2 Triacylglycerols: Energy Storage Lipids

Triacylglycerols as Energy Storage Molecules

The Chemical Structure of Triacylglycerols

15.3 Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids

The Chemical Structure of Phospholipids and Glycolipids

The Cell Membrane

15.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Lipoproteins

Bile Salts
Steroid Hormones

Lipoproteins and Cholesterol

Chemistry in Medicine: Inflammation and the Eicosanoids

Chapter 16 | Proteins: Structure and Function

Concepts in Context: Sickle-Cell Anemia and the Effect of One Wrong Amino Acid
16.1 Amino Acids
pH and Amino Acid Equilibria
Amino Acids and Their Side Chains
The Chirality of Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids

16.2 Peptides
Peptide Bonds

16.3 Protein Structure

The Primary Structure of a Protein
The Secondary Structure of a Protein
The Tertiary Structure of a Protein
The Quaternary Structure of a Protein
The Four Levels of Protein Architecture Applied to Hemoglobin
Types of Proteins: Fibrous and Globular
Denaturation of a Protein

16.4 Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors

The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
pH and Temperature Dependence of Enzymes
Enzyme Inhibitors

Chemistry in Medicine: ACE Inhibitors, a Treatment for High Blood Pressure

Chapter 17 | Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

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Concepts in Context: Gene Mutations and Disease

17.1 The Chemical Structure of Nucleotides and Polynucleotides

The Monosaccharide
The Nitrogenous Base

The Monophosphate Ester

Constructing Polynucleotides from Nucleotides

17.2 DNA Structure and Replication

Double Helix Structure of DNA

Genes, Chromosomes, and the Human Genome

DNA Replication

17.3 The Role of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis

Transcription: DNA to mRNA

Translation
Genetic Mutations

Chemistry in Medicine: The Retrovirus HIV and Its Life Cycle in a T-lymphocyte

Chapter 18 | Energy and Metabolism

Concepts in Context: Exercise and Weight Loss
18.1 Energy and Metabolism: An Overview
18.2 Carbohydrate Catabolism: Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism
Glycolysis
The Metabolism of Pyruvate

18.3 The Citric Acid Cycle

An Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
A Closer Look at the Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle

18.4 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where It All Happens: The Mitochondria
The Electron Transport Chain and the Proton Motive Force
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Harnessing the Potential Energy of the Proton Motive Force
Net ATP Production from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose

18.5 β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

Activation of a Fatty Acid to Fatty Acyl-CoA
β-Oxidation

Chemistry in Medicine: Inhibitors of the Electron Transport Chain

Appendix A: Basic Math Review with Guidance for Using a TI-30Xa Scientific
Calculator
Appendix B: Answers to Odd-Numbered Additional Exercises
Glossary/Index
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A letter from the author
In teaching the general, organic, and biochemistry course for the past 26 years, it has been a great pleasure to be part of this course’s
evolution. When we wrote the first edition of Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry, our goal was to make it obvious to students
why chemistry is a cornerstone in the education of today’s health care professionals, by using health and medicine as the framework for
learning the fundamentals of chemistry. The third edition contains updated and additional medical applications integrated into the material,
and is now organized into smaller chapters. We have heard from instructors that integrating medical applications throughout the text
effectively engages students in the course early on, motivating them to learn the fundamental concepts of chemistry. Based on feedback
from hundreds of instructors who teach this course, the chapters on solutions and acid-base chemistry have been rewritten and now
appear before the chapters on organic chemistry and the four chapters on organic chemistry are in sequence. The third edition also
contains additional in-chapter worked exercises and practice exercises to help students learn problem solving and critical thinking skills. I
hope that you feel, as I do, that the third edition has retained the elements of the previous editions that worked well, while incorporating
some organizational changes that better support student learning.
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Preface
The Essential Chemistry for Health Careers and Everyday Life
Guinn’s Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry uses health and medicine as the framework for learning the fundamentals of
chemistry. The newly revised third edition focuses on core concepts and necessary math skills with a revamped organization. Easily
digestible content is served in shorter, concise chapters, while medical applications make chemistry meaningful for students preparing for
future careers in nursing and other allied health professions. Using SaplingPlus and its embedded e-book, students will be able to focus
their study with adaptive quizzing and understand the relevance of chemistry through videos, animations, and case studies.
Integrates Health and Medicine
Chemistry is the central science, yet students often struggle to see its connection to their lives and career goals. Examples from
medical and allied health fields and other consumer-based examples illustrate the fundamental concepts of chemistry throughout the
entire GOB sequence of topics. Content is tailored to motivate students and help them understand how chemistry applies to their lives and
majors.
Supports Student Success
The third edition of Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry ensures students successfully learn chemistry by reinforcing core
concepts, math skills, and problem-solving techniques. Bolstering students’ abilities in these areas builds confidence and provides the
necessary foundation they need to succeed throughout the course.
Promotes Independent Practice with SaplingPlus
Guinn’s third edition of Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry is now paired with SaplingPlus, promoting student study and
practice. Adaptive LearningCurve assignments help direct purposeful reading and study, while tutorials and case studies help students
synthesize and apply their understanding. In addition, students and instructors will have access to the acclaimed Sapling Learning online
homework and access to industry-leading peer-to-peer support for help with implementation and technical support.
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Integrates Health and Medicine
Chemistry is the central science, yet students often struggle to see its connection to their lives and career goals. Examples from
medical and allied health fields and other consumer-based examples illustrate the fundamental concepts of chemistry throughout the GOB
sequence of topics. Content is tailored to motivate students and help them understand how chemistry applies to their lives and majors.
Concepts in Context: Each chapter opens with a short real-life example of a topic connected to the chapter concepts. These stories
immediately immerse the student in a high-interest topic which can be understood through chemistry.

Authentic Images: Photos related to clinical practice, as well as consumer and health care products, reinforce chemical concepts and
show their applications.

Chemistry in Medicine: Guinn concludes each chapter with an in-depth look at how one or more chemical principles described in the
chapter directly applies to a specific health care issue.
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Case Studies: Available as student handouts, case studies allow students to apply what they learn to more challenging problems,
connect the chemistry they are learning to medical topics, and provide instructors with tools for active learning. Students also have the
opportunity to synthesize their understanding by working through paired case studies in SaplingPlus.
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Supports Student Success
The third edition of Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry supports students in successfully learning chemistry by
reinforcing core concepts, math skills, and problem-solving techniques. Bolstering students’ abilities in these areas builds confidence and
provides the necessary foundation they need throughout the course.
Core Concepts: These margin notes emphasize important concepts within each chapter and provide a quick study tool for students
reviewing chapter content.

Math Tips: These margin notes provide students with a math refresher at relevant points in the text.
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Guidelines: These boxes throughout the text provide step-by-step instructions for a common type of chemistry exercise (such as
calculations or nomenclature).

Additional features to help students with problem solving and math skills:
Worked Exercises: The author walks students through the steps for solving problems, pointing out important concepts and explaining
each step.
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Practice Exercises: Additional Practice Exercises follow each set of Worked Exercises, allowing students to test their understanding
of the material.

There is also a Math Appendix that provides students with a primer of necessary math skills and tips on using the TI-30Xa scientific
calculator.
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Promotes Independent Practice with

Guinn’s third edition of Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry is now paired with SaplingPlus, promoting student study and
practice. Adaptive LearningCurve assignments help direct purposeful reading and study, while tutorials and case studies help students
synthesize and apply their understanding. In addition, students and instructors will have access to the acclaimed Sapling Learning online
homework and access to industry-leading peer-to-peer support for help with implementation and technical support.
SaplingPlus now includes a new VitalSource e-book. This e-book is also available through an app that allows students to read
offline or have the book read aloud to them. Additionally, students can highlight, take notes, and search for key words.

LearningCurve is an adaptive quizzing system that promotes purposeful reading and study. These game-like formative assessments
are available for every chapter of the text.
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Tutorial Questions take students through a multi-concept question by breaking it into individual stepped-out problems. These activities
help break down complex problems and guide students with hints and targeted feedback at each step, building their confidence and
competence. Students can then apply these problem-solving skills when they tackle similar problems on their own.
In addition, Case Studies give students the opportunity to build upon their knowledge and synthesize their understanding. These more
challenging problems apply chemistry concepts to medical topics.
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Anatomy of a Sapling Problem
Sapling offers multiple question types that enhance student engagement and understanding. Each problem includes hints,answer-
specific feedback, and detailed solutions, facilitating student learning and emphasizing the pedagogical value of homework.
Hints attached to every problem encourage critical thinking by providing suggestions for completing the problem, without giving away
the answer.
Targeted Feedback is included for each answer, specifically targeting each student’s misconceptions.
Detailed Solutions reinforce concepts and provide an in-product study guide for every problem in the Sapling Learning system.
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Selected Updates to the Third Edition

Lab and Curriculum Solutions

LAB SOLUTIONS macmillanlearning.com/labsolutions
Macmillan Learning Lab Solutions provides the resources to build a seamless, comprehensive, lab experience for your students.
Print Solutions
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Hayden-McNeil Carbonless Student Lab Notebook • Hayden-McNeil Custom Lab Manuals
Digital Solutions
LabPartner Chemistry Database • Hayden-McNeil Custom e-Manuals and e-books • Full Custom Digital Course Site Custom Digital
Interactives, Tutorials, and Videos • Sapling Learning Labs Pre-and Post-Lab Assignments
CURRICULUM SOLUTIONS macmillanlearning.com/curriculumsolutions
Whether you are looking to create a customized version of one of our textbooks, author your own text, or incorporate our content with
your own, we are uniquely poised to help you achieve your distinct curriculum objectives. Talk to your rep about creating a fully customized
digital course solution.
Freeman Select macmillanlearning.com/freemanselect
Freeman Select allows you to create the ideal textbook. Starting from one of our texts, you can rearrange chapters, delete unnecessary
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LMS INTEGRATION macmillanlearning.com/lms
Do you use Blackboard Learn™, Canvas, Desire2Learn/Brightspace, or Moodle at your school? Learn about our LMS Solutions.
ICLICKER iclicker.com
Active Learning Simplified. iClicker offers simple, flexible tools to help you give students a voice and facilitate active learning in the
classroom. Students can participate with the devices they already bring to class using our iClicker Reef mobile app (which works with
smartphones, tablets, or laptops) or iClicker remotes. Both Sapling and LMS integration with Clicker make it easier than ever to promote
engagement and synchronize student grades both in and out of class. iClicker Reef access cards can also be packaged with Sapling or
your Macmillan textbook at a significant savings for your students. To learn more, visit iclicker.com or talk to your Macmillan Learning
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INCLUSIVE ACCESS AND DIGITAL DISCOUNT PROGRAM macmillanlearning.com/ready
With the Macmillan Learning Ready Digital Discount Program, everything is set for you and your students ahead of time, so your class
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the many instructors who gave their time and expertise to reviewing revised drafts of chapters in the third edition,
some of whom reviewed many chapters of the book.

Jessica Aguirre, University of Connecticut

Angela Allen, Shaw University

Premilla Arasasingham, Moorpark College, El Camino College

Christopher Babayco, Columbia College

Yiyan Bai, Houston Community College

Lucas Beagle, Kettering College

Peter Bell, University of Pittsburgh

Stacey-Ann Benjamin, Broward College

Terrence Black, Nassau Community College

Dina Borysenko, Milwaukee Area Technical College

Kristin Butterworth, East Texas Baptist University

Gary Campbell, Northampton Community College

Bernard Castillo, University of the Virgin Islands

Tammy Clark, Viterbo University

Stuart Cohen, Horry-Georgetown Technical College

Olga Fryszman, Miramar College

David Gelormo, Northampton Community College

Cynthia Gilley, San Diego Miramar College

Pierre Goueth, MiraCosta College

Bonnie Hall, Grand View University

Abby Hodges, MidAmerica Nazarene University

Jason Holland, University of Central Missouri

Amber Howerton, Nevada State College

Jennifer Jamison, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith

Peng Jing, Purdue University Fort Wayne

Bret Johnson, The College of St. Scholastica

Matthew Johnston, Lewis-Clark State College

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Kristopher Keuseman, Mount Mercy University

Amy Kovach, Roberts Wesleyan College

Mary Lamar, Eastern Kentucky University

Rebecca LaRue, Clermont College at University of Cincinnati

William Loffredo, East Stroudsburg University

William Magilton, Northampton Community College

Brian Martinelli, Nevada State College

Christopher Massone, Molloy College

Melissa McAlexander, Notre Dame de Namur University

Shabana Meyering, Northern Virginia Community College

Margaret Ndinguri, Eastern Kentucky University

Loralee Ohrtman, Lewis-Clark State College

James Patrone, Rollins College

Julie Peller, Valparaiso University

Tchao Podona, Miami Dade College

Uttam Pokharel, Nicholls State University

Elizabeth Pulliam, Tallahassee Community College

Kazi Rahman, University of Mount Olive

Bhavna Rawal, Houston Community College

Tanea Reed, Eastern Kentucky University

Billy Samulak, Fitchburg State University

Bryan Schmidt, Minot State University

Timothy Searls, University of Southern Maine

James Selzler, Ventura College

Lisa Sharpe Elles, University of Kansas

Wendy Shuttleworth, Lewis-Clark State College

Joseph Simard, University of New England

Kent Strodtman, Columbia College

Harishchandra Subedi, Western Nebraska Community College

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Ann Taylor, Wabash College

Harold Trimm, SUNY Broome

Linda Waldman, Cerritos College

Sen Wang, California State University Dominguez Hills

Xin Wen, Cal State Univ Los Angeles

Bill Williams, Hudson Valley Community College

Mustafa Yatin, Salem State University

We are also grateful to the many reviewers whose feedback helped us broadly shape the third edition of this text.

Brian Abbott, The University of Arkansas-Fort Smith

Sherri Adams, Gillette College, NWCCD

Jessica Aguirre, University of Connecticut

Angela Allen, Shaw University

Valerie Barber, University of Alaska

Stacey-Ann Benjamin, Broward College

Lidia Berbeci, Broward College

Kristin Butterworth, East Texas Baptist University

Gary Campbell, Northampton Community College

Ken Capps, College of Central Florida

Gerard Caprio, DeSales University

Liheng Chen, Aquinas College

Emma Chow, Palm Beach State College

Kristin Clark, Ventura College

Tammy Clark, Viterbo University

Stuart Cohen, Horry-Georgetown Technical College

Timothy Dransfield, UMass Boston

GC Flowers, Albany State University West Campus

Peter Friedman, Grossmont College

Tom Gardner, Saint Cloud State University

David Gelormo, Northampton Community College

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Cynthia Gilley, San Diego Miramar College

Isabelle Haithcox, Notre Dame de Namur University

Bonnie Hall, Grand View University

Sangita Handa, School of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Lafayette Ivy Tech

James Hanson, Seton Hall University

Ann Marie Hardin, Blue Mountain Community College

Michelle Hatley, Sandhills Community College

Jason Holland, University of Central Missouri

Heather Hollandsworth, Harding University

Joyce Horton, Marian University

Amber Howerton, Nevada State College

Shelli Hull, Tarrant County College South Campus

Michael Hydorn, Germanna Community College

Jennifer Jamison, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith

Peng Jing, Purdue University Fort Wayne

Bret Johnson, The College of St. Scholastica

Matthew Johnston, Lewis-Clark State College

Amy Kovach, Roberts Wesleyan College

Mathangi Krishnamurthy, Fitchburg State University

Mary Lamar, Eastern Kentucky University

Samar Makhlouf, Lewis University

Michael May, Darton State College

Kathrine Moore, Wake Technical Community College

Marc Morency, Bay College

Abhijit Mukhopadhyay, Ivy Tech Community College

Alfred Noubani, Delaware Technical Community College

Edmond O’Connell, Fairfield University

Thomas Olmstead, Grossmont College

James Patrone, Rollins College

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Joshua Perry, Navarro College

Doreen Prendergast, Erie Community College

Shuvasree Ray, Dalton State College

Tanea Reed, Eastern Kentucky University

Eileen Reilly-Wiedow, Fairfield University

Tim Royappa, University of West Florida

Billy Samulak, Fitchburg State University

Christian Schaefer, University of Massachusetts Boston

Bryan Schmidt, Minot State University

James Selzler, Ventura College

Robert Shapiro, Becker College

Lisa Sharpe Elles, University of Kansas

Hyunshun Shin, McMurry University

Wendy Shuttleworth, Lewis-Clark State College

Joseph Simard, University of New England

Cynthia Simmons, North Lake College

Julianne Smist, Springfield College

Duane Smith, Nicholls State University

Patricia Snyder, Florida Atlantic University

Allison Soult, University of Kentucky

Koni Stone, CSU, Stanislaus

Monica Strada, Sacred Heart University

Amy Taketomo, Hartnell College

Ann Taylor, Wabash College

Theunis van Aardt, West Liberty University

Maria Vogt, Bloomfield College

Linda Waldman, Cerritos College

This edition comes with an updated media package, including new Sapling homework questions, tutorials, and case studies. We thank
our media review participants for their help in re-envisioning the media package.

Jessica Aguirre, University of Connecticut

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Premilla Arasasingham, Moorpark College, El Camino College

Yiyan Bai, Houston Community College

PJ Ball, Northern Kentucky University

Lucas Beagle, Kettering College

Peter Bell, University of Pittsburgh

Ken Capps, College of Central Florida

Bernard Castillo, University of the Virgin Islands

Teresa Cowan, Baker College of Auburn Hills

Caitlin Deskins, Quincy University

Michael Garoutte, Missouri Southern State University

Vincent Giannamore, Nicholls State University

Cynthia Gilley, San Diego Miramar College

Pierre Goueth, MiraCosta College

Bonnie Hall, Grand View University

Michelle Hatley, Sandhills Community College

Abby Hodges, MidAmerica Nazarene University

Jason Holland, University of Central Missouri

Joyce Horton, Marian University

Amber Howerton, Nevada State College

Michel Hydorn, Germanna Community College

Matthew Johnston, Lewis-Clark State College

Kristopher Keuseman, Mount Mercy University

William Magilton, Northampton Community College

Samar Makhlouf, Lewis University

Margaret Ndinguri, Eastern Kentucky University

Edmond O’Connell, Fairfield University

James Patrone, Rollins College

Julie Peller, Valparaiso University

Uttam Pokharel, Nicholls State University

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Elizabeth Pulliam, Tallahassee Community College

Bhavna Rawal, Houston Community College

Tanea Reed, Eastern Kentucky University

Ileana Rotaru, Horry-Georgetown Technical College

Billy Samulak, Fitchburg State University

Christian Schaefer, University of Massachusetts Boston

Timothy Searls, University of Southern Maine

Joseph Simard, University of New England

Chad Snyder, Grace College

David Soriano, University of Pittsburgh-Bradford

And finally, we thank our faculty advisory board who provided valuable and extensive feedback on many aspects of the third edition,
including the organization and media content.

Stacey-Ann Benjamin, Broward College

Tammy Clark, Viterbo University

Bonnie Hall, Grand View University

Michael Hydorn, Germanna Community College

Jennifer Jamison, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith

Bret Johnson, The College of St. Scholastica

Matthew Johnston, Lewis-Clark State College

Tanea Reed, Eastern Kentucky University

Billy Samulak, Fitchburg State University

James Selzler, Ventura College

Lisa Sharpe Elles, University of Kansas

This textbook would not have been possible were it not for the exceptional dedication provided by the editorial team at W. H. Freeman
and Macmillan Learning. My deepest gratitude goes to Maria Lokshin, the development editor on this edition (as well as Randi Rossignol,
the senior development editor on the second edition, and Susan Moran, the senior development editor for the first edition). Their
commitment was instrumental in achieving the text you see before you today. It has been a great pleasure undertaking a creative
endeavor in collaboration with individuals that have such considerable talent and insight. I also want to thank the Senior Program Manager
Beth Cole, who deftly managed the many facets of producing a modern textbook: ancillaries, media package, and all the associated
activities that must be in place for a textbook to come to fruition. Finally, I appreciate the considerable experience brought to the project by
the team that worked on the second edition: acquisitions editors Jessica Fiorillo, Anthony Palmiotto, and Bill Minick.
This textbook benefits from the dedicated efforts of our supplements authors, to whom we extend our most heartfelt gratitude. Rachel
Lum prepared the on-line solutions guide that accompanies the more than 1,500 questions that appear in the book. She also revised and
wrote the new exercises that appear at the end of each chapter. Mildred Hall created the comprehensive PowerPoint slides for this edition,
and revised the iClicker questions. Rachel Jameton and Mildred Hall authored the test bank for this edition. Billy Samulak and Kent
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Strodtman wrote the case studies. We would also like to thank Stephanie Ryan and Chad Snyder for authoring and revising the
LearningCurve questions for this text.
We extend our appreciation to the staff at Lumina, and to the many essential W. H. Freeman production staff members including senior
project content manager Kerry O’Shaughnessy, project manager Linda DeMasi, and associate program manager Aravinda Doss, who
carefully shepherded the book through the proof stages; Karen Misler, the author schedule project manager; Beth Rosato, the copyeditor
for this edition and the previous edition; Blake Logan and Patrice Sheridan, who created the elegant design; Emiko Paul and Quade Paul
(Echo Medical Media) for creating the cover art; Paul Rohloff, who arranged the typesetting and printing; Krystyna Borgen, who
researched many of the photographs; and Robin Fadool, photo editor. We owe a special thanks to Kristen Ford, Stacy Benson, Lily Huang,
and Kris Hiebner for ably guiding the development of the impressive print and online set of resources available on our book’s website.
Finally, we thank Maureen Rachford, marketing manager, and the entire sales force for all of their enthusiasm and support.
The pedagogy of the book is greatly enhanced by the artwork produced by Network Graphics. This text is further enhanced and unique
in the number and quality of authentic protein structures, which have been rendered by Gregory Williams, who also produced the electron
density models. We would also like to thank Alex Panov and Lily Huang for producing the ball-and-stick models and space-filling models
included throughout the text.
A special debt of gratitude goes to photographer Catherine Bausinger, who shot the more than 50 new photographs that appeared in
the second edition and again in the third edition, Charles Guinn who revised the much-improved math appendix for the second edition,
Scott Guinn who served as my editorial assistant throughout the entire third edition revision, and my brother Peter Vogel for all his
technology advice. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Rebecca Brewer for collaborating with me on the writing and
development of the first edition. I also want to thank my colleagues who throughout the writing of the third edition supported my efforts:
Rachel Jameton (Lewis-Clarke State College), Rachel Lum, Madeline Mignone (Dominican College), Kimberley Waldron (Regis
University), Steve Cartier (Amherst College); and my colleagues at The College of New Rochelle—Richard Thompson, Rebecca Lafleur,
Lee Warren, Terry Colarusso, Melanie Harasym, Lynn Petrullo, Faith Kostel-Hughes, and Michael Gilliam.
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Chapter 1 Matter, Energy, and Measurement

Contents

1.1 Matter and Energy

1.2 Units and Measurement
1.3 Significant Figures in Measurements and Calculations
1.4 Dimensional Analysis
1.5 Temperature Scales and Conversions
Other documents randomly have
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certainties. Cotter had come down on purpose to take the security
away. He rose carelessly from his seat.
"Very well," he said, "it doesn't in the least matter, but you must
understand I can't call again. You know my address in Oldborough. I
shall be there to-morrow morning, and if you send a representative
to meet me I shall be prepared to pay you off. I don't think I need
detain you longer."
With a curt nod Wilfrid left the office and made his way to
Uzali's flat. He was informed that the Malay was in bed, but had left
instructions that if Dr. Mercer called he was to be shown up at once.
He found Uzali propped up by the bedclothes and looking not much
the worse for his adventure.
"Oh, I shall be right enough to-morrow," he said cheerfully. "It
is very unfortunate that I should have got into trouble last night. I
daresay you wonder what it is all about?"
"My dear sir, I am consumed with curiosity," Wilfrid said. "And
when you have told me all your adventures I will tell you mine,
which were thrilling enough in all conscience."
"That is a bargain," Uzali smiled. "But there is one thing you
must tell me first. Is our friend Samuel Flower still alive? Did
anything happen to him last night?"
"Oh, he is still alive," Wilfrid said dubiously. "But how long he is
likely to last is another matter. And now, if you will promise not to
get unduly excited, I will tell you everything that has happened since
I put you in the cab. You will be interested."
Uzali listened with rapt attention to what Wilfrid had to say. He
even expressed his satisfaction at the knowledge that things were no
worse with Samuel Flower.
 "So far, so good," he said. "And now, perhaps, I had better tell
you my story. It is shorter than yours and not so dramatic. In the
square I fell foul of those countrymen of mine, never doubting for a
moment but that they would recognize me and my authority.
Perhaps they took me for some imposter, perhaps they lost their
heads in the darkness. Anyway, they attacked me in a most
murderous fashion before I had the slightest chance of explaining;
hence the fact that you found me in the square nearly done for. Mind
you, if this had happened a week ago I would not have interfered,
but have allowed matters to take their own course. But now things
are different. They have changed altogether."
It was a long time before Uzali spoke again. He lay there with
his eyes closed as if asleep or dreaming.

CHAPTER XXX
A SLIGHT MISUNDERSTANDING

Wilfrid walked slowly back to Bloomsbury, his own affairs uppermost

in his mind. His morning had not been wasted. He had found out
several things likely to be of use to him, but, on the other hand, the
time was so short that it seemed almost impossible to save the
situation. There was an outside chance that his friend Vardon might
have been able to raise the money, but no information had come
from him, and in such cases no news is bad news. The security had
undoubtedly found its way into Cotter's hands and no time would be
lost in making use of the weapon. The mere thought was
maddening. Here was a man lying on his death-bed, yet ready to
strike at another man, who, on two occasions had risked his life for
him. It would have been better to allow those poisonous little
Easterns to have their own way and remove a scoundrel like Flower
altogether. Still, there was a chance yet, and Wilfrid meant to take
advantage of it if he had the opportunity. He was not beaten.
Beatrice's pale white face glancing wearily through the drawing-
room window recalled him to himself. There was better news, on the
whole, than Wilfrid had expected. Shelton's operation had been
partially successful, and he and his colleague were waiting for
Wilfrid's return.
"You haven't very much to do," Shelton explained. "The nurse I
have chosen will be here at any moment and she will take your
place. You will find certain medicines upstairs which you will know
what to do with."
Shelton departed hurriedly, after the manner of his kind, and
Wilfrid made his way to the sick room. Beatrice followed him
fearfully with a whispered request to be permitted to see how the
injured man was, and Wilfrid had not the heart to refuse.
"It must be only a moment, then," he said. "I have no right to
have stayed here so long. I ought to have been back in Oldborough
hours ago. You must promise to be quiet and not speak a single
word if I admit you into the sick room."
Beatrice gave the assurance and they crept into the bedroom
silently together. Flower lay with his eyes wide open, gazing about
the room in a strange, lack-lustre fashion. Evidently he had not the
remotest notion where he was or what was taking place around him.
He murmured from time to time a medley of things in which the
shrewdness of a man and the innocence of a child were curiously
mingled. Wilfrid seemed to hear sounds of some one moving in the
dressing-room beyond, and he looked into the room, where he saw
Cotter in the act of placing some papers in a desk. Flower's
confidential clerk looked up guiltily as his glance met Wilfrid's eye.
"What are you doing here?" Wilfrid asked sternly. "Don't you
know that nobody but the doctor and the nurse are allowed here?
And why are you tampering with those papers?"
"I am not," Cotter stammered. "I swear I am not. I am only
putting away a few documents which my master told me to fetch
from the City this morning. I am very sorry, sir, but I won't come
back again. Is he better?"
Wilfrid turned on his heel without reply. No sooner had Cotter
left the dressing-room than Wilfrid was back in the bedroom intent
on getting rid of Beatrice also. It was useless for the girl to stay, for
she could do nothing except stand there with eyes full of tears of
pity and sorrow. Wilfrid led her out to the landing.
"You must not come here again," he said. "I will leave directly
the nurse arrives. I have to call upon a friend and then I must get
back to Oldborough without delay."
"Is there any hope?" Beatrice asked.
"I cannot say," Wilfrid replied. "It may be days before we are
sure of that, and whatever happens, remember that you are safe.
These people who come and go in this mysterious fashion have no
feeling against you. It is only your uncle who is the object of their
vengeance."
"But, surely, the police ought to know," Beatrice protested.
 "I am not sure of that," Wilfrid said. "If your uncle were well
and we suggested calling the police, I am certain that he would
oppose the idea strongly."
A little colour crept into Beatrice's face.
"You speak so strangely," she said. "You hint at such dark
things. Do you know that all the years I have lived with my uncle I
have never found him anything but the best of men? It is only
latterly that this cloud has come between us. There was none of it
until you came into my life again."
The words were quietly spoken, yet they stung Wilfrid to the
core.
"That is easily remedied," he said bitterly. "I can take myself out
of your life as I brought myself into it. I could school myself to forget
you in time. But do not forget that I have saved your uncle's life
twice, though, in so doing, I have rendered a very doubtful service
to humanity."
"What do you mean?" Beatrice asked hotly.
Wilfrid advanced a step or two closer and took the girl's hands
in his. His face was grave and set.
"Then I will tell you," he said. "Samuel Flower might have been
even more to you than you say he has, but that does not prevent
him from being a great scoundrel. You may bridle and colour, but I
ask you to hear me to the finish. You may say, quite sincerely, you
have never heard anything of this before. But if you could go
amongst business men who knew nothing of your relationship to
Samuel Flower, and ask them what they thought of him and his
methods, you would learn some startling things. Do you know that
for over two years I was a servant of your uncle's on board one of
his ships? Have you ever heard him mention a boat called the
Guelder Rose?"
"I have heard of it," Beatrice murmured. "There was a mutiny
on board and a great loss of life. It was a shameful thing altogether,
and if my uncle had cared to bring the mutineers to justice most of
them would have suffered long terms of imprisonment, but he
refrained from doing so——"
"Because he was afraid," Wilfrid said sternly. "He dared not face
the ordeal of a court of justice. I was the doctor on board that ill-
fated boat and could tell you all about it. If I could only put my hand
upon one other survivor, poor and friendless as I am, I would fight
your uncle to the last gasp. I hesitated to come to Maldon Grange
the day I was sent for, because I was afraid I might be recognized
and have to pay the penalty of my interference in that mutiny. And I
was recognized—I realized that almost as soon as I entered the
house."
"My uncle said nothing to me," Beatrice protested.
"Oh, no, he would not," Wilfrid said bitterly. "That is not the way
in which he works, but he has lost no time in trying to ruin me. He
lost no time in getting into communication with the people from
whom I borrowed money to buy my practice. He bought the security
I gave, and if the money is not forthcoming to-morrow, I shall be a
ruined man without a house over my head. I daresay you wonder
why I tell you this, but sooner or later you are bound to know, and if
it happens that somebody else——"
What more Wilfrid might have said was cut short by a sudden
moan from the bedroom. Without another word Wilfrid turned and
Beatrice crept silently down the stairs.
 It was only for a moment or two, however, and the patient
lapsed into the absent stage again. The minutes were creeping
along; the nurse would be here soon and Wilfrid would be glad to
turn his back upon that house of mystery. His mind was full of his
own troubles; he found his thoughts wandering to the desk in the
dressing-room where he had seen Cotter arranging those papers.
Then it suddenly struck him that the security he was in search of
was actually within his grasp. As far as he could see, Cotter had not
even turned the key in the desk. Overwhelming curiosity drew
Wilfrid from his seat and impelled his lingering footsteps towards the
dressing-room.
Here was the desk with the key still in it. There was the heap of
papers in the top drawer. A long, pale blue slip with a red stamp in
the corner caught his eye. There was no occasion for him to ask
what it was. He could see his own bold handwriting across it. Here
was the precious document that meant so much to him, so little for
the man in the next room. He had only to tear it in two and throw
the fragments in the fire and he would be free from all anxiety for
ever. It was only for a moment, but that moment was long enough,
for the dressing-room door stood open and the shadow of Beatrice
blocked the light.
"The nurse is here," she said coldly. Her eyes were fixed upon
the paper which Wilfrid held in his hand. "I thought I would bring
her this way. And now, Dr. Mercer, don't you think that we shall be
able to dispense with your services?"

CHAPTER XXXI
 A QUESTION OF HONOUR

The thing was done beyond recall. Wilfrid had only to look into the
face of his companion to see that everything seemed plain to her as
an open book. He had been rummaging amongst her uncle's papers
for the compromising document. He had it in his hand at that
moment.
What would he have done with it had Beatrice not appeared?
Would he have yielded to temptation or not? For the life of him
Wilfrid could not say. He tried to think that he would have put the
matter behind him. But he had not done so; he had not even
attempted to do so. For a second or two he had even tried to justify
himself in a course of action which would have been distinctly
dishonourable. If he had gone down on his knees and made a full
confession to Beatrice he could have told her no more than she
already knew.
He glanced into her face, eager to see if there was any
sympathy in her eyes. But Beatrice's face was stern and set. There
was a compression of her lips that he had not noticed before. He
could not know how deeply wounded and disappointed she was. She
could not add anything to the humiliation which he was then
suffering.
"You wish me to go?" he stammered.
"Would it not be better?" she said scornfully. "Is it not a pity you
ever came at all?"
"Perhaps it was," Wilfrid said, stung to retort. "But if fortune had
never brought us together again Samuel Flower would have been in
his grave by now. Had we not met once more I should have been
spared an enemy whose sole desire it is to ruin me. Then, at the
appointed time, I might have sought you out and, in the language of
the fairy stories——"
Wilfrid paused, conscious that he was going a little too far. He
saw the vivid colour creep into Beatrice's cheeks, but there was no
relaxation of her lips.
"Go on," she said. "You might as well finish."
"And live happily ever afterwards," Wilfrid said defiantly. "You
think I have done a wrong thing to-day, and possibly I have. May
you be ever spared such a temptation as has been placed in my way
during the last half-hour! You cannot understand these things.
Brought up as you have been how could you make allowance for
people in dire trouble? Oh, never mind the nurse; she can wait a few
minutes. Since I have gone so far I must finish. Whether you like it
or not, you shall hear all that I have to say. It is only due to me that
you should."
Beatrice hesitated. Wilfrid's voice thrilled with passion, his words
rang with sincerity. It was almost impossible to believe that a man
distinguished for bravery should stoop to common theft. The
hesitancy passed and Beatrice turned away.
"What is the good of it?" she cried. "What do I gain by hearing
you? And, surely, this is a wrong time and place for a confession
——"
"A confession!" Wilfrid echoed scornfully. "I was going to make
no confession. But bring in the nurse, so that I may explain what
she has to do; after that I will detain you very little longer. Perhaps
you are right."
 There was no sign of heat or passion on Wilfrid's face as he
shook hands with the nurse. She looked white and fragile for so
difficult a task, but that was no business of his. Perhaps the nurse
guessed what was passing through his mind, for she smiled at him
unsteadily.
"I shall be all right," she said. "Dr. Shelton is a very good friend
of mine. He knows that I have been ill for some time, and I am sure
he would not send me a troublesome case. I know exactly what to
do, thank you."
Wilfrid had only to take his departure. He had received his
dismissal. He was not likely to see Beatrice again, therefore he could
devote all his energies to the great fight before him. Nevertheless,
he lingered in the hall on the off-chance of a last word with Beatrice,
nor was he disappointed. The dining-room door opened in hesitating
fashion and she stood before him. The hard, proud look had left her
face now; her lips inclined to quiver.
"I cannot part with you like this," she murmured. "I have been
thinking of what you said just now, and perhaps I am disposed to
judge other people harshly."
"Did you ever know any prosperous man or woman who didn't?"
Wilfred said with a bitter smile. "Oh, it maddens me to hear people
prating their honesty when they have everything to make the path of
existence smooth. Does it never strike these smug Pharisees that
they would be born fools to be anything but honest? Why, there are
thousands of criminals who die honourable and respected, either
because they have never been found out or because they have
never been under the necessity of knowing temptation. Take your
case. What has your life been—one constant round of pleasure, a
succession of years during which you have had everything you
wanted and have been denied nothing? Do you suppose that you are
any better than I am? Suppose you had somebody wholly dependent
upon you for the mere necessaries of life, would you pry too
minutely into things? But I am forgetting myself."
"Is it as bad as that?" Beatrice whispered.
"I can see no difference," Wilfrid said wearily. "If it were myself
alone it would not matter. My household might be wrecked and
everything taken away from me with impunity, because I have
health and strength and would smile at the scandals of a place like
Oldborough. But for the last four or five years I have promised my
mother that I would settle down on shore and be near her in her old
age. But why worry you with all this? Why should I picture her
delight and pleasure in the new home she has to look after, which
she regards merely as the beginning of my prosperity? And now I
must go home to-night and tell her the bitter truth. I shall have to
let her know that I have been deceiving her from the first, and that
my so-called home is really the property of strangers. A few
moments ago I had it in my power to secure that home. I had only
to take a certain piece of paper and drop it in the fire and there
would have been an end of the matter."
"That was when I came in," Beatrice whispered.
She was interested in spite of herself. She began to see there
might be something in Wilfrid's point of view, and it was really
dreadful that a rich man like Samuel Flower should stoop to crush
another who was powerless to help himself. Indignation was
warming Beatrice's blood. To her it almost seemed that Wilfrid would
have been justified in his action. She turned towards him eagerly.
 "But, surely, something can be done," she said. "I blame myself
for not having seen your mother. If you will remember I promised to
call upon her, but, really, there has been very little opportunity.
Perhaps when we get back to Oldborough——"
"You forget that there will be no Oldborough for me after to-
day," Wilfrid said quietly. "I am going to see this thing through to the
bitter end, and your uncle and his tool, Cotter, can do what they
please. Well, what is it?"
Wilfrid turned impatiently as a maid-servant came into the
dining-room. The girl seemed to be distressed.
"Please, sir, it's the nurse," she said. "She doesn't seem at all
well. She asked me to see if you had gone. Perhaps you wouldn't
mind going upstairs again."
Though unwillingly, Wilfrid went back to the bedroom where
Flower was lying. A regular conspiracy of circumstances had
combined to keep him in that dreadful house. He found the nurse
standing at the foot of the bed gazing at her patient with a white
face and tearful eyes. Flower was sitting up now glaring about him
and muttering strange things.
"Oh, I am so glad you have come," the nurse said. "I am afraid
I shall not be able to manage this case. I am not as strong as I
thought I was. I don't know what to make of the patient. He has
been violent more than once since you went downstairs. I dare not
be left alone."
Wilfrid's ill-nature vanished as he glanced at the pathetic face of
the speaker. He forgot his own pressing affairs. He only knew that a
fellow-creature in trouble was appealing to him for sympathy and
help.
 "Very well," he said, "I will do what I can. Go downstairs to the
dining-room and tell Miss Galloway I sent you. Ask her to give you a
glass of wine, and then go and telephone at once to Dr. Shelton,
letting him know what has happened. Don't worry. I will see that no
harm comes to the patient till some one more suitable takes your
place."
The nurse stole thankfully away, and once again Wilfrid was
alone with his deadliest enemy.

CHAPTER XXXII
NO PLACE LIKE HOME

Samuel Flower had taken a turn for the worse and, as Wilfrid's
practised eye could tell, this was no case for the average woman
nurse. Flower was sitting up with his hands round his knees glaring
at Wilfrid, though there was no recognition in his eyes.
"Send for Cotter," he muttered. "Why isn't Cotter here? Don't tell
me that that rascal has betrayed me like the rest of them! Not that I
trust him, not that I trust any of them for that matter. But he ought
to have been here an hour ago. Who are you?"
The question was asked with an abruptness that almost startled
Wilfrid. For a moment the cloud hanging over Flower's brain had
cleared away and he knew where he was and in whose presence he
was lying.
"I am Mercer," Wilfrid said soothingly. "Don't you know me?"
 "Oh, I know you," Flower whispered. "I recognize you. Keep
those fellows away, will you? Don't let them come here again. I tell
you it is terrible. I lie fast asleep and then dream, and dream, and
dream, and yet my brain is clear and I know everything that is going
on around you. But that is nothing to what has to come, Mercer. It is
pleasure compared with the awful sensation when they wind that
dreadful thing about the head and you lie helpless, watching those
knots coming closer and closer till the brain sets fire——"
The words trailed off incoherently and Flower closed his eyes for
a moment. The brief interval of sense vanished and he began again
to fume and threaten.
"Keep them away from me!" he cried. "Keep them away from
me! What did you say your name was? It wasn't Cotter. Oh, I
remember, it was Mercer—Mercer, the dog that I am going to crush
when the time comes as if he were an empty eggshell. He saved my
life once, but what of that? The fellow is in the way and he must go.
But that isn't what I want you for. I want you to send for that doctor.
Telephone for him at once. Find him at any cost. I can't stay here. I
dare not stay here. Whatever happens I must get back to Maldon
Grange. Now go and find him."
The last words came in a harsh tone of command, then Flower's
sudden access of strength failed him and he collapsed upon the bed
an inert mass, scarcely moving and hardly breathing. Wilfrid hurried
downstairs into the dining-room. The nurse was seated by the fire
sipping at a glass of port-wine and Beatrice was trying to soothe her.
"It is all right," Beatrice explained. "I have managed to get Dr.
Shelton on the telephone and he may be here at any moment. I
suppose he will tell us what to do."
 In a minute or two Shelton's car drove up to the door and the
doctor alighted. He listened gravely to all that Wilfrid had to say and
found time to address a few words to the distressed nurse.
"You are not to blame," he said. "I did not expect complications
like this. I shall have to trespass still farther upon Dr. Mercer's time.
It will take me an hour to find a competent male nurse."
Beatrice glanced imploringly at Wilfrid. In as many words she
was asking him to stay and see her through her trouble. He
shrugged his shoulders more or less carelessly. What did it matter?
It was only a question of a few hours till his house of cards fell about
his ears. It would only mean postponing his explanation to his
mother till the following day.
"I am in your hands," he said. "As Miss Galloway knows, there is
nothing I would not do for her. So long as I get back to Oldborough
some time to-night I shall be satisfied."
Flower still lay unconscious as Wilfrid and his companion
reached the bedroom. Wilfrid gave Shelton a graphic account of
what had taken place during the last half-hour.
"Upon my word, I am half disposed to let the patient have his
own way," he said. "It is very likely he will do much better at Maldon
Grange. Mr. Flower has something distressing on his mind, and I
fancy he has been the victim of some outrage that has more or less
unhinged his reason. In point of fact, we ought to call in the police.
But it may be wiser to get our man back to Maldon Grange first."
"You are disposed to try it?" Wilfrid asked.
"Assuredly," Shelton replied. "It is not very difficult. If we wait
till evening we can hire a covered motor and take Mr. Flower to his
country house as quietly and comfortably as if he were going out to
dinner. It is repeatedly done, as you know, in cases of infectious
disease. And if you don't mind, I should like you to go down to
Maldon Grange with him. I cannot manage it myself as I have two
operations this afternoon. I know that it is abusing your kindness
——"
"Not at all," Wilfrid said. "I will see the thing through. I presume
you will come down to Maldon Grange to-morrow?"
Shelton promised and went his way. He had forgotten almost all
about the case before he reached his motor, and Wilfrid watched him
whirling down the street not without envy. What was almost a
matter of life or death to him was merely an ordinary incident to the
distinguished surgeon.
The afternoon began to drag. Luncheon was a thing of the past
and still there was no male nurse. Not that he was needed, for
Flower still lay comatose, opening his eyes from time to time to take
such medicine as Shelton had prescribed. Wilfrid slipped out
presently and despatched a couple of telegrams by means of the
telephone. One was to Swan Russell, the other to his friend Vardon
at Oldborough. He would know the worst of his position in an hour
or two. When the replies came, they were by no means reassuring.
Russell was detained and could hold out no hope of seeing Wilfrid till
to-morrow, whilst Vardon's reply was more unsatisfactory. He had
failed to get the money from his client in Castlebridge and was
awaiting Wilfrid's further instructions. With a bitter laugh Wilfrid
screwed up the telegrams and threw them into the fire.
The end of another act of the drama, so far as it concerned
himself, could not be delayed more than four-and-twenty hours. And
yet, close to Wilfrid's hands, lay the document which would make
him a free man if he only had the courage to destroy it. But that
temptation was past and gone. He would do nothing dishonourable.
Wilfrid beheld the desk in which the bill lay without the slightest
desire to lay hands upon the paper. In a restless fashion he
wandered about the bedroom till dusk began to fall, waiting patiently
to be relieved. It was nearly dinner-time before the male nurse put
in an appearance and Wilfrid was free to leave the house if he liked.
As he came down the stairs he met Beatrice.
"You are not going yet?" she said. "You must dine with me?
Besides, I understand you promised Dr. Shelton you would come
down to Maldon Grange with us. Everything has been arranged and
the car will be here about nine o'clock. It seems strange my uncle
should fancy he will be better in a great, lonely house like Maldon
Grange. But Dr. Shelton thinks it right to humour him. I would rather
stay here."
The girl shuddered as she spoke and her face turned pale.
"You don't want to go home?" Wilfrid asked.
"I am afraid to go," Beatrice confessed. "During the past day or
two my nerves have broken down. The mere thought of returning to
that mansion sets me trembling, but I must go because duty to my
uncle bids me."
Wilfrid made no reply. He was watching how Beatrice made a
pretence of eating her dinner. A sudden idea occurred to him.
"Something could be managed," he said. "The nurse will be with
your uncle and I will stay at Maldon Grange to-night if you like. We
shall be there a little after ten, and as soon as your uncle is made
comfortable I can take you into Oldborough and you can stay with
my mother. You will be company for her, and it will also be better for
you to be away from Maldon Grange. Now don't make any objection.
You must see the advantages of the plan."
Beatrice contested the point no farther. She was too unstrung to
argue, but she smiled gratefully.
"Very well," she said. "It shall be as you say, and I hope you will
forget what I said to-day."

CHAPTER XXXIII
BY WHOSE HAND?

The appointed hour came and with it the huge, smooth-running

motor which Shelton had sent to convey the patient to Maldon
Grange. In the skilled hands of the nurse everything went off
without a hitch, and in a few moments Samuel Flower lay in the car
as comfortably as in his own bed. There was room for others besides
Wilfrid and Beatrice, and Cotter, who had begged a seat, was
accommodated. Any seat would do for him, he said in his simple
way. All he asked was two or three minutes' grace to collect certain
papers which Samuel Flower would need when he was able to
attend to business again. Wilfrid smiled grimly as he listened. He
knew one of these papers. He knew that the little man screwed up in
one of the back seats would have no mercy upon him.
It was a silent journey through the night, and the whole party
were relieved when Maldon Grange was reached and Samuel Flower
was safely laid in bed. During the whole run he had never moved
once. He accepted the change of scene without the slightest
knowledge that it had taken place.
"I think that is all," Wilfrid said at length. "You won't want me
for anything else?"
"Well, no, sir," the nurse said. "I have had full instructions from
Dr. Shelton, so that I know what to do."
It was good to be out of the house in the stillness of the night,
and Beatrice breathed a sigh of relief as she walked by Wilfrid's side
towards Oldborough. It was a fine night, very tranquil and restful to
the nerves. The little town was reached at length and Wilfrid turned
in at the gate leading up to his own house. He had sent a telegram
from London so that his mother was prepared for him.
Everything looked bright and cheerful, Beatrice thought, in such
strange contrast to the gilded misery through which she had been
passing lately. She could understand now why Wilfrid was proud of
his home and what a wrench it would be to give it up. She
understood the matter still better when a delightful, grey-haired lady
came into the drawing-room and kissed her affectionately on the
lips.
"I am so pleased to see you," Mrs. Mercer said. "What a terrible
time you must have been having to be sure! But you will be safe in
my house, and I will do my best to make you comfortable. Now sit
down and be at home."
Beatrice's eyes were full of tears, and something seemed to rise
up in her throat and choke her. She had many acquaintances, but
she could never remember such a hearty welcome as this. Her eyes
wandered round the tiny drawing-room. She noticed the various
treasures and marked the good taste with which everything was
displayed.
"I am afraid it isn't much of a place to you," Mrs. Mercer said.
"But, at any rate, it will be perfectly quiet. You don't know what a
change it is to me after living in lodgings all the years Wilfrid was at
sea."
Mercer was out of the room so that his mother could speak
freely to Beatrice.
"Of course, it was a wrench to him," she went on. "He always
loved an adventurous life, and it was for my sake that he settled
down, and I am sure he will do well in time. It has been a struggle
till now, but things are gradually mending and I am becoming quite
fond of my new home. It would be dreadful to go back to those
lodgings again. I don't think I could."
Beatrice murmured something sympathetic. She was beginning
to fall under the charm of this kindly old lady, who seemed to have
but one idea and that to sacrifice herself to other people. A tinge of
colour mantled Beatrice's cheeks as she thought how different this
was to the life she had been leading. The pathetic side of it, too,
appealed to her nature. It seemed a terrible thing that within a few
hours this dear old woman should be deprived of everything that
was the pride and joy of her declining years. And the thing was
going to be done in cold blood. Surely, there must be some way to
prevent it.
Wilfrid's return put an end for the moment to Beatrice's troubled
thoughts. He was going back to Maldon Grange, at once, he said,
but would return in the afternoon and take Beatrice to see her uncle.
He kissed his mother affectionately and a moment later he was
gone.
Quiet and peaceful as it was, yet Beatrice wished herself miles
away. Indirectly her own hand seemed about to dash the cup of
happiness from the lips of two worthy people. She was no longer
blaming Wilfrid for the terrible temptation which had assailed him
earlier in the day; she was thinking she herself would have fallen
into it without the slightest hesitation. She was tired, too, a fact
which did not escape Mrs. Mercer's attention.
"How thoughtless of me to keep you up!" she said. "Come with
me and I'll show you to your room. You must be quite worn out."
It was pleasant and soothing. No shadow of tragedy hung over
the house, and Beatrice slept as she had not slept for nights. She
came down to breakfast strengthened and refreshed, and yet
anxious to be away from the house when the blow fell. She felt like
a traitor in the camp. She racked her mind again and again for some
way to save the situation. She was glad and yet sorry when the early
afternoon came and Wilfrid put in an appearance.
"Your uncle is no better and no worse," he explained. "He
passed a fairly good night, but he has been very restless all morning.
Now and again he recognizes people, but it is only for a moment. If
you are quite ready we will go back to Maldon Grange and you can
stay there till bed-time. If you like to come back here——"
Wilfrid paused and bit his lip. He had forgotten what the next
two hours were likely to produce for him. The time was past for
paying the money, and Cotter, acting as Flower's agent, could step in
at any moment and claim everything. There was a brief respite,
Wilfrid knew, because Cotter had gone into Castlebridge, no doubt
to complete certain legal formalities, and would not be back much
before six.
"I am going to leave you at Maldon Grange," Wilfrid explained
when once they had set out on their journey. "I must be at home
when Cotter returns from Castlebridge. I have had many unpleasant
things to face in my life, but nothing that I shrink from so much as
telling my poor dear mother the truth. I dread to have to tell her."
"But is it necessary?" Beatrice asked eagerly. "The amount is
not a large one. Put your pride in your pocket and let me help you. I
have jewels and ornaments which I could easily turn into money.
There are lots of things at Maldon Grange I could give to you directly
we get there, and you could be in Castlebridge and back on your
bicycle before Mr. Cotter returns. Please do not hesitate to accept
this offer."
Beatrice paused and laid her hand on her companion's shoulder.
She was intensely in earnest. Her eyes were fixed upon his. They
were passing through the wood which led to Maldon Grange, so that
they were alone and undisturbed. Very gently Wilfrid removed the
girl's hand from his shoulder and shook his head.
"I have very few possessions left," he said, "but my self-respect
is one of them. Don't you see, Beatrice, how impossible it is that I
can allow you to do this thing? I cannot find sufficient words to
thank you, but I must refuse. I should never forgive myself if I
yielded to a temptation which is far worse than the temptation which
was placed in my way yesterday. Besides, it is just possible that I am
alarming myself unduly, and I may yet find time and opportunity
——"
 Wilfrid paused and threw up his head. From the back of the
wood some one was shouting in terror; then there rose a wild cry for
help, and there was a crackling of broken twigs as some one bolted
in the distance. It was all over in a moment and the silence fell
again, but Wilfrid seemed dimly to make out the figure of Cotter as
he dashed through the thickets towards the open fields.
Without another word he hurried to the spot where there were
unmistakable signs of a struggle. A hat lay on the grass and by the
side of it a revolver charged in all six chambers. Here, too, were
pieces of torn blue paper tossed in a pile upon the dead leaves.
Wilfrid picked up the fragments and pieced a few of them together.
He turned to Beatrice eagerly.
"Amazing!" he exclaimed. "This is the acceptance itself—the
very document that was to prove my undoing."

CHAPTER XXXIV
A HUMAN DERELICT

About the time that Wilfrid was being hurried off in the motor
towards Maldon Grange and wondering bitterly if he had a single
friend in the world, Russell was coming to himself with a hazy feeling
that all was not well with him. He was lying on a couch in his sitting-
room, fully dressed. The gas had not been lighted, though it was
dark; indeed, as far as he could make out by the street cries, it was
late in the evening.
 His body was aching from head to foot and his head throbbed
with feverish pain. Gradually he began to piece one or two events
together. Slowly he began to have a faint idea of where he was and
what had happened. He managed to stagger to his feet and ring the
bell. His landlady came in, curious. She seemed to be relieved and
annoyed at the same time.
"What on earth is the matter?" Russell groaned. "And how did I
manage to get here? What time of day or night is it?"
"It is not quite half-past nine, sir," the landlady replied. "You
came home this morning about seven o'clock. I didn't see you
myself, but that is what they tell me. However, I suppose young men
will be young men."
There was no mistaking the significance of the last few words,
and, despite his racking head, Russell smiled.
"So you think it is like that, do you?" he said. "Let me assure
you that you are mistaken. I had an adventure last night which very
nearly landed me into serious trouble. But we need not go into that
now. If you can get me something to eat I shall be glad, and please
let me have a large syphon of soda."
Russell dragged himself into his bedroom where he felt all the
better for a bath. Then he swallowed a strong dose of sal volatile,
which had the effect of clearing his head and making him feel almost
a man again. He managed to eat a fairly good meal presently and
partake of a strong whisky and soda, after which he lit his pipe and
sat down to review the events of the previous evening. It was all
clear to him now.
"What a fool I was!" he murmured. "And yet I don't see how I
could have helped it. I thought I could have managed a couple of
opium pipes without getting into such a state. And the worst of it is
that the night was wasted. By the way, I wonder if the night really
was wasted. Perhaps I shall recollect something that will put me on
the right track. And, by Jove, I've forgotten all about Mercer. Has he
been here to-day, or has he been busy with his own affairs? It is
maddening to cut time to waste like this. The best thing I can do is
to see Uzali."
Russell's naturally strong constitution had asserted itself by now.
He even felt ready to undertake another adventure. And time was
pressing, too, for he had more or less wasted the last few weeks in
London, on his way home from Borneo, and his supply of money
was getting very low. He was thinking of putting on his hat and coat
when the landlady came to the door of the sitting-room with the
information that somebody desired to see him.
"Send him up," Russell said casually.
"I suppose it is all right, sir," the landlady said dubiously. "I
suppose you are capable of taking care of yourself. The person
downstairs is not quite the sort of man one cares about having on
the front door-step. Still, sir——"
Russell waved his hand impatiently and the landlady
disappeared.
She came back presently followed by a tall figure in the last
stages of dilapidation. The man had seen better days, for his black
frock suit had been well cut and his boots were not without a
reminiscence of Bond Street. Now he was shiny and seedy to the
last degree; a mass of dirty, greasy hair hung over his shoulders,
and the top hat which he held gingerly between his thumb and
forefinger had lost most of its colour and shape. It was plain what
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