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24 25 Pr2 Module Week 11 Second Quarter

This module focuses on statistical techniques for descriptive and correlational research in quantitative studies, emphasizing the importance of hypothesis testing and data analysis. Students will learn to construct validated questionnaires and analyze data using various statistical methods, including weighted mean and Pearson's correlation. The course aims to equip students with essential skills for interpreting research data and making informed conclusions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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24 25 Pr2 Module Week 11 Second Quarter

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minazurinn

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Philippine Christian University

Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
S.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (GRADE 12)

QUARTER 2-WEEK 4 (OCTOBER 21-25, 2024)

LESSON 11 : STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DESCRIPTIVE

AND CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Overview

Quantitative Research deals on statistical procedures. Any data that had been collected, presented or
analyzed are based on various statistical analyses. Moreover, because of statistical analysis, results in
research are necessary, and hypothesis of the research are determined and tested. Significantly, in a
quantitative research, hypothesis testing is a necessary process to determine a specific degree of correlation
and/or causality between variables. This learning module will focus on the importance of statistical
techniques and hypothesis testing in accumulating the central research answers for any quantitative inquiry.

Retrieved from :https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews

Course Learning Outcome

By the end of the course, students will construct a well – validated questionnaire in preparation to data
gathering procedure and create a comprehensive Chapter 2 of their research paper.

1. Describe the function of a correct weighted mean, parametric test, pearson - r and hypothesis testing
in research
2. Uses statistical techniques to analyze data-study of differences and relationships limited for bivariate
analysis
3. Value the role of excellent quality and forthrightness in computing for statistical techniques

Essential Question

"What is the role of statistics in research?”

"How important is an appropriate statistical technique in a specific research design?”

Test Yourself

Directions: Write relevant words or ideas that can be associated with Statistics. Place your answers on each
box on the table below.

Statistics and Research

Study these terms

 Data Analysis – process of calculating and interpreting data into constructive results
 Statistical Analysis of Data – part of research that describes the appropriate statistical technique to
be used in research
 Statistics – branch of discipline that deals on the deals on presenting, analyzing and interpreting set of
research data.
 Descriptive Research – research that deals on describing variables and how independent variable
affect dependent variable
 Weighted Mean – statistical analysis that is used to determine the general average of consolidated
responses based from the respondents of the survey.
 Parametric Test – statistical analysis that is used to determine the degree of effects of the
independent variable to the dependent variable
 Pearson – r –statistical analysis that is used to determine the degree of correlation between variables
 Causality – measurable characteristic describing cause and effect
 Correlation – measurable characteristic describing association of two variables
 Difference - measurable characteristic describing state of change among variables
 Hypothesis Testing – form of statistical analysis that determine if the hypothesis will be accepted or
fail to be accepted
 Hypothesis – any research idea that gives tentative assumption for a possible research results.

Lesson Proper

Statistical Analysis of Data

- Significant part of research that describes the significant statistical techniques that can be appropriately
used in a specific research design

Statistics– a branch of science that deals with presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical facts
Without statistics, findings cannot be determined and all methods will not lead to the possible answers in
research.
Two divisions of STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics – concerns with presenting the data being collected. Descriptive Statistics
include mean, central tendencies, percentages, frequency distribution table, variance and deviations.
2. Inferential Statistics – concerns with predicting and drawing conclusions based on data results.
Inferential Statistics include hypothesis testing, statistical analysis for correlation, causality, factor
analysis, differences quasi –experimental designs and experimentation

Research Statements 5 4 3 2 1
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
1. I can easily learn research
concepts if the teacher is
providing necessary
examples for the Research 13 2
chapters.
2. I can excel in any Research
subjects if our teacher can
instruct the concepts in a
more simplified way. 10 3 2

3. I think an innovative
teacher is the one who
always seek for discovery
and improvement in
assuring that his/her
students learn.
12 3

4. Research is an interesting 11 4
area of learning .

n=15

Formula for Weighted Mean:

Weighted Mean:
X = ∑fx
n
∑= summation symbol
f= frequency for each given scale
x= value of each scale
n= number of frequency

X = ∑ 13 (5) + 2 (4)

X = 65 + 8
15

X = 73
15

X = 4. 87≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

2. X = ∑fx
n

X = ∑ 10 (5) + 3 (4) + 2 (3)

X = 50 +12 + 6
15

X = 68
15

X = 4. 53≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

3. X = ∑fx
n

X = ∑ 12 (5) + 3 (4)

X = 60 + 12
15

X = 4. 80≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

4. X = ∑fx
n

X = ∑ 11(5) + 4 (4)

X = 55 + 16
15

X = 71
15

X = 4. 73≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

For the Overall Weighted Mean

X = ∑fx
Total number of Questions in a Category

X = ∑ 4.87+ 4.53 +4.80 + 4.73

X = 18.93
4

X ( Overall ) = 4. 73 ≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

Things to Ponder :
Weighted Mean is always used for quantitative research with survey method.
Good luck with the next quantitative challenge!

This is one of the most fundamental statistical treatments in a quantitative research specifically in
descriptive research.
A hypothesis is an assumption or a proposed statement regarding a possible answer to a research
problem or question. To test the hypothesis, a research must be converted into a statistical hypothesis.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

There are two types of hypothesis:

(Null)
H0: µ =3.00 (indicating neutrality, not positive and not negative)
(Alternative)
H1: : µ > 3.00 (Right –Tailed Test) (higher than null hypothesis)
(indicating a significant effect)

2. Set a level of significance: 0.05

( indicating 95% success of research and 5% margin of error)
3. Compute for the z – value

z=x -µ
𝛿

√n
where:
z= value of test statistics
x = sample mean
µ= population mean
𝛿= standard deviation
𝑛 = number of frequencies
4. Compare the z – test statistic value to the table of values, to get the z- value, afterwards subtract it from
the critical value to get the p- value.
5. If p- value is < level of significance, then reject H0.
If p- value is > level of significance, then fail to reject H 0.
6. Make a statistical decision.

x = 65 s 2= ∑f(x-x)2 s2= 11.3335 s2= 11.3335 s2=0.8096 √s2=√0.8096 𝛿 =0.8998

15 n -1 15 -1 14
x = 4.33 - sample mean based on the computation in the table

Hypothesis Testing for z – test

1.H0: µ =3.00 ( constant value for results based on rating scale)
H1: : µ >3.00
2. Level of Significance: 0.05
3. Compute for the test statistics
z=x -µ
𝛿 (standard deviation)

√n
z = 4.33 - 3.00
0.8998

√ 15
z = 1.33
0.8998
3.8730
z= 1.33
0.232
z= 5.73 ( test statistic result)

p – value = - 0.4999
5. Compare p –value with level of significance
-0.4999 <0.05, then reject H0
6. .: Reject H0

Decision : Social Media has a significant effect on students’ critical thinking skills.
Statistical Table for Z - Value

http://www.z-table.com/
(If the computed value is more than 3.40 , the z – value will be 0.9999, exceeding the values on the table )

Steps in calculating the value of Pearson – r

1. Calculate for the summation of x –values.
2. Calculate for the summation of y – values.
3. Solve for the product of x and y values of each response.
4. Calculate for the summation of x and y values.
5. Solve for the squared value of each x – values.
6. Calculate the summation of squared x – values.
7. Solve for the squared value of each y –values.
8. Calculate the summation of squared y – values.
9. Solve for the Pearson – r value using the indicated formula.

x y xy x2 y2

20 19 380 400 361

21 22 462 441 484

22 23 506 484 529

19 21 399 361 441

17 19 323 289 361

16 17 272 256 289

16 20 320 256 400

23 24 552 529 576

20 18 360 400 324

18 20 360 324 400

∑x=192 ∑y=203 ∑xy= 3,934 ∑x2=3,740 ∑y2=4,165

Solution:
r=
n(∑xy) – (∑x) (∑y)
√[n(∑x2)-(∑x)2] [n( ∑y2) – (∑y)2]

r= 10(3,934) – (192) (203)

√[10(3,740)-(192)2] [10(4165) – (203)2]
r= 39,340 – 38,976
√[37,400 – 36,864] [41,650–41,209 ]

r= 364
√236,376
r= 364
486.185

r= 0.748 or 0.75 (strong positive correlation)

Table of Correlation

Pearson – r Value Strength of Correlation

+1 Perfect Positive Correlation
+ 0.71 to + 0.99 Strong Positive Correlation
+ 0.51 to + 0.70 Moderately Positive Correlation
+ 0.31 to +0.50 Weak Positive Correlation
+ 0.01 to + 0.30 Negligible Positve Correlation
0 No Correlation
-0.01 to -0.30 Negligible Negative Correlation
-0.31 to -0.50 Weak Negative Correlation
-0.51 to – 0.70 Moderately Negative Correlation
-0.71to -0.99 Strong Negative Correlation
-1 Perfect Negative Correlation

Hypothesis Testing

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

There are two types of hypothesis:

(Null) H0: r = 0 (indicating neutrality, not positive and not negative)
There is no significant correlation between the Research Skills and Writing Skills of students.
(Alternative)
H1: : r > 0 (One Right –Tailed Test) (higher than null hypothesis value)
(indicating a significant positive correlation)
There is a significant correlation between the Research Skills and Writing Skill of students.
H1: : µ < 0 (One Left –Tailed Test) (lower than null hypothesis value)
(indicating a significant negative correlation)

2. Set a level of significance: 0.05

( indicating 95% success of research and 5% margin of error)

- Based on the computation, 0.75 is the pearson –r value.

4 Using the statistical table of values, determine the critical value to be compared in the statistical
p –value.
Degrees of Freedom: df= n – 2
df = 10 – 2
df = 8
- Based on the table of values, considering the degrees of freedom (8), the critical value is 0.632
5. Write the specific decision rule:
If the p value is greater than critical value, reject H0
0.75> 0.632
6. Make a decision and state the results.
.: Reject H0

- There is a significant correlation between the Research Skills and Writing Skills of Grade 12
students

Important Things to Ponder:

 Statistical Analysis is important in determining research results
 Statistical Analysis for Quantitative Research is highly relying on Inferential Statistics
 Each research design has specific statistical analysis
 Each statistical analysis has hypothesis testing
 Weighted Mean is the specialized mean that is used in most quantitative researches that
has survey questionnaire
 Z-test is used for Descriptive Research
 Pearson –r is used for Correlational Research

Name:_________________ Strand and Section: _

Date/ Week No. _______________________ Score: ________/100_______________

I. PROBLEM - SOLVING: Analyze the given set of quantitative problems. Solve for the necessary
significant values of Weighted Mean, Parametric Test and Hypothesis Testing and Pearson –.
Provide the table of values and solution. Explain each statistical result. Write your answers on a
necessary separate sheet.

Research Statement 5 4 3 2 1
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
1.I can understand
each part of the
discussion of the
learning concepts 45 27 14 8 6
about statistical
analysis.
n=100
a. Show the complete solution (10 points)
b. State the final answer. (5 points)
c. Explain the result (15 points)
Rubrics for the Explanation
11 -15 - Content is grounded with effective reasoning and thorough organization of ideas
6 -10 - Content is clear and relevant but there are some points that had not been majorly established
1-5 Content is limited to what is necessary to be answered but not well- equipped for elaboration

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an
exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for
their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media.
Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.
15
B. The researchers assume that English Fluency has no significant impact to students ‘ logical and
communicative competencies in a Blended Learning Environment. Determine if the null hypothesis set by
the researcher is true by calculating the level of effects the independent variable has to the dependent
variable.
Main Research 5 4 3 2 1
Statement Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
English Fluency has
a significant effect
on students’ logical
and communicative 42 25 2 0 1
competencies in
Blended Learning
Environment.
n = 70
a. Complete the Frequency Distribution Table (5 points)
b. Show the complete solution with hypothesis testing (15 points)
c. State the final answer (5 points)
d. Explain the result (15 points)
Rubrics for the Explanation
11 -15 - Content is grounded with effective reasoning and thorough organization of ideas
6 -10 - Content is clear and relevant but there are some points that had not been majorly established
1-5 Content is limited to what is necessary to be answered but not well- equipped for elaboration

C.Find the r - value for the correlation between the scores of 5 selected Grade 12 students on the 25 – item
Mathematical Assessment and 25 – item Science Assessment. Determine the type of correlation.
x y
22 16
24 24
20 18
20 22
22 17

a. Show the complete solution with hypothesis testing ( 10 points)

b. State the final answer (5 points)
c. Explain the result (15 points)
Rubrics for the Explanation
11 -15 - Content is grounded with effective reasoning and thorough organization of ideas
6 -10 - Content is clear and relevant but there are some points that had not been majorly established
1 -5 - Content is limited to what is necessary to be answered but not well- equipped for
elaboration

Apolonio, J.A. &Basilan, M.C.(2017).Practical Research 2. (1st ed.).Unlimited Books, Library Services &
Publishing, Inc.

Baraceros ,E.L. (2017).Practical Research 2.(1st ed.).Rex Book Store

Camara, J.S. (2017).A Workbook in Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. (1st ed.).Jimczyville Publications

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2017).Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. (1st ed.).C&E Publishing Inc.

Falatado, III.R.E.,Bombita M. B. Boholano, H.B. & Pogoy, A.M. (2017).Practical Research 2. (1st ed.) Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.

Patron, I.Y.(2018).Quantitative Research for Senior High School (1st ed.). Great Books Trading

Prieto, N.G. , Naval,V.C. &Carey, T. G. (2017).Practical Research 2 for Senior High School (1st ed.). Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.

Torneo, A. R., & Clamor-Torneo, H. S. (2017). Practical Research 2 (1st ed.). Sibs Publishing House, Inc.

Uy, Cabauatan, De Castro & Grajo. (2016). Practical Research 2. (1st ed.).Vibal Group, Inc.

Supplemental Readings and Materials

To further read additional ideas about statistical treatments , here are the supplemental references and
materials that can be provided:
-Library Resources
-PowerPoint Presentation/Handouts provided by the teacher
-Online References about the topic

Carmela B. Ramelo Justine Mar F. Mina Maria Beatriz B. Sico ,MM

Ardin A. Susana Subject Lead Teacher- Research 12 Principal
Jeanelle M. Relacion
Pauline Jan S. Mantele
Jandy P. Ayson
Joy Marie T. Añonuevo
Roberto E. dela Rosa
Jahzeel B. Barredo
Zharina Mae M. Añonuevo
Clarence Mae D. Maliksi
Mark Calimlim
Jhenna S.Montano
Ella Mia S. Tandog
Dianne Joyce G. Critica
Grant G.Mosquito
Gaddren Y. Fernandez
Subject Teacher/s