· B= U

orthogonal) to p.
a isperpendicular (or
the angle between
KAMPLE 23 )If a +b+ c= 0,|a|=3,| b|=5 and| c|=7,find
[CBSE 2008, 2014]
and b,
SOLUTION Let be the angle between vectors a
We have,

|dP+1BP+27.-1d12
(a3)(a4b)
|äP+|b|2 +2| ||b | cos 9 =| |
9+ 25 + 2(3)(5) cos = 49
1
COs =
2 3
EXAMPLE 24 f aand b are unit vectors inclined at an angle , then prove that sin
=la-b|.
2 2
SOLUTIONWe know that ’
x· ’
x -2.
a-b| = (a-b)-(a -b)
a-b|2 = Q"a-a-b-ba + bb

a-b| = |a|'-2a-b +|b| [:: a-b =h"a]

|a-b| = |a'-2|a| |b|cos 9+|b|2
I a·b=| al |b|cos 6]
a-b| = 2-2 cos 9
a-b| = 2(1-cos 0) =
Sin2 0
2(2 sin² - 4sin? 2
2 =|-b?
4
1,A
sin -l-B|
2
EYAMPLE 27) If a, b are two vectors such that | a + b|=|á, then prove that 2a + b is
perpendicular to b
SOLUTION We have, (224). [CBSE 2013]

[Squareing both sides]

|B2+2(a .bj =0 + 2 (lal coso) -o

 a)and b so that \3 a- b is also a unit vectoy
EXÁMPLE 28 Find the angle between unit vectors
[CBSE 2020]
SOLUTION Let 9 be the angle between a and b. We have,| a=1,| b|=1 and |W3 a-h-1
Now, |V3 a-b|=1
|W3 a-b| =1
(V3 a-b).(V3 a-b) =1
’

V3 a.(V3 a - b)-b.(V3 a-b) =1

3|a|2/3(a.b) -V3(b.a) +| b(=1
’’
3-2/3 (a.b)+1 =1
4-2/3|al| blcòs =1 ’ 2/3 cos =3 cos =.V3 ’ = 6
2
Hence, the angle between dand b is
6

EKAMPLE 29) faunit vector a makes angle a/4 with i, /3 with j and an acute angle with k, then
ftrt tihe componentsof á and the angle 0.
SOLUTION We know that if a vectora makes angles.a, Band y
with.i, j and k respectively,
then
cos a + cos B+ cos .Y =1
T0
It is given that: a = B= and y = an acute angle.
4 3
cos? a + cos2 B+ cos2 Y =1

4
+ cos =1
3
1 1
+82 4
+ cos =1
1
cos. =
4
1
COs = t
2
’ COs 1
2 [:: is an acute angle.:. cos 0> 0]

3
Now, a = á|{(cos ) i + (cos B) j+ (cos )
k.
a = cos
i+ cos Cos
3 |a-1, a= 4
B=and
3
y =3
a = 1 A
i+j+;k.
Thus, the components of aare 1 A 1 A

5' 2
EXAMPLE 31 The scalar product of the vector a =i+j +kwith a unit vector along the sum of the
vectors b =2i +4-5k and c =i+2j + 3kis equal to 1. Find the value of and hence find the unit
vector along b + c. [NCERTI, CBSE 2014]
sOLUTION Let a=1++k, b -2î +4-5k and c =hi+2+ 3k. Then,
b+ c =(2 +2)i + 6j-2k
Let rdenote the unit vector along b+ c. Then,
bt c (2 + 2)i + 6j-2k (2 + 2) i+ 6j-2k ...(1)
(2 + ) + 36 + 4 J(2+a)² +40
Now, (i+ j +k)r = 1 [Given]
(2 + 2) i +6j -2k
(i+j+*) =1
J(2 + 2) + 40
(i+j+ k) (2 +2) i + 6j -2 k) = (2+ 2) + 40
EXAMPLE 36 JIf with reference to a right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors
j,k, we have a =3i-i, and B =2i+j - 3k . Express ß in the form B=ß; +B,where Bis
parallel to a and B, is perpendicular to a. [CBSE 2012, 2013 NCERT]

SOLUTION It is given that B is parallel to c.Therefore,

B= a for soime scalar 2 ...)
It is also given that
..(i)

It is also given that B, is perpendicular to a. Therefore,

’

B,a-0 0 B.a-2(a-d) =0 > =

=0 ’ (B(B -2.c).a=0>
-Ad). ...(iü)

Now, a= 3f-jand B-21+-3k

’
a =6-1+0 = 5 and a a =9+1 = 10
Substituting these values in (iii), we get
=
B 5 1
’ 10 2
10

1 3 A 1 ^
=

2 2 2

and, B-B-B, B; - (2i+}-3) - 3.^

3 A 14 3A
2 --}?i-s 3k

Hence, B=i-jand
2 P, 2
i+2 j 3k.
.A
EXAMPLE 37 Find the values of xfor which the angle between the vectors á = 2x i+ 4x j +k and
b= 7i-2j + xk is obtuse. [CBSE 2013]

SOLUTION The angle between vectors á and b is given by. cos =

For the angle to be obtuse, we must have

cos <0

-<0
 MATHEMATICS-XII
EXAMPLE 40 a, b.cc are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal
magnitude, prove that
á+ + is equally inclined with vectors a, b and .Also, find the angle.
[NCERT, CBSE 2005, 2011, 2013, 2017]
sOLUTION Let | |=| b|=| |= (say).
Since a,D,7 are mutually perpendicular vectors. Therefore,
a =0
..i)
We know that |2=*

|a+b+ |?= d+ b.B+7.7+22b+ 2b.+28.i

[Using (i)]
|a+b+2=322
..ii)
Suppose a + b+ makes angles 1, O,, with a, b and respectively. Then,
’ ’
cOs = á -(a+ b + ) a · a + ú b + ác

|£||+B+
1
COs 1
V3 V3 [Using (i)]
11
= Cos

Similarly, we obtain
O, = cos and a = C0S

Hence, a + b + c is equally inclinded with a, b and c.

EXAMPLE 41
Let a, b, be three vectors of magnitudes 3, 4 and 5 respectively. If each one is
perpendicular to the sum of theother two vectors, prove that | á + b + c| =5/2.
[NCERT, CBSE 2010, 2013]
SOLUTION We have, | á=3,| b|=4 and| c|=5
It is given that
71(6+c, BL(+d) and (a+ b)
2.(6+) =0, b.(+ a) =0 and d.(7+ b) =0
’ ’
a.b+ a. =0, b. c+b.a=0 and . a+ c. b =0
Adding all these, we get
 23.27
SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

’ ’
2(a.b + b. c+. a) =0’ a.b + b.c+ c.a =0
(See Example 39]
Now, |a+b+ c|2= |2+|B2+242(a. b+ D.+e. a)
[Using ()]
|a+b+ |= 32 +4² +5² +0
a+ b +|=50 5/2.
EXAMPLE 42 , b,¿ are unit vectors such that a+b+ c=0, find the value of
h+b.c +c.· a. [NCERT,CBSE 2016]

SOLUTION We have, | a|=| b|=| |=1 and +b+ = Þ

Now, a+b+=ß
|a+b+ |=0
|a+b+ |2 =0
|+|b?+| |2 +2(a-b +b.+)=0 [See Example 39]
3+2(a
.i+a) =0
b + b: c +

2
23.28
MATHEMATICS-XII
LEVEL-2
KEXÁMPLE 45) Find the values of c for which the vectors á =(c log2 x) i-6j + 3k and
=(log2 x) i + 2j+(2c logT x) k make an obtuse angle for any xe(0, 0).
’ a.b
SOLUTION Let be the angle between the vectors a and b. Then, cos =

For to be an obtuse angle, we must have

cOs < 0 for all x e(0, o)
.6 <0for all x e(0, o)

.b<0 for all xe(0, o)

c(log x) -12 + 6c (log, x) <0 for all x e(0, o)
cy + 6cy -12 <0 for all y eR, where y = log, * [::x>0’y=log2 XeR]
c<0 and 36c + 48c <0 : ax +bx + c<0 for all x a<0 and Discriminant <01
c<0 and c(3c+ 4) <0
4
c<0 and -<c<0
3
’ ce(-4/3, 0)
<
 EXAMPLE 48 Let a,b, be three vectors such thatl a|=1,|b|=2 and || = 3.If the projection of b
along a is equal to the projection of &along a and 6,b, cc are perpendicular to each other, find
y3-2b+2d.
ON
SOLUTION It is given that
Projection of b along aá =Projection of along á
...)

Also, b and are perpendicular to each other.

b.c =0 ...(ü)
Now, .

+2-6B)-4(-)
|37-26+2dP-9|2+4|B+4|+2 +6(à7)
[See Example 38]
|37-25+2dP=9x1? +4x 22 +4x 32 +2-6(a-b)-4x 0+6(a. 5)}
[Using (i) and (iü)]
|3a-2b+2 c|=9+16 +36+2 x0 =61
|3a-2b+2 =61 EXERCISE 23.1