Introduction

(Part 1)
Dr Gururaj M V
Assistant Professor
EED
IIT Kanpur
Topics to be covered
• Construction Features of Transformer and Types
• Comparison of Ideal and Practical Transformer
• Comparison of Power and Distribution Transformer
• Equivalent Circuit
• Various Tests
• Phasor Diagram
• Losses Efficiency and Regulation
• Matlab Case Study 3:Transformer EMF calculation
 Topics to be covered
• Switching Transients
• Three Phase Transformer and different types of connection
• Special Types of Transformers
• Harmonics in Transformer
• Tertiary winding
• Parallel Operation
• Autotransformer.
• Applications.
 Topics to be covered
• Transformer Protection.
• Induced voltage on a conductor moving in the magnetic field
• Forced Experienced by a conductor placed on a Magnetic Field
• The Rotating Magnetic Field
• RMF Mathematical Analysis.
• Introduction to the Induction Motor
• Comparison Between Induction Motor and Transformer
• Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor
Topics to be covered
• Speed-Torque Characteristics
• Types of the Induction Motor
• Tests of the Induction Motor
• Speed Control of the Induction Motor
• Cogging and Crawling
• Advantages of the Induction Motor
• Applications of the Induction Motor
• Conclusion
Learning Objectives
• We will be learning about the fundamental concepts involved in
the operation of the rotating and static electric machine.
• Dynamic Induced and Static Induced EMF are explained with
respective case studies .
• The Concept of Rotating Magnetic Field will be established.
• Three Matlab Case Studies are taught: Power Flow, Flux and EMF
calculation.
Overview about Real, Reactive and Apparent
Powers

• Apparent Power= 𝑉𝐼
S
• Real Power = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃
Q=S 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
• Reactive Power= 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜃 𝜃
• Complex Power= 𝑉𝐼∗
P=S cos 𝜃
Source: created by me
Overview about Real, Reactive and Apparent
Powers
I I −𝜃
𝑣(𝑡) = √2𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡)

𝑖(𝑡) = √2Icos(ωt−𝜃)
R 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = √2𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡)√2Icos(ωt−𝜃) Z 𝜃

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡

DC Circuit AC Circuit

Source: created by me Source: created by me

Complex Power
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗
I 𝛽
S= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)+j 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
P= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
Q= 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)= 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

V𝛼 Z Z 𝜃
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼

S= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)+j 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)

𝑆 = 𝐼𝑉 ∗ AC Circuit
S= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝛼 + 𝛽)+j 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝛼 + 𝛽)
Source: created by me
P= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(−(𝛼 − 𝛽))= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝛼 − 𝛽))= 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
Q= 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−(𝛼 − 𝛽))=−𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛((𝛼 − 𝛽))=− 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
 Matlab Introduction
Case Study1:
DC and AC circuit Power Flow
Case Study1: Simulink Model / m-
file
Voltage(V) Current (A)

Time (s)
Case Study1: Simulink Model / m-file
clear all
V=229.81;
I=6.84;
phi=45*pi/180;
t=50e-6;
omega=2*pi*50;
j=1;
for i=0:t:0.1
P1(j,1)=V*I*cos(phi)*(1+cos(2*omega*i));
Q1(j,1)=V*I*sin(phi)*sin(2*omega*i);
k(j,1)=i;
j=j+1;
end
P_active(:,1)=k(:,1);
P_active(:,2)=P1(:,1);
Q_Reactive(:,1)=k(:,1);
Q_Reactive(:,2)=Q1(:,1);
subplot(1,1,1),plot(P_active(:,1),P_active(:
,2),'-r','LineWidth',2),hold
on,subplot(1,1,1),plot(Q_Reactive(:,1),Q_Rea
ctive(:,2),'-b','LineWidth',2);
Introduction to Electrical Machines
• Electric Power is an efficient means of utilizing the available energy
sources to support the energy requirement of mankind.
• Remotely available energy sources in various forms namely Coal, Oil,
Gas, Hydro, Nuclear, PV, Wind, Biomass, Tidal, Geothermal etc can be
unanimously converted to electrical energy
• Machine is the one which helps to convert Electrical Energy to
Mechanical (Motor) and Mechanical to Electrical (Generator).
• The same machine can be used as either Generator/Motor.
 Introduction to Electrical Machines
• Different Varieties of Machines
AC Machine: Synchronous Machines,
Asynchronous Machine, Transformers.

DC Machines: DC Series, DC Shunt,

Compound Machine, BLDC.

AC/DC Machines: Universal Machine

➢Some of the day to day applications are, Fans, AC, Refrigerators,

Lifts, Conveyor belts, Motor Pumps, PCs, Mixi, Grinder,
Automobiles, Cutting Machines etc.
 Generation of Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field plays a crucial role in helping
exchange of energy from one form to another.
• A current carrying wire has a magnetic field
around it.
• Moving conductor in a stationary magnetic field
(eg: DC Machine) or a moving magnetic field Source: See page for author, Public domain,

over a stationary conductor (eg: Synchronous via Wikimedia Commons

Machine) would induce emf on the conductor

(Dynamically Induced emf type).
 Generation of Magnetic Field

• A current carrying wire placed in a magnetic

field experiences a force (Motoring action).
user:ikaxer, CC BY-SA 3.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

• Time changing magnetic field passing though the

sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

stationary coil induces voltage in it

(Transformer action): Statically Induced Emf
type

Novoklimov, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

 Generation of Magnetic Field
• The magnetic field produced due to the current flow is given by the
Ampere’s Law

ර 𝐻. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑡

• Where,
➢H (AT/m) is the magnetic field intensity
➢Inet (A) is the current responsible for the generation of the magnetic field.
➢dl is the differential element of length along the path of integration.
Generation of Magnetic Field
Let N be the number of windings wound in the
ferromagnetic core material.
𝑙𝑐 is the mean path length of the flux.
Cross sectional Area of the core is A, lc

The magnetic field intensity (H) is given by, Source: created by me

𝑁𝑖
𝐻=
𝑙𝑐

The magnetic flux density is given by,

𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
File:Coil right-hand rule.svg:
Where, B is the magnetic flux density (T) TreeOfKnowledgederivative work:
Generation of Magnetic Field
• 𝜇 is the permeability of the material (H/m).
• 𝜇0 is the permeability of the free space = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7
𝜇
• 𝜇𝑟 is the relative permeability =
𝜇0

• The ferromagnetic material has relative permeability of 2000 to 6000

• The steel/iron has superior magnetic properties compared the free space/air
• For the same amount of current, the flux produced is 2000 to 6000 times higher
compared to the free space.
 Matlab
Case Study 2:
Flux calculation
Case Study2: m-file
Problem Statement
• Consider A Ferromagnetic Core which consists of the
following physical parameters.

Parameter Dimension l1=0.45;

Results
l2=1.3;
Length (l1) 0.45m a1=0.01; Reluctance1:
Length (l2) 1.3m a2=0.015; 1.4324e+04
ur=2500; Reluctance2:
Area (a1) 0.01 m2 u0=4*pi*1e-7;
n=200;
2.7587e+04
Area (a2) 0.015 m2 i=1; Reluctance (Total) =
Number of 200 reluct1=l1/(a1*ur*u0); 4.1911e+04
reluct2=l2/(a2*ur*u0);
Turns MMF = 200 AT
rtot=reluct1+reluct2;
mmf=n*i; Flux=0.0048 Wb
Relative 2500
flux=mmf*1/rtot;
Permeability
Analogy Electrical to Mechanical
Series Parallel Mechanical Mechanical
RLC RLC Translation Rotational
System System
V I F T
Q ∅ x 𝜃
R 1/R f f
I V (Linear Velocity Angular Velocity
(v)) (𝜔)
1/C 1/L k K
L C M J
𝑑2𝑞 𝑑2∅ 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
V= 𝐿 2 + I= 𝐶 2 + F= 𝑀 2 + T= 𝐽 2 +𝑓 + Courtesy Spinningspark at Wikipedia, CC BY-SA
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑞 1 𝑑∅ ∅ 𝑑𝑥 3., <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
𝑅 + + 𝑓 + 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝜃 sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
Analogy Electrical and Magnetic
∅ = 𝐵𝐴 =
𝜇𝑁𝐴𝑖 I
𝑙𝑐 Electrical Magnetic
Electro Magneto 𝑅
ℱ = 𝜑ℛ V = IR
Magnetic Force Motive Force
1
℘=
ℛ Current Flux
Source: created by me
𝜑 = ℱ℘
Resistance Reluctance
(𝜇𝐴) ∅
𝑁𝑖
𝑙𝑐

𝜇𝑁𝐴𝑖 (𝜇𝐴) (𝜇𝐴)

∅ = 𝐵𝐴 = =𝑁𝑖 = ℱ ℱ = 𝜑ℛ ℛ
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐

𝑙𝑐 1 1 1 1
ℛ= , ℛ𝑒𝑞 = ℛ1 + ℛ2 + ⋯ , = + + +⋯
𝜇𝐴 ℛ𝑒𝑞 ℛ1 ℛ2 ℛ3

Source: created by me
Types of Magnetic Materials

Paramagnetic Material Diamagnetic Material

Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 Scott Ehardt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons
Types of Magnetic Materials

Ferromagnetic
Material Ferrite R Core

Suyash Dwivedi, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via

W.carter, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons
 What is a Transformer?
❑ Static Device

❑ Constant Flux, Almost Constant Power

❑ Phase Shifting Device

❑ Negative Feedback Circuit

Bidgee, CC BY-SA 3.0 AU

❑ Two Port Network <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/3.0/au/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

❑ Working principle- Mutual induction

❑ Statically Induced EMF- Faraday’s law of

Electromagnetic Induction 26
TRANSFORMER Introduction
𝑑Ø
EMF eq. Es=-N
𝑑𝑡

E1=4.44N1BmAgKsf

N1= Number of Turns in the

Primary Winding,
Bm-Maximum Flux density
Ag- Gross sectional area of the core
Ks-Stacking Factor BillC at the English-language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia
f-Working frequency of the Transformer. Commons

𝐸2 𝑁2
= =k
Transformation ratio K 𝐸1 𝑁1 27
 Construction Features and Types
• Transformer core Core Type Shell Type
➢Cold Rolled Grain Oriented
• Transformer winding
➢Cu/Al
• Insulating Material
➢Between Winding and Core.
➢Between Winding and Winding.
➢Between Laminations.
Source: created by Source: created by
me me

28
Comparison of Ideal and Practical
Transformer

Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer

Magnetizing Current is Finite amount of Magnetizing
zero Current required
Permeability of the core is Permeability of the core is finite
infinity
Flux density saturation Flux density saturation limit is
limit is infinity finite
Comparison of Ideal and Practical
Transformer

Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer

No Hysteresis and Eddy Hysteresis and Eddy current losses
current losses are present
No winding resistance Winding resistance is present
No leakage flux Leakage flux is present
Efficiency =100% Efficiency<100%
Comparison of Power Transformer
and Distribution Transformer
Power Transformer Distribution Transformer
Suitable for voltage more than 11kV Suitable for voltage less than 11kV
Power Rating more than 500 KVA Power Rating less than 500 KVA

Core made of CRGO Steel Core made of Amorphous steel

Copper conductor is used Aluminum conductor is used

Forced Cooling Natural Cooling

Maximum Efficiency at Rated Load Maximum Efficiency at 3/4th full

load
 Equivalent Circuit

• Winding loss component

• Leakage component IngenieroLoco, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons

• Shunt branch component

Cblambert, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via

Wikimedia Commons
32
Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test

Shriram, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Shriram, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>,

Wikimedia Commons via Wikimedia Commons
Polarity Test
Additive Polarity Test Subtractive Polarity Test

Source: created by me Source: created by me

Phasor Diagram
Lagging Power Factor Leading Power Factor

Source: created by me Source: created by me

35
Losses, Efficiency and Regulation
Types of Losses : Magnetization Curve of the Practical Transform
• Iron losses (Core losses)
➢Hysteresis loss
➢Eddy current loss Major losses

• Copper losses
➢Winding losses
• Stray load losses
➢In copper and Iron parts
• Dielectric losses
Minor losses

➢Insulation materials
Source: created by me

xV2 I2 cosØ2
Efficiency =
xV2 I2 cosØ2 + Wi + x2 I22 R02 %Regulation= %R cosØ2 ± %X sinØ2
36
Efficiency and Voltage Regulation
Curves
Voltage Regulation

Source: eebooks4u.com
Efficiency

Source: electricallive.com
Source: electricalvoice.com
Harmonics

Source: My Tech Info.com

Switching Transients

Source: eeeguide.com
Switching Transients in the Transformer
• Transients exists when there is Inductance/Capacitance in the
circuit.
• Transformer has Inductance and hence the current transient
exists.
• The Switching Transients are extreme for the case when the
voltage is zero and almost zero for the case when the voltage is
at its peak.
• The flux demanded by the Transformer is negative maximum at
zero crossing and this leads to the doubling effect.

42
Switching Transients in the Transformer
• Due to the doubling effect, the double the emf induced, which
may lead to the insulation breakdown at 5% side of the
Transformer.
• Core enters into deep saturation during the switching
transient.
• A very large magnetizing current is been drawn from the
Transformer (50pu) which is called magnetic inrush current.
• High mechanical stress is developed as MMF balance does not
take place leading to dislocation of the windings.

43
Switching Transients in the Transformer
• The magnetic inrush currents is asymmetrical and consists of
odd and even harmonics.
• The strongest component is the second harmonic current.
• A second harmonic restraining coil is adopted along with the
differential protection to ensure that the transformer is not
tripped while switched on.
• Intensity of switching transient also depends on the polarity of
the residual flux. If the residual flux is opposite to the double
flux then the magnetizing current is even higher.

44
 Three Phase Transformer
• The Three Phase Transformer is Bulky compared to the single
phase transformer (BHEL to Rama Gundam).
• The cost of three phase single unit is lesser compared to the
three single phase transformer units.
• Y-Y, Y- , -Y, - connections are common.
• The equivalent circuit analysis and Phasor diagram remains same.
• The shell type consists of 5 limbs and core type consists of 3
limbs.
• Both the primary and the secondary windings are present in the
same limb to reduce the leakage flux.
Different Types of Connections of
Three Phase Transformers
Open Board Explanation
 Features of Delta-Star Transformer
• Highest secondary voltage amongst all the connections
• Provides 73.2% extra terminal voltage as compared to Delta-
Delta or Star-Star connection.
• Requires less number of turns to get the same amount of voltage
as compared to the Delta-Delta or Star-Star connection.
• EMF is sinusoidal.
• Can Accommodate single phase load and hence is ideal choice for
the distribution side.

47
 Features of Star-Delta Transformer
• This Transformer gives least secondary terminal voltage for same
applied voltage.
• Gives 42.3% less terminal voltage as compared to the Star-Star
and Delta-Delta.
• Requires highest number of turns/ph to get the same amount of
voltage as compared to the star-start, delta-delta.
• Economical if Y is HV and Delta is on LV side (Step Down)
• EMF is sinusoidal
• Single phase load connection at the secondary side is not
possible

48
Special Types of Transformers
• Delta-Zig Zag Star:
➢ Produces Displacements of 00 and 1800, hence can be connected in
parallel with Y-Y and Delta-Delta.
➢ Different half phases are connected in series subtractive polarity, the
third harmonic emfs can be nullified.

• Star-Zig Zag Star:

➢ Can be used as a substitute to Y-Y
➢ Single Phase load can be accommodated.
➢ Third harmonic emfs are nullified and hence the emf is sinusoidal.
➢ Can be connected in parallel with Star-Delta and Delta-Star.
49
Special Types of Transformers
• Open Delta:
• If any one of the phase is not working then the load can be supplied
with the remaining two phases in open delta connection thereby
increasing the reliability.
• The capacity has reduced to 57.7% of the Delta-Delta.
• If 100% loading to be done, then two windings are overburdened by
73.2%.
• KVA supplied by each winding without overburdening is 86.6%
• The remaining capacity is engaged in the reactive power circulation
• If load is UPF, then one phase operated at cos30 lagging and another
one at cos30 leading.

50
Phase Conversion (Scot
Connection)
Open Board Explanation
 Harmonics in the Transformer
• In order to produce the sinusoidal emf, the core flux need to be
sinusoidal, the magnetizing should be peaky to satisfy non-linearity of
the transformer.
Saturation Non-linearity, the current is
peaky
Hysteresis Non-linearity, the current is advanced by an
angle with respect to the flux.
• The odd harmonics should be the part of the magnetizing current else,
the flux would be trapezoidal and emf will be non-sinusoidal.
• The sinusoidal emf depends on the magnitude of the impedance and
the closed path available for the flow of current.

52
 Harmonics in the Three Phase
Transformer
• Delta connected system the closed path always exists and the
emf is always sinusoidal.
• In the star connected neutral should be grounded or a tertiary
winding should exist to make the emf sinusoidal.
• The core type of transformer used for three phase transformer
does not provide any close path for the third harmonic flux and
hence the emf is sinusoidal.
• The Shell type of transformer offers close path for the flux
making the emf non-sinusoidal.
53
Tertiary Winding
• It makes the shape of the emf in the Y-Y Transformer Sinusoidal.
• Stabilizes the neutral point by eliminating the third harmonic
emf’s hence called as the stabilizing winding.
• Help the Y-Y Transformer to handle the single phase load
satisfactorily along with the three phase load connection.
• Make the earth fault relay to operate satisfactorily under earth
faults by reducing the zero sequence emf’s
• Auxiliary supply can be provided such as battery chargers, relays
etc

54
Parallel Operation of Transformer
• Phase sequence should match
• Polarity Should Match
• Voltage rating should match
• Should have equal turns ratio
• Should belong to same Vector Group
• Rating should be inversely proportional to pu impedance
• R/X ration should be same to operate at same power factor
• Taps should match
 Autotransformer Vs Two Winding
• Single Winding Transformer.
• Power transferred through conduction and Induction.
• Stepping Up and Stepping Down is possible
• Copper required is less
• Efficiency is higher.
• Weight is lesser
• Voltage Regulation is lesser.
 Autotransformer Demerits
• No Electrical Isolation.
• Not suitable for application where required isolation.
• Fault at one side it is reflected at the other side.
• Accidental open circuit in common part of AT, it will cause appearance
of high voltage across low voltage terminals damaging the load.
• Advantages would be insignificant if the turns ration is less than 0.33.
Applications of Transformers
Step Up Transformer Step Down Transformer

Novoklimov, CC0, via Wikimedia Chetvorno, Public domain, via Wikimedia

Commons
Commons
Used in Generating Stations and Used in Distribution
Primary Transmission Side
58
Applications of Transformers

Electrical Isolation Impedance Matching

Chetvorno, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Chetvorno, Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons Used as Audio Transformers
Used as Pulse Transformers for
Computers (Microphones/Loud Speakers)
59
Applications of Transformers
Current Transformer Potential Transformer Auto Transformer

The original uploader was

[email protected] at English
Wikipedia., CC BY-SA 2.5 Wordtwist, CC BY-SA 3.0
<https://creativecommon <https://creativecommons. Д.Ильин: vectorization,
s.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via CC0, via Wikimedia
via Wikimedia Commons
Overcurrent relay, Wikimedia Commons Commons
Starter, Laboratory,
Synchronization, Metering,
Microgrid control Protection Compensate line drops
60
 Transformer Protection
• Internal fault can be detected
by Differential Protection.
• Measuring primary and
secondary current.
• Difference of the current
passes through the relay and
activates the breaker.
• Detects fault quicker than
Buchholz relay Psemdel, CC BY-SA 3.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Induced voltage on a conductor moving in the
magnetic field
• Emf will be Induced in a conductor if a conductor with proper
orientation moves through a magnetic field
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐵 l
Where,
V is the velocity of the conductor,
B is the flux density
l is the length of the conductor
Douglas Morrison DougM, CC BY-SA 3.0
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via
Wikimedia Commons
 Forced Experienced by a conductor placed on
a Magnetic Field
• When a conductor carrying current I is placed in a magnetic
field it experiences force upon it.
𝐹 = 𝑖(𝑙 ∗ 𝐵)
Where,
F is force on the wire,
i is the current carried by the wire
B is the Magnetic Flux Density
Jfmelero, CC BY-SA 4.0
<https://creativecommons.org
/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Rotating Magnetic Field
If there are two magnetic field present in
a machine, then a torque will be created.

If one magnetic field is produced by

the stator and the other one is by the
rotor then the torque is induced on
the rotor aligning with the stator
field.

If a stator field is made to rotate, el Fantin, CC BY-SA 4.0

then the rotor would chase the <https://creativecommons.org
stator making the rotor to rotate /licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• If three phase set of currents each of equal magnitude and different
in phase by 120 degree, flows in a three phase winding then a
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) of constant magnitude is produced .
• The necessary condition is the three phase winding should have
three separate windings separated by each other by 120 degree
electrical on the surface of the machine.
RMF Mathematical Analysis
𝑖𝑎𝑎| = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) A
𝑖𝑏𝑏| = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1200 ) A
𝑖𝑐𝑐 | = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2400 ) A

𝐻𝑎𝑎| (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 00 AT/m

𝐻𝑏𝑏| (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1200 ) 1200 AT/m

𝐻𝑐𝑐 | (𝑡) = 𝐻𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2400 ) 2400 AT/m

0
At 𝑤𝑡 = 0, 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 1.5 −90
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑎1 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑏𝑏1 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑐𝑐 1 𝑡
At 𝑤𝑡 = 90, 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 1.5 00
Introduction to the Induction Motor
• Work Horse of the Industry
• Why Supply is Sinusoidal
• The Principle of Operation
• Why speed of rotor is less than Synchronous
Speed
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁𝑟
• Slip=
𝑁𝑠
• Rotor Power,Voltage, Frequency
Napoleon Sarony, Public
domain, via Wikimedia
Comparison between Induction
Motor and Transformer
Transformer Induction Motor
Static Device Dynamic Device
Efficiency is High Efficiency is Low

No Energy Conversion Electrical to Mechanical

Primary and Secondary Frequency is same Stator and Rotor Frequency are
Different
Core is the Medium for Induction Air Gap is the medium for Induction

Can be operated at any Power Factor Lagging Power Factor

 Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

Cblambert, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia

Commons
Speed Torque Characteristics of
Induction Motor
Open Board Explanation
Types of the Induction Motor

Induction
Motor

Single Phase Three Phase

Capacitor
Capacitor
Split Phase Start Squirrel Cage Slip Ring
Start
Capacitor Run
Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Motors
Squirrel Cage Slip Ring
Rotor Short Circuited Rotor Connected to External
Circuit via slip rings
Starting Characteristics Cannot be Starting Characteristics Can be
Altered Altered
Good Running Characteristics Good Starting Characteristics

More Efficient Less Efficient

Always Absorbs Reactive Power Reactive Power Can be Injected

Used in Fans, water, pump etc Crane, Elevators etc

Starting of Induction Motor

Induction Motor
Starting

Direct on Line
Star Delta Autotransformer
(<5kW)
Speed Control of the Induction Machine
Speed Control
• Changing of Number of Poles on Stator
• Changing Supply Voltage
• V/F Control Drive
• Resistance control at the Rotor
• Cascaded
• Injecting Slip Frequency Voltage from the Rotor Side.

Projuktiponno, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedi

Commons
Cogging and Crawling of the Induction
Machine

Cogging: If number of Stator and Rotor Slots are same and or integral multiples
to each other, the induction motor fail to start as the rotor teeth blocked against
the stator teeth. Skewing is done to avoid the cogging.

Crawling: Due to the harmonics present in the air gap flux, the parasitic torque
is developed and the motor settles down at a speed lesser than the full load
speed.
Advantages of the Induction Motor
❖ Self Start

❖ Three Phase/Single Phase Supply is easily available

❖ No Commutators Required

❖ No brushes required

❖ No permanent magnet

❖ No position sensors

❖ Speed can be easily controlled Imageettexte, CC BY-SA 3.0

<https://creativecommons.org/licens
❖ Simple and Rugged Construction
es/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia
Applications of the Induction Motors
Single Phase Three Phase
Pumps Lifts, Cranes, Hoists
Toys, Shaves Lathe Machines

Compressors Industries (Paper Mills, Textiles

etc)
Drilling Machines Large capacity exhaust fans

Vacuum Cleaner Oil Extracting Plants

Mixers and Small Fans Crushers

 Conclusion

• Complex Power is always Voltage multiplied by current conjugate

• Matlab Case Study 1: DC and AC Circuit Power Flow
• Energy Conversion takes place via the medium of magnetic field
• Ferromagnetic and Ferrite Materials are popularly adopted
 Conclusion
• Matlab Case Study 2: Flux Calculation
• Transformer Working Principle, Types, Equivalent Circuit, Tests,
Applications.
• Matlab Case Study 3 : EMF Calculations
• RMF, Induction Machine Working Principle, Types, Equivalent
Circuit, Starting Methods, Applications.
 Challenge
• Create the MATLAB program to understand the behavior of
a rotating magnetic field.
(The following Procedure may be followed)
• Step 1: Set up the basic conditions for frequency, maximum
flux density and angular velocity.
• Step 2: Generate the three component magnetic fields.
• Step 3: calculate the net magnetic field.
• Step 4: calculate a circle representing the expected maximum
value of net magnetic field.
Thank you