Contents

• Introduction
• History of Artificial Intelligence
• Intelligent Systems: Categorization of Intelligent System
• Components of AI Program
• Foundations of AI
• Sub-areas of AI
• Applications of AI
• Current trends in AI.
Introduction
• Definition of AI
- Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex
problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence,
and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be
taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears.
- AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as Maths,
Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all
these fields will ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.
- AI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with the study and creation of computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
OR
hose characteristics which we associate with intelligence in human behavior
• What is intelligence?
Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related mental abilities, such as the capabilities to
✓ reason
✓ plan
✓ solve problems
✓ think abstractly
✓ comprehend ideas and language and
✓ learn
History of Artificial Intelligence
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon’s
Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980-- AI becomes an industry
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
Intelligent Systems: Categorization of Intelligent System

• Systems that think like humans

• Systems that act like humans
• Systems that think rationally
• Systems that act rationally
• Systems that think like humans
✓ Most of the time it is a black box where we are not clear about our thought process.
✓ One has to know functioning of brain and its mechanism for possessing information.
✓ It is an area of cognitive science.
• The stimuli are converted into mental representation.
• Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build new representations that are used to generate
actions.
✓ Neural network is a computing model for processing information similar to brain.

• Systems that act like humans

✓ The overall behavior of the system should be human like.
✓ It could be achieved by observation.
• Systems that think rationally
✓ Such systems rely on logic rather than human to measure correctness.
✓ For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas and theories are used for synthesizing outcomes.
✓ For example,
• given John is a human and all humans are mortal then one can conclude logically that John is mortal
✓ Not all intelligent behavior are mediated by logical deliberation.

• Systems that act rationally

✓ Rational behavior means doing right thing.
✓ Even if method is illogical, the observed behavior must be rational.
Components of AI Program
• AI techniques must be independent of the problem domain as far as possible.
- AI program should have
a. knowledge base
b. navigational capability
c. inferencing

• Knowledge Base
✓ AI programs should be learning in nature and update its knowledge accordingly.
✓ Knowledge base consists of facts and rules.
✓ Characteristics of Knowledge:
• It is voluminous in nature and requires proper structuring
• It may be incomplete and imprecise
• It may keep on changing (dynamic)
• Navigational Capability
✓ Navigational capability contains various control strategies
✓ Control Strategy
• determines the rule to be applied
• some heuristics (thumb rule) may be applied

• Inferencing
✓ Inferencing requires
• search through knowledge base
and
• derive new knowledge
Foundations of AI
• Foundation of AI is based on
1. Mathematics
2. Neuroscience
3. Control Theory
4. Linguistics

• Mathematics
✓ More formal logical methods
✓ Boolean logic
✓ Fuzzy logic
✓ Uncertainty
✓ The basis for most modern approaches to handle uncertainty in AI applications can be handled by
• Probability theory
• Modal and Temporal logics
• Neuroscience
✓ How do the brain works?
• Early studies (1824) relied on injured and abnormal people to understand what parts of brain work
• More recent studies use accurate sensors to correlate brain activity to human thought
✓ By monitoring individual neurons, monkeys can now control a computer mouse using thought alone
• Moore’s law states that computers will have as many gates as humans have neurons in 2020
• How close are we to have a mechanical brain?
✓ Parallel computation, remapping, interconnections,….

• Control Theory
✓ Machines can modify their behavior in response to the environment (sense/action loop)
• Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor, thermostat
✓ The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)
• Build systems that transition from initial state to goal state with minimum energy
• In 1950, control theory could only describe linear systems and AI largely rose as a response to this
shortcoming
• Linguistics
✓ Speech demonstrates so much of human intelligence
• Analysis of human language reveals thought taking place in ways not understood in other settings
✓ Children can create sentences they have never heard before
✓ Language and thought are believed to be tightly intertwined
Sub-areas of AI
• Sub areas of AI are:
a. Knowledge representation
b. Theorem proving
c. Game playing
d. Common sense reasoning dealing with uncertainty and decision making
e. Learning models, inference techniques, pattern recognition, search and matching etc.
f. Logic (fuzzy, temporal, modal) in AI
g. Planning and scheduling
h. Natural language understanding
i. Computer vision
j. Understanding spoken utterances
k. Intelligent tutoring systems
l. Robotics
m. Machine translation systems
n. Expert problem solving
o. Neural Networks, AI tools etc
Applications of AI
• Some of the applications are given below:
a. Business : Financial strategies, give advice
b. Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to create new product
c. Manufacturing: Assembly, inspection & maintenance
d. Mining: used when conditions are dangerous
e. Hospital : monitoring, diagnosing & prescribing
f. Education : In teaching
g. Household: Advice on cooking, shopping etc.
h. Farming: prune trees & selectively harvest mixed crops.
Current trends in AI
• Latest Perception of AI

Heavy use of
a. probability theory
b. decision theory
c. statistics
d. logic (fuzzy, modal, temporal)
THANK YOU