Encoding and Modulation

Encoding and Modulation

• Analog to Analog signal conversion – AM,FM, PM
• Analog to Digital signal conversion – ASK,FSK,PSK, QAM
• Digital to Analog signal conversion – PCM, DM
• Digital to Digital signal conversion – Line & Block Coding
 C OMMUNICATION S YSTEM
• Communication involves the transfer of information or
intelligence from a source to a receiver via a channel or
medium.
• Block Diagram of a Communication System

Information User of
Transmitter Receiver
Source Information
Message Signal Estimate of
Channel Message Signal
Transmitted
Received Signal
Signal
 B ASIC B LOCKS

 source: analog or digital Signal

 Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator,
power amplifier, antenna
 Channel: e.g. cable, optical fiber, free space
 Receiver:antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power
amplifier, transducer
 User: e.g. Person, speaker, Computer

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INFORMATION S OURCE

• The source of informationmay be characterized

in terms of the signal that carries the information.
Signal can be
• Onedimensional - speech,music or computer data.
• Two dimensional - pictures
• Three dimensional - video
• Fourdimensional – volume data over time
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 TRANSMITTER

• The transmitter has a collection of Electronic Components and

Circuits (Such as transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator,
mixer, antenna, etc.,) designed to convert the message signal into a
suitable form for propagating over the communication channel.
• The transmitter increases the power level of the signal
• It is increased in order to cover a large distance

6
C OMMUNICATION C HANNEL (OR) MEDIUM

• The medium used for transmissionof electronicsignalsfrom one

place to the other.
• The communication medium can be conducting wires, coaxial cable,
optical fibers (or) free space
E.g.
• twisted pair – telephone cable
• coaxial cable –Thick black cable used for higher bandwidth
communications than twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)
• fibre optic – data transferred through pulses of light. Extremely fast.
• Non cable methods (free Space) such as satellite, microwave,
wireless and Bluetooth
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Two types of Communication Channel

1. Wired Communication (or) Line Communication (or) Guided

Propagation
2. Wireless Communication (or) Radio Communication (or) Free
Propagation
Wired Communication
• Simple wires, coaxial cables , optical fibers.
Example
• Telegraph, telephone systems, cableTV etc.,
• Due to physical connection, these systems cannot be used for long distance
communication

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NOISE OR DISTORTION

• Noise – unavoidable presence in communication Systems.

• Unwanted waves that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of
message signals in a communication Systems.
• Source of noise may be Internal or External to the system
Various types of Noise Sources
• Internal – Electronic Devices
• External – Man made noise
Natural Noise

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 RECEIVER

• It consists of electronic circuits like antenna, amplifier,

demodulator, transducer etc.,
• The reception is exactly the opposite process of transmission.
• Output transducer converts the electrical signalinto original
form (i.e) voice orTV picture etc.,
R ECIPIENT (OR) DESTINATION
• The destination is the person (or) loud speaker (or) computer
monitor. It receives voice (or) music (or) computer data

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T YPES
Modulation

Analog Digital

Continuous Pulse Analog

Pulse Digital Shift Keying
Modulation modulation
modulation Technique
(Carrier is Analog) (Carrier is Pulse)
PCM
PAM ASK
PWM DPCM
Amplitude Angle
ADPCM FSK
Modulation Modulation PPM
DM
PSK
Frequency Phase ADM
Modulation Modulation QAM

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MODULATION DEFINITION
 To reduce the size of the • The process of Changing the
antenna required characteristics of carrier
 Long Distance Communication
 To prevent mutual interference
signal or high frequency
between stations signal in accordance with
 Avoids Mixing of Signals the amplitude of modulating
 Reducesthe effect of Noise to signal/ Information Signal/
improve quality of Reception low frequency message
signal.
After Modulation
MODULATION

PictureTaken from: https://padakuu.com/modulation-and-demodulation-32-article

T YPES

Analog Digital

Continuous Pulse Analog

Pulse Digital Shift Keying
Modulation modulation
modulation Technique
(Carrier is Analog) (Carrier is Pulse)
PCM
PAM ASK
PWM DPCM
Amplitude Angle
ADPCM FSK
Modulation Modulation PPM
DM
PSK
Frequency Phase ADM
Modulation Modulation QAM

15
 Analog
• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation
Frequency Modulation
PhaseModulation

   cosct
The AM signal: s t  Ac 1k  m t

The modulating signal: m(t)

The Carrier Signal: ct Ac cosct

Picture Taken from: https://www.brainkart.com/article/Amplitude-Modulation-(AM)_41571/

 Analog 5

• AMEnvelope 2

st Ac 1k  mt

1

• AMSignal
-1

-2

st Ac 1k  mtcosct

-3

-4
-5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
R EPRESENTATION OF AM
LetVm(t) be the baseband signal andVc(t) be the carrier signal
given by
Vm(t) =Vmsin ωmt
Vc(t) =Vcsin ωct
Amplitude of the carrier signal is changed after modulation.
VAM =Vc[1 + masin ωmt]sin ωct
Where,
ma =Vm/Vc modulation Index (or) Depth of Modulation.
Frequency Modulation
• In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of
the message or information signal.
• The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal
changes, the frequency of the carrier changes
correspondingly.
 Definition
• The process of Changing the
frequency of carrier signal or • The total bandwidth required
high frequency signal in for FM can be determined
accordance with the from the bandwidth of the
amplitude of modulating audio signal: BFM=2(1+ ß)B.
signal/ Information Signal/
low frequency message
signal.
Contd…
Phase Modulation
• In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of
the modulating signal.
• The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remain constant, but as the amplitude of the information
signal changes, the phase of the carrier changes
correspondingly.
 Definition
• The process of Changing the
• The total bandwidth required for
Phase of carrier signal or high PM can be determined from the
frequency signal in bandwidth and maximum
accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
amplitude of modulating signal: BPM=2(1× ß)B.
signal/ Information Signal/
low frequency message
signal.
Contd…
• In FM, the instantaneous change in the carrier frequency is
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal;
• In PM the instantaneous change in the carrier frequency is
proportional to the derivative of the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
Contd…
Contd…
Bit Rate
• Bit rate (instead of frequency)—is used to describe digital
signals.
• The bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1s, expressed in bits
per second (bps).
• Assume we need to download text documents at the rate of
100 pages per second.What is the required bit rate of the
channel?A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line
Solution: 100 × 24 × 80 × 8 = 1,536,000 bps = 1.536 Mbps
Contd…
Latency (Delay)
The latency or delay defines how long it takes for an entire message to
completely arrive at the destination from the time the first bit is sent out from
the source.

Propagation time measures the time required for a bit to travel from the
source to the destination. Propagation time = Distance / (Propagation Speed)
The propagation speed of electromagnetic signals depends on the medium and
on the frequency of the signal.
Basic definitions
Bandwidth-Delay Product
Bandwidth and delay are two performance metrics of a link.
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
• The conversion involves three techniques:
• line coding,block coding,and scrambling.
• Line coding is always needed;
• Block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.
Line Coding
• Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals.
• The data, in the form of text, numbers, graphical images, audio, or
video, are stored in computer memory as sequences of bits.
• Line coding converts a sequence of bits to a digital signal.
• At the sender, digital data are encoded into a digital signal;at the
receiver, the digital data are recreated by decoding the digital signal.
Line coding and decoding
Signal Element Versus Data Element
• In data communications, our goal is to send data elements.
• A data element is the smallest entity that can represent a piece of
information: this is the bit.
• In digital data communications, a signal element carries data elements.
Asignal element is the shortest unit (timewise) of a digital signal.
• Data elements are being carried; signal elements are the carriers.
Contd…
Data Rate Versus Signal Rate
• The data rate defines the number of data elements (bits) sent in
1s.The unit is bits per second (bps).
• The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in 1s. The
unit is the baud.
• The data rate is sometimes called the bit rate; the signal rate is
sometimes called the pulse rate, the modulation rate, or the baud
rate
Contd…
• One goal in data communications is to increase the data rate
while decreasing the signal rate.
• Increasing the data rate increases the speed of transmission;
decreasing the signal rate decreases the bandwidth
requirement.
• The relationship between data rate (N) and signal rate (S)
S = N/r
Where- r is the number of bits per signal element
Line Coding Schemes

https://www.technologyuk.net/telecommunications/telecom-principles/line-coding-techniques.shtml
Contd…
• Unipolar Scheme: In a unipolar scheme, all the signal levels
are on one side of the time axis.
Contd…
• NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): a unipolar scheme was
designed as a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) scheme in which the
positive voltage defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit
0.
• It is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at
the middle of the bit.
Polar Schemes
• In polar schemes, the voltages are on both sides of the time axis. For
example,
• The voltage level for 0 can bepositive
• The voltage level for 1 can benegative
Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)
• The polar NRZ encoding are somewhat similar to unipolar NRZ scheme
but here we use two levels of amplitude (voltages).
• NRZ-L (NRZ-Level), the level of the voltage determines the value
of the bit.
• Typically, logic low (binary 0) is represented by a positive voltage
while logic high (binary 1) is represented by a negative voltage.
• NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert), Here the value of a bit is determined by
the presence or absence of a transition from a positive voltage to
a negative voltage, or vice versa.
• If there is no change, the bit is 0; if there is a change, the bit is 1.
Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

In NRZ-L the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
In NRZ-I the inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value of the bit.
Return-to-Zero (RZ)
• The main problem with NRZ encoding occurs when the sender and
receiver clocks are not synchronized. The receiver does not know
when one bit has ended and the next bit is starting.
• The return-to-zero (RZ) scheme, which uses three values:
positive, negative, and zero.
• In RZ, the signal changes not between bits but during the bit.
• The main disadvantage of RZ encoding - it requires two signal
changes to encode a bit and occupies greater bandwidth.
Contd…
Contd…
• Biphase: Manchester and Differential Manchester
• The idea of RZ (transition at the middle of the bit) and the
idea of NRZ-L are combined into the Manchester scheme.
• In Manchester encoding, the duration of the bit is divided
into two halves.
• The voltage remains atone level during the first half and
moves to the other level in the second half.
Contd…
• Differential Manchester, on the other hand, combines the
ideas of RZ and NRZ-I.
• There is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the
bit values are determined at the beginning of the bit.
• If the next bit is 0, there is a transition; if the next bit is 1,
there is none.
Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester
schemes
Bipolar Schemes
• In bipolar encoding (sometimes called multilevel binary), there are
three voltage levels: positive, negative, and zero.
• The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage
level for the other element alternates between positive and negative.
• AMI and Pseudoternary: Two variations of bipolar encoding: AMI and
pseudoternary. A common bipolar encoding scheme is called bipolar
alternate mark inversion (AMI).
• In the term alternate mark inversion, the word mark comes from
telegraphy and means 1.So AMI means alternate 1 inversion.
• The pseudoternary version of bipolar line coding is essentially
identical to AMI except that logic high is represented by a zero
voltage and logic low is represented by alternate positive and
negative voltages - the exact opposite of what happens with AMI.
• Bipolar schemes:AMI and pseudoternary
Contd…
• The bipolar scheme was developed as an alternative to NRZ.
• The bipolar scheme has the same signal rate as NRZ, but
there is no DC component.
• The NRZ scheme has most of its energy concentrated near
zero frequency, which makes it unsuitable for transmission
over channels with poor performance around this frequency.
Exit Clips
• 11001010 – NRZ, RZ, NRZ-L, NRZ – I and Manchester coding
Thank You