DESIGN AND ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF AN AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

FOR A TWO-STOREY RESIDENTIAL HOUSE

A Capstone Project Presented to

Engr. Neil Tristan M. Buenviaje, Faculty of

the Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Technology

University of San Agustin

Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

by

Bascoguin, Leonard M. Gomez, Harvey Louis H.

Crespo, Michale John E. Milanes, Paul Anzon R.

Diasnes, Jessa Mae S. Titular, John Earl T.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. Rationale

In today’s world, people increasingly adjust their behavior and surroundings to

meet societal expectations of thermal comfort. With the intensifying impacts of climate

change and heat indices soaring to a scorching 55 degrees Celsius in Eastern Samar, a

record for the Philippines, 46 degrees Celsius in Metro Manila, and a blazing 48 degrees

Celsius recorded in Miag-ao, Iloilo for the province of Iloilo, the need for relief has

become more urgent than ever. Coupled with advancements in modern technology, this

has made reliance on mechanical cooling systems in homes not just common but

essential. Air-conditioning technology has significantly reshaped perceptions of what

constitutes a "standard" home in many regions. These systems are now essential in

creating the comfortable thermal conditions especially with the growing need for

energy-efficient and sustainable solutions. Globally, expectations for comfort are

becoming more uniform, with hot indoor spaces being cooled and cold spaces being

heated to achieve the desired conditions.

In the context of global climate change and rising energy costs, the significance

of energy-efficient air-conditioning systems cannot be overstated. The integration of

innovative design techniques and advanced energy optimization strategies is essential

for reducing the environmental impact of residential air conditioning. Creating a

comfortable living environment has become increasingly important in modern homes. It

requires a thoughtful approach that considers the building’s design, energy use, and

environmental impact.
 This capstone project, Integrated Design and Energy Optimization of an

Air-Conditioning System for a Two-Storey Residential House, is focused on developing a

system that meets these needs. The project involves analyzing the unique

characteristics of a two-storey home, such as its layout, insulation, and climate

conditions, to create an air-conditioning system that provides optimal comfort while

minimizing energy consumption.

This capstone project will explore various methodologies, including heat load

calculations, selection of energy-efficient equipment, and the implementation of smart

control systems, to achieve a responsive and adaptable design that meets the specific

needs of a modern two-storey residential house. The outcomes of this research

contribute not only to the field of mechanical engineering but also to the broader

discourse surrounding sustainable building practices.

By focusing on an integrated approach to design and energy optimization, this

project aims to provide valuable insights and viable solutions that can serve as a model

for future residential developments. The findings will be beneficial for architects,

engineers, and homeowners alike, promoting a more sustainable way of living through

improved air-conditioning systems that prioritize both comfort and energy efficiency.
II. Parameters of the Design

In the context of designing an air-conditioning system for a two-storey residential

house in the Philippines, several parameters must be considered. Some parameters that

we must consider are:

a. Climate Conditions

i. Summer months: The country experiences high temperatures ranging

from 35°C to 40°C during the summer months (March to May).

ii. Rainy Season: The country experiences temperatures ranging from 25°C

to 30°C during the rainy season from the month of June until November.

iii. High Humid Condition: Due to the country having high temperature and

being surrounded mostly by bodies of water, the country is considered as

a high humid country. According to The World Bank Group (2021), the

average relative humidity level in the Philippines ranges from 70% to 90%

all throughout the year.

According to the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (2024), the mean annual temperature in the Philippines is recorded at

approximately 26.6 degrees Celsius, excluding Baguio. The coolest months fall in

January with a mean temperature of 25.5 degrees Celsius while the warmest month

occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3 degrees Celsius.

b. Overview of the building enveloped

Floor Plan:

Figure 1. Floor Plan of the Ground Floor

Figure 2. Floor Plan of the Second Floor

 Figures 1 and 2 show the overall floor plan of the two-storey residential house

which is a practical, comfortable, and well-thought-out, with air conditioning solutions

tailored to each space. On the ground floor, a centralized AC system cools the open

areas like the dining and living spaces, ensuring consistent airflow in these shared

zones. For Room 1, a split-type AC provides personalized cooling, making it perfect for a

private space. The placement of windows and features like the chandelier are carefully

considered to ensure even cooling and energy efficiency throughout the space.

Moving to the second floor, each bedroom—Room 2, Room 3, and the Master

Bedroom—has its own split-type AC unit. This setup allows everyone to customize the

temperature in their own room, keeping things comfortable and efficient. The common

area (Living Area 2) is designed with a ceiling fan, which is a simple yet effective way to

improve airflow without relying solely on AC, making it a smart and energy-saving

addition. The Restroom, as expected, uses natural ventilation or an exhaust system,

keeping things functional without overcomplicating the design.

This floorplan gives a great balance between shared and private spaces,

providing cooling where it’s most needed while keeping energy use in check. It’s a mix of

comfort, practicality, and sustainability—perfect for a modern home that prioritizes

convenience and livability.

 c. Design Assumptions

Miscellaneous Heat Generating Equipment, Hs

Design assumptions (Heat generating loads, Types of activities, etc)
Equipment Total
Rating Actual Operatio Sensible Heat
in Watts Usage n Hours Utilization Cooling Load Generated, Hs
Appliance (W) Time (hrs) Per Day Factor (Fu) Factor (CLF) (Watts)
1 Electric Kettle 1200 0.1 0.3 0.33 0.072 28.8 W
2 (AC) Centralized 3200 4 8 0.50 - - W
3 (AC) Split-type 1 746 7 7 1.00 - - W
4 (AC) Split-type MB 746 7 7 1.00 - - W
5 (AC) Split-type R3 746 7 7 1.00 - - W

6 12W Light Bulb(4 bulbs) 12 3 6 0.50 0.021 0.126 W

7 24W Light 24 5 5 1.00 0.072 1.728 W
8 4x8W Chandelier 400 2 2 1.00 0.48 192 W
9 Ceiling Fan (LR 2) 72 1 4 0.25 0.043 0.774 W
10 Electric Fan (LR) 50 W 4 8 0.50 0.11 2.75 W
11 Electric Fan (MB) 50 W 4 8 0.50 0.11 2.75 W
12 Electric Fan (R1) 50 W 3 6 0.50 0.0792 1.98 W
13 Electric Fan (R2) 50 W 4 8 0.50 0.11 2.75 W
14 Electric Fan (R3) 50 W 4 8 0.50 0.11 2.75 W
15 Iron 1500 0.13 0.08 1.63 0.072 175.5 W
16 Microwave 700 0.5 0.5 1.00 0.033 23.1 W
17 Refrigerator 700 24 24 1.00 10.08 7056 W
18 Rice Cooker 1000 0.25 0.75 0.33 0.15 50 W
19 Stove 1000 1 3 0.33 0.6 200 W
20 TV 200 3.5 7 0.50 0.24 24 W
HVAC System Design

Heat Load Calculation

Using the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, the following heat sources are

considered:

1. Occupants: ~100W per person (ASHRAE, 2021).

2. Lighting: LED lights estimated at 10W/m².

3. Appliances: Heat load from TVs, computers, and other devices.

4. Outdoor Heat Gain: Calculated based on Iloilo’s solar radiation levels.

Formula:

𝑄 = (𝑈)(𝐴)(Δ𝑇)

Where:

● Q: Heat gain (Watts).

● U: Thermal transmittance of building materials (W/m²·K).

● A: Surface area exposed to heat gain (m²).

● ΔT: Temperature difference between indoors and outdoors (K).

 d. Input-Process-Output of the Design Project

Figure X. Input-Process-Output Framework

The figure illustrates the Input-Process-Output (IPO) framework applied to the

design and energy optimization of an air-conditioning system for a two-story residential

house.

The Input section identifies the critical data required for the design. These include

the building specifications, such as floor plans, room dimensions, and insulation;

environmental factors, like the local climate and solar heat gains; and design

assumptions, which act as initial guidelines for the system's requirements. To add, it also

considers the occupancy and usage patterns, detailing how occupants use different

spaces and their cooling preferences, as well as heat-generating loads from appliances,

lighting, and other sources within the house.

The Process section details the steps involved in transforming the input data into

an optimized system. It starts with a heat load analysis, which calculates the cooling

requirements of each room. This is followed by the system design, where the type and

layout of the air-conditioning system are determined. Next, energy optimization is carried
out to improve efficiency by optimizing airflow, and potentially integrating renewable

energy sources. Lastly, a cost-benefit analysis evaluates the financial feasibility of the

proposed system, balancing initial costs with long-term savings.

Finally, the Output section represents the end goal: a design and

energy-optimized air-conditioning system made to the specific needs of a two-story

residential house. This ensures the system is not only effective in maintaining thermal

comfort but also energy-efficient and cost-effective, aligning with both environmental and

economic objectives.
 e. Definition of Terms

For clarity and a better understanding of some important terms in the study, the

following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy through collisions between adjacent

atoms or molecules. This process is more efficient in solids and liquids, where particles

are closely packed, compared to gases, where particles are more widely spaced (UCAR

Center of Science Education, 2019).

In the context of the air conditioning system design, conduction refers to how

heat moves from warmer indoor air to the cooler surfaces within the system, such as the

evaporator coils and refrigerant lines.

Convection is the transfer of internal energy into or out of an object by the

physical movement of a surrounding fluid that transfers the internal energy along with its

mass. Although the heat is initially transferred between the object and the fluid by

conduction, the bulk transfer of energy comes from the motion of the fluid (Elert G. of the

Physics Hypertextbook, 2019).

In this capstone project, convection is essential for the effective transfer of heat

as the air conditioning system circulates cool air throughout the space.

Heat radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, rather

than particle movement. For most objects on Earth, this type of radiation occurs in the
infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum (Elert G. of the Physics Hypertextbook,

2019).

In the context of air conditioning system design, heat radiation refers to the

transfer of heat from warmer surfaces, such as walls or windows, to cooler surrounding

areas in the form of infrared radiation.

Heat load, in the context of building physics, refers to the amount of heating or

cooling needed to maintain the desired temperature within a building or a specific space.

It can be calculated based on either the heating or cooling requirements (Designing

Buildings, 2022).

In the context of an air conditioning system, heat load refers to the amount of

cooling required to maintain a comfortable temperature in a space, accounting for factors

such as external temperature, insulation, and internal heat sources.

Heat Load Analysis is a technique used to determine the heating and cooling

requirements of a building, ensuring comfort in both summer and winter. It helps

calculate the appropriate size for the HVAC system and estimate the energy costs for

maintaining temperature control (Howard Air Services, 2023).

In the context of an air conditioning system, Heat Load Analysis assesses the

total heat energy entering a building to calculate the required cooling capacity. This

ensures the system is appropriately sized for optimal performance and efficiency.
 Heat transmission is the process of heat moving through the walls of a building,

impacting both heating and cooling demands. It can be minimized by using thermal

insulation or installing photovoltaic modules on external walls to improve energy

efficiency (Irshad et al., 2019).

In the context of an air conditioning system, heat transmission affects the overall

cooling load of a building by allowing heat to enter or escape through the walls. Proper

insulation and energy-efficient building materials are essential for minimizing heat

transmission and optimizing air conditioning performance.

An external wall is a wall that serves as the outer boundary of a building,

providing enclosure and separation from the outside environment (Designing Buildings,

2020).

In the context of air conditioning systems, external walls are critical as they

impact heat gain or loss, affecting the building's overall temperature control. Insulation

and reflective materials on these walls can help reduce the cooling or heating load on

the system.

Partition load refers to the extra vertical load placed on a structure from

non-load-bearing walls or partitions (Abu M., 2023).

In air conditioning systems, partition load affects the distribution of air and

temperature within different areas of a building. Proper partitioning can influence airflow

and cooling or heating efficiency in individual spaces.

 Infiltration heat load is the heat energy that enters a building when outdoor air

leaks through openings, gaps, or cracks in the building's envelope. It is an important

factor to account for in designing air conditioning and heating systems to ensure

effective temperature regulation and energy efficiency (ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning systems, infiltration heat load increases the cooling or heating

demand as it introduces external air into the building. Reducing infiltration through

proper sealing and insulation can enhance the system's efficiency and performance.

Sensible heat load is the quantity of heat energy that alters the temperature of a

space or air without affecting its moisture content. It is usually linked to the temperature

difference between the indoor air and the desired indoor temperature, which the air

conditioning system must either remove or add (ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning systems, sensible heat load determines the amount of cooling

or heating required to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. The system must be

designed to handle this load efficiently to ensure optimal temperature control and

comfort.

Latent heat load refers to the heat energy required to alter the moisture content

in the air without changing its temperature. This heat load is associated with processes

like adding or removing water vapor, such as controlling humidity in an air conditioning

system, and must be managed to maintain indoor comfort (ASHRAE, 2017).

 In air conditioning systems, latent heat load affects the system's ability to control

humidity levels in addition to temperature. Proper dehumidification ensures comfort by

maintaining a balanced level of moisture in the air.

Ventilation heat load is the heat gained or lost by a building due to the

exchange of air with the outside, typically through mechanical or natural ventilation

systems. Factors such as outdoor temperature, humidity, and airflow rate affect this heat

load, which must be considered in air conditioning system design to maintain the desired

indoor climate (ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning systems, ventilation heat load influences the amount of heating

or cooling required to offset the heat brought in or lost through ventilation. Proper

ventilation design ensures that the system can maintain indoor comfort without

excessive energy use.

Heat generating loads refer to the heat produced by internal sources within a

building, such as people, equipment, lighting, and appliances. These loads contribute to

the overall heating or cooling needs of a space and must be considered when designing

an air conditioning or heating system to maintain desired indoor temperature and comfort

(ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning systems, heat generating loads increase the demand for

cooling, as internal sources of heat raise the temperature of a space. Proper system

sizing and control are essential to offset these internal heat gains and maintain a

comfortable environment.
 Occupant heat load refers to the heat produced by people in a space,

influenced by the number of occupants and their activity level. Since humans release

heat through metabolism and body heat, this load contributes to the overall cooling or

heating requirements of a space (ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning systems, occupant heat load is an important factor as the heat

produced by people in a space increases the cooling demand. The number of occupants

and their activity levels must be considered to ensure the air conditioning system can

maintain a comfortable temperature.

Lighting load is the heat generated by lighting fixtures and systems in a building.

The electrical energy consumed by lights is mostly converted into heat, increasing the

heat load of a space, which must be considered when designing air conditioning and

heating systems (ASHRAE, 2017).

In air conditioning, lighting load affects the cooling requirements since the heat

generated by lighting fixtures adds to the overall heat in a space. Efficient lighting design

and cooling system sizing are necessary to offset this additional load and maintain

indoor comfort.

Miscellaneous heat-generating equipment includes devices and machinery,

like computers, kitchen appliances, and industrial equipment, that produce heat during
operation. These sources add to the total heat load, affecting the cooling demands of the

air conditioning system (ASHRAE, 2017).

In this capstone research, miscellaneous heat-generating equipment, such as

computers and appliances, contribute to the internal heat load in a building.

 CHAPTER 2

Heat Load Calculations

a. Components and Tabulated Values

Ground Floor

Total Wall Length Height Floor Area

Room Name (m) (m) (m²)

Living Area 3.10 2.7 14.57

Room 1 3.10 2.7 8.06

Bathroom 1.50 2.7 3.9

Dining Area 6.55 2.7 13.755

Kitchen 1.50 2.7 3.9

Stairs 1.50 2.7 3.6

Second Floor

Total Wall Length Height Floor Area

Room Name (m) (m) (m²)

Room 2 2.10 2.6 4.725

Room 3 3.37 2.6 7.5825

Masters Bedroom 3.37 2.6 7.5825

Living Area 4.61 2.6 10.603

Stairs 2.00 2.6 2.2

Restroom 2.25 2.6 2.925

Table x. Wall Measurements calculated values

EXTERNAL WALL HEAT LOAD

● South East Wall = 86.47 W = 87 Watts

● North West Wall = 56.47 W = 57 Watts

● South West Wall = 88.65 W = 89 Watts

● North East Wall = 205. 87 W =206 Watts

ROOF HEAT LOAD

● South East Roof = 9.37 W = 9 Watts

● North West Roof = 1.63 W = 2 Watts

● South West Roof = 8.63 W = 9 Watts

● North East Roof = 12.04 W = 12 Watts

PARTITION LOAD

● 1st Floor:

o With Aircon: (0.22) (47.785) (33 - 23) = 86.013 W

o Without Aircon: (0.22) (47.785) (33 - 25) = 68.81 W

● 2nd Floor:

o With Aircon: (0.22) (35.31) (33 - 23) = 63.558 W

o Without aircon: (0.22) (35.31) (33 - 25) = 50.85 W

Infiltration Load

Roof Load: North East

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - TL) +(Tavg - 29) f

= (6 + 1.66) (0.75) + (25 - 23) + (33 - 29) (1.0)

CLTDadj = 11.745 °C

HR = (UR)(AR)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.08) (12.81) (11.745) = 12.04 W

Roof Load: North West

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - TL) +(Tavg - 29) f

= (6 + 1.66) (0.75) + (25 - 33) + (33 - 29) (1.0)

CLTDadj = 11.745 °C

HR = (UR)(AR)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.08) (1.7373) (11.745) = 1.63 W

Roof Load: South East

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - TL) +(Tavg - 29) f

= (6 + -2.77) (0.75) + (25 - 23) + (33 - 29) (1.0)

CLTDadj = 8.4225 °C

HR = (UR)(AR)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.08) (13.908) (8.4225) = 9.37 W

Roof Load: South West

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - TL) +(Tavg - 29) f

= (6 + -2.77) (0.75) + (25 - 23) + (33 - 29) (1.0)

CLTDadj = 8.4225 °C
HR = (UR)(AR)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.08) (12.81) (8.4225) = 8.63 W

External Wall: South East (Main Door)

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - ti) + (tavg - 29);

= [27 + -2.77] (0.5) + (25 - 23)+(33 - 29)

CLTDadj = 18.115 °C

CLTDsel = 27 (Wall type = G; Solar time = 10; Orientation = SE)

LM = -2.77 (Latitude = 16; Month = May-July)

K = 0.5 (Light Color)

Ti = 23 °C (Assumed Temp); Tavg = 33 °C (Assumed Temp)

Uw = 0.18 W/ m² (Wall Exterior) (Exterior Material: Concrete Block)

Aw = 26.52 m²

Hw = (Uw)(Aw)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.18) (26.52) (18.115) = 86.47 W

External Wall: North East

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - ti) + (tavg - 29);

= (20 + 1.66) (0.5) + (25 - 23)+(33 - 29)

CLTDadj = 16.83 °C

CLTDsel = 20 (Wall type = G; Solar time = 10; Orientation = NE)

LM = 1.66 (Latitude = 16; Month = May-July)

K = 0.5 (Light Color)

Ti = 23 °C (Assumed Temp); Tavg = 33 °C (Assumed Temp)

Uw = 0.18 W/ m² (Wall Exterior) (Exterior Material: Concrete Block)

Aw = 51.22 m²

Hw = (Uw)(Aw)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.18) (51.22) (22.33) = 205.87 W

External Wall: North West

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - ti) + (tavg - 29);

= (6 + 1.66) (0.5) + (25 - 23)+ (33 - 29)

CLTDadj = 9.83 °C

CLTDsel = 6 (Wall type = G; Solar time = 10; Orientation = NW)

LM = 1.66 (Latitude = 16; Month = May-July)

K = 0.5 (Light Color)

Ti = 23 °C (Assumed Temp); Tavg = 33 °C (Assumed Temp)

Uw = 0.18 W/ m² (Wall Exterior) (Exterior Material: Concrete Block)

Aw = 26.52 m²

Hw = (Uw)(Aw)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.18) (26.52) (11.83) = 56.47 W

External Wall: South West

CLTDadj = (CLTDsel + LM) K + (25 - ti) + (tavg - 29);

= [6 + -2.77] (0.5) + (25 - 23) (33 - 29)

CLTDadj = 9.615 °C

CLTDsel = 6 (Wall type = G; Solar time = 10; Orientation = SW)

LM = -2.77 (Latitude = 16; Month = May-July)

K = 0.5 (Light Color)

Ti = 23 °C (Assumed Temp); Tavg = 33 °C (Assumed Temp)

Uw = 0.18 W/ m² (Wall Exterior) (Exterior Material: Concrete Block)

Aw = 51.22 m²

Hw = (Uw)(Aw)(CLTDadj); Hw = (0.18) (51.22) (9.615) = 88.65 W

Roof Load
CLTDadj (C) Hr (W)
North East 11.745 12.04
North West 11.745 1.63
South East 8.4225 9.37
South West 8.4225 8.63

External Wall
CLTDadj (C) Hw (W)
North East 16.83 205.87
North West 9.83 56.47
South East 18.115 86.47
South West 9.615 88.65

Table x. Load Calculations for roof and external walls

Partition Loads

Total Area
for 1st Floor Length (m) Width(m) Area (m²)
Room
Living Area 1 3.1 4.7 14.57
Room 1 3.1 2.6 8.06
Dining Area 6.55 2.1 13.755
Bathroom 1.5 2.6 3.9
Kitchen 1.5 2.6 3.9
Stairs 1.00 2.4 3.6
Total Area 16.75 17 47.785
Total Area
for 2nd Floor
Room
Room 2 2.10 2.25 4.725
Room 3 3.37 2.25 7.583
Living Area 2 4.61 2.3 10.603
Master's
Bedroom 3.37 2.25 7.583
Restroom 2.25 1.30 2.925
Stairs 2.00 1.10 2.2
Total Area 17.7 11.45 35.619

Table x. Table of the values of total area of the rooms

Partition Load refers to the heat transfer that occurs through partition walls,

floors, or ceilings that separate two conditioned or unconditioned spaces within a

building. Unlike external loads, which are influenced by outdoor weather conditions,

partition loads are driven by temperature differences between adjacent internal spaces.
 This type of load arises due to conduction through the partition material and is

influenced by the thermal conductivity, thickness, and surface area of the partition, as

well as the temperature gradient between the spaces it separates (ASHRAE, 2017).

To calculate the partition load, the Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction is used,

𝑘⋅𝐴⋅Δ𝑇
given by: 𝑄= 𝑑

Where:

● Q = Heat transfer rate (W or Btu/h)

● k = Thermal conductivity of the partition material (W/m·K or Btu/h·ft·°F)

● A = Surface area of the partition (m² or ft²)

● ΔT = Temperature difference between the two sides of the partition (°C or °F)

● d = Thickness of the partition (m or ft)

Assumed Temperature

● 1st Floor

○ With Aircon = 23 °C (Assume Temp)

○ Without Aircon = 25 °C (Assume Temp)

● 2nd Floor

○ With Aircon = 23 °C (Assume Temp)

○ Without Aircon = 25 °C (Assume Temp)

𝐾 𝑊
𝑈 = 0. 22 𝑚 • 𝑊
= 0. 22 2 𝑘
𝑚

𝐴 = 47. 758𝑚² (1𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟); 35. 31 𝑚² (2𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟)

Partition Load:

𝐻𝑝 = (𝑈) (𝐴) (Δ𝑇) = 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

● 1st Floor:

○ With Aircon: (0. 22) (47. 758) (33 − 23) = 105. 127 𝑊

○ Without Aircon: (0. 22) (47. 758) (33 − 25) = 84. 102 𝑊

● 2nd Floor:

○ With Aircon: (0. 22) (35. 31) (33 − 23) = 77. 682 𝑊

○ Without aircon: (0. 22) (35. 31) (33 − 25) = 62. 146 𝑊
Ventilation Heat Load

Ventilation Heat Load refers to the thermal load introduced into a conditioned

space due to the intake of outdoor air required for ventilation. This load accounts for both

sensible heat (temperature change) and latent heat (moisture change) associated with

bringing outside air to indoor conditions. Ventilation is essential for maintaining indoor air

quality, controlling pollutants, and providing fresh air for occupants. The amount of

ventilation required is often determined by building codes or standards such as ASHRAE

Standard 62.1 (ASHRAE, 2017).

a. Sensible Heat Load

The formula for solving the sensible heat load follows:

𝐻𝑠 = 1. 23 𝑄 (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖)

Where:

𝐿
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑄 = 𝑠
; 𝑇 = °𝐶

The average temperature outside to be used will be 33 °C and the target inside

temperature of the room will be 23 °C. In solving for Q, the formula will be:

𝑄 = 𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑜

Where:

𝑄𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑄𝑜 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6. 2. 2. 1)

𝑄𝑜−𝑄𝑚
In calculating for 𝑄𝑟: 𝑄𝑟 = 𝐸
 In calculating for 𝑄𝑚: 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑅𝑎 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚

In calculating for 𝑄𝑜: 𝑄𝑜 = 𝑅𝑝 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠

Where:

𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 2)

𝑄𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6. 2. 2. 1)

Calculations:

𝐻𝑠 = 1. 23 𝑄 (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖); 𝐻𝑠 = 1. 23(107. 612 )(33 − 23)

𝐻𝑠 = 1323. 628 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

b. Latent Heat Load

The formula for solving the sensible heat load follows:

𝐻𝐿 = 3000𝑄(ω𝑜 − ω𝑖)

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
Where: 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑄 = 𝐿/𝑠; ω = 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

In this study, the humidity ratios to be used is from the average humidity

ratio in the Brgy. Boracay, Malay, Aklan in the month of May-July:

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
ω𝑜 = 0. 0228 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
ω𝑖 = 0. 0180 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Calculations:
𝐻𝑙 = 3000𝑄(ω𝑜 − ω𝑖); 𝐻𝑙 = 3000(107. 612)(0. 0228 − 0. 0180)

𝐻𝑙 = 1549. 613 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

 INFILTRATION HEAT LOADS

Infiltration heat losses relate to air leakage through the building envelope and the

energy required to heat unconditioned air that has leaked into the structure. This air

passes around or through the building envelope. In every building, no matter how well

constructed, there is a certain amount of cold air that leaks into the building, referred to

as infiltration heat loss, and an equal amount of hot air that leaks out. Most commonly,

infiltration will occur around doors and windows. The tight construction of the building will

save the building owner a considerable amount of money over the life of the building.

In this study, the humidity ratios to be used is from the average humidity ratio in

the Brgy. Boracay, Malay, Aklan:

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
ω𝑜 = 0. 0228 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
ω𝑖 = 0. 0180 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

The average temperature outside to be used will be 33 °C and the target inside

temperature of the room will be 23 °C. In solving for Q, the formula will be:

𝑄 = 𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑜

a. Sensible Heat Load

Where:

𝑄𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑄𝑜 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6. 2. 2. 1)

𝑄𝑜−𝑄𝑚
In calculating for 𝑄𝑟: 𝑄𝑟 = 𝐸
 In calculating for 𝑄𝑚: 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑅𝑎 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚

In calculating for 𝑄𝑜: 𝑄𝑜 = 𝑅𝑝 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠

Where:

𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4 − 2)

𝑄𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6. 2. 2. 1)

Calculations:

𝐻𝑠 = 1. 23 𝑄 (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖); 𝐻𝑠 = 1. 23(107. 612 )(33 − 23)

𝐻𝑠 = 1323. 628 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

b. Latent Heat Load

The formula for solving the sensible heat load follows:

𝐻𝐿 = 3000𝑄(ω𝑜 − ω𝑖)

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
Where: 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠; 𝑄 = 𝐿/𝑠; ω = 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

In this study, the humidity ratios to be used is from the average humidity

ratio in the Brgy. Boracay, Malay, Aklan in the month of May-July:

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
ω𝑜 = 0. 0228 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ω𝑖 = 0. 0180 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Calculations:

𝐻𝑙 = 3000𝑄(ω𝑜 − ω𝑖); 𝐻𝑙 = 3000(107. 612)(0. 0228 − 0. 0180)

𝐻𝑙 = 1549. 613 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

OCCUPANT LOAD

Sensible Heat Load

𝐻𝑠 = ( 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 )(%𝑆𝐻𝐺)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
Latent Heat Load

𝐻𝐿 = ( 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 )(%𝐿𝐻𝐺)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
Where:

%LHG = 100-%SHG

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
= Table 4-7

%SHG = % sensible heat gain (Table 4-7)

%LHG = % latent heat gain (Table 4-7)

CLF = Cooling Load factor (Table 4-9)

Calculations:

For Living Area: 𝐻𝑠 = (100) (0. 06)(5)(0. 59 ) = 17. 7 𝑘𝑊

Room 1: 𝐻𝑠 = (70 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 075)(1)(0. 84) = 4. 41 𝑘𝑊

Comfort room: 𝐻𝑠 = (100 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 06)(1)(0. 49) = 2. 94 𝑘𝑊

Dining Room: 𝐻𝑠 = (100 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 06)(5)(0. 59) = 17. 7 𝑘𝑊

Room 2: 𝐻𝑠 = (70 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 075)(1)(0. 84) = 4. 41 𝑘𝑊

Room 3: 𝐻𝑠 = (70 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 075)(1)(0. 84) = 4. 41 𝑘𝑊

 Master’s Bedroom: 𝐻𝑠 = (70) (0. 075)(2)(0. 84) = 8. 82 𝑘𝑊

Living Room 2: 𝐻𝑠 = (100 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 06)(4)(0. 49) = 11. 76 𝑘𝑊

Heat
Actual Total Gain Sensible
Usage Hours in Sensible from Sensible Latent Heat Latent
No. of Activity in Time room heat cooling Occupan Heat Heat Load Heat
Room People the room (hrs) Per Day load factor ts(W) Gain % Gain % (kW) Load

1 Comfort Room 1 Standing 1 3 0.49 150 50 50 3.675 3.675

2 Dining Area 5 Seated, Quiet 2 4 0.59 100 60 40 17.7 11.8

3 Living Room 5 Seated, Quiet 2 4 0.59 100 60 40 17.7 11.8

4 Room 1 1 Sleeping 8 8 0.84 70 75 25 4.41 1.47

5 Comfort Room 1 Seated, Quiet 1 4 0.49 100 60 40 2.94 1.96

Master's
6 Bedroom 2 Sleeping 8 8 0.84 70 75 25 8.82 2.94

7 Living Room 2 4 Seated, Quiet 1 2 0.49 100 60 40 11.76 7.84

8 Room 2 1 Sleeping 8 8 0.84 70 75 25 4.41 1.47

9 Room 3 1 Sleeping 8 8 0.84 70 75 25 4.41 1.47

TOTAL AVERAGE 2.33 4.33 5.44 92.22 8.425 4.94

LIGHTING LOAD

𝐻𝑠 = (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (𝐹𝑢)(𝐹𝑏)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)

Fu = Utilization Factor (light time/total operation hours per day)

Fb = Ballast Factor (1.2 for flurescent)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (Table 4-6)

Actual Total
Equipment Usage Operation Utilization Cooling
Rating Time Hours Factor Load Ballast Lighting Load
Appliance in Watts (W) (hrs) Per Day (Fu) Factor (CLF) Factor (W)
12 W Light
bulb (4 bulb) 12 3 6 0.5 0.021 1.11 0.13986
24 W bulb 24 5 5 1 0.072 1.125 1.944
4x8 W
Chandelier 400 2 2 1 0.45 1.06 190.8
TOTAL 192.88
Calculations:

For (12 W Light bulb):

𝐻𝑠 = (12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (0. 50)(1. 11)(0. 021) = 0. 13936 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

For (24 W Light bulb):

𝐻𝑠 = (24 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (1. 00)(1. 125)(0. 072) = 1. 944 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

For (4x8 W Chandelier):

𝐻𝑠 = (400 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) (1. 00)(1. 06)(0. 45) = 190. 8 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Psychrometric Process Calculation related to calculated heat load

a. Determination of SHR

Sensible heat is associated with temperature changes, while latent heat involves

changes in moisture content. Sensible heat ratio represents the proportion of sensible

heat load to the total heat load, which includes both sensible and latent heat. The

formula in getting the sensible heat ratio is determined by:

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑄𝑠

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑄𝑇

17706.516 𝑊
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 19663.80 𝑊

𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 0. 9005

b. Determination of mass flowrate of air at supply point

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇

𝑘𝐽
17. 7065 𝑘𝑊 = (𝑚) (1. 0062 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
) (33 𝐶 − 23 𝐶)

ṁ = 1. 7597 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
 c. Determination of %outdoor and %recirculated air

The %outdoor air and %recirculated air can be determined by the following

formulas:

If the temperatures of the outdoor air (TOA​), return air (TRA​), and mixed air (TMA​)

are known:

𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟
%𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦
× 100

𝑥
%𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥
× 100

%𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥 %

%𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 100 − %𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟

%𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 100 − 𝑥

%𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥 %
 d. Determination of air properties entering at AC equipment

The properties of air entering at AC equipment are typically dry-bulb temperature

(Tdb​), wet-bulb temperature (Twb), relative humidity (RH), specific humidity (W), enthalpy

(h), and specific volume (υ).

Assuming that every room that requires an Split-type AC Equipment has the

same wall material, same ceiling material, and has the same parameters, the following

properties are determined by using the Psychrometric Table as:

𝑘𝐽
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 33 ℃ 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦, ℎ = 97 𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑊𝐵𝑇 = 29. 5 ℃ 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, ω = 0. 0025

3
𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑅𝐻 = 77% 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, υ = 0. 917 𝑘𝑔
 e. Determination of air properties Leaving at AC equipment

The properties of air leaving at AC equipment are typically dry-bulb temperature

(Tdb​), wet-bulb temperature (Twb), relative humidity (RH), specific humidity (W), enthalpy

(h), and air density (ρ).

Assuming that every room that requires an Split-type AC has the same wall

material, same ceiling material, and has the same parameters, the following properties

are determined by using the Psychrometric Table as:

Assuming that Relative Humidity leaving the Air-Conditioning Equipment is

100%,

𝑘𝐽
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 23 ℃ 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦, ℎ = 69 𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑊𝐵𝑇 = 23 ℃ 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, ω = 0. 0018

3
𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑅𝐻 = 100% 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, υ = 0. 864 𝑘𝑔
 f. Determination of AC Equipment Capacity

Determining the capacity of an air conditioning (AC) system involves calculating

the cooling load, which represents the amount of heat the system must remove to

maintain desired indoor conditions.

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 𝑘𝑊

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑘𝑊

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 17. 7065 𝑘𝑊 + 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑥 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑥 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑅 = 3.517
= 3.517 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑅 = 12 000
= 𝑥 𝑇𝑅

Occupation Lighting Equipment Infiltration Ventilation

Load Load Load Load Load
Living Area &
Dining Area 17.7

Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
Masters Bedroom

Sensible Heat Latent Heat

Name Load (kW) Load (kW)
Living Area 0.0177 0.0118
 Room 1 0.00441 0.00147
Bathroom 2.94 1.96
Dining Area 3.54 3.54
Room 2 4.41 1.41
Room 3 4.41 1.41
Masters
Bedroom 4.41 1.41
Living Area 2.94 1.96

g. Determination of Volume flow rate at the supply point.

Abu, M. (2023, June 5). What is Partition Load? Explain different types of Partition Load

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