MODULE 5

CHAPTER 5:

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Solve definite integrals using different methods and techniques including Walli’s
Formula

The Definite Integral

If F(x) is the integral of f(x)dx, that is F’(x)=f(x)dx and if a and b are

constant, then the definite integral is:
𝒃
𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙)]
𝒂 𝒂

= F(b)-F(a)
𝑏
The symbol ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is read as the integral of f(x) with respect to x, from
x=a to x=b. The function f(x) is called integrand, a and b are called
respectively the lower and upper limits ((boundaries) of integration.

Properties Of Definite Integral

𝑏 𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑏 𝑏
3.∫𝑎 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 [ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

𝑏 𝑏
6. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 1
Illustrative Example: Integrate the following

2 3
1.∫1 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ (𝑦 − 2)2 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑥5
=[ 5 ]12 Let u=y-2

25 15 du=dy
= −
5 5
(𝑦−2)3 3
31 =[ ]1
=5 3

(3−2)3 −(1−2)3
= 3

1 1
=3 + 3

2
=
3

1
4.∫1 √2𝛽 − 1𝑑𝛽
2

−2 𝑑𝑥
3.∫−3 (4+𝑥)3 Let u=2β-1

Let u=4+x du=2 dβ

1
du=dx 1 1
=2 ∫1 ( 2β − 1)2 [2𝑑𝛽]
2
−2
∫ (4 + 𝑥)−3 𝑑𝑥 1 (2𝛽−1)2
3

−3 =2 [ 3 ]
2
(4+𝑥)−2 −2
=[ −2
]−3 3
(2𝛽 − 1)2 1
=[ ]1
=[− 2(4+𝑥)2 ]−2
1 3 2
−3
3
3 1
−1 −1 (2(1)−1)2 (2( )−1)2
=[2(4+(−2))2 ] − [2(4+(−3))2 ] =[ − 2
]
3 3

3 1
=8 =3 − 0

1
=3

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 2
 𝑎 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫0 5
2 1
(𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 )2 6.∫0 (1 − 𝑢2 )2 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2
∫ (1 − 𝑢−2 )2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 0

2
Let x=0,θ=0
∫ (1 − 2𝑢−2 + 𝑢−4 )𝑑𝑢
𝜋 0
X=a , θ=4
2 2 2
∫0 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫0 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 𝑢−4 du
𝜋
4 (𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)3 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 5 𝑢−1 𝑢−3 2
0 (𝑎2 + (𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2 )2 =[u-2 −1 + ]
−3 0

𝜋 2 1 2
4 𝑎3 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =[u+𝑢 − 3𝑢3 ]
∫ 5
0
0 (𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2 )2
2 1 2 1 2
=[2+ − ] −[0+ − ]
𝜋 2 3(2)3 0 3(0)3 0
4 𝑎4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 5 1
0 (𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)2 =2+1-24 − 0

𝜋 71
𝑎4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4 =24
∫
0 𝑎5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝜃
𝜋
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫
0 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝜋
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫
0 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝜋
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫
0 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
𝜋
4 3 𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1
0 𝑎( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃

𝜋
1
=𝑎 ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝜋
1
=𝑎 ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
1 1
=𝑎 ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝑎 ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
1 1
=− 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃/04 +3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃/04

1 √2 1 1 1
=− + + √2 − 3𝑎
𝑎 2 𝑎 12𝑎

−6√2+12+√2−4
=
12𝑎

8−5√2
= 12𝑎

=0.0774a

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 3
Wallis’ Formula

The integral

𝜋
2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
0

𝜋
2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

[(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 5) … … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)][(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 5) … . . (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]

= .∝
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4) … . . (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
𝜋
∝= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚&𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2

∝= 1, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Illustrative Example:
𝜋
2
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝜋
0
2
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
(7−1)(7−3)(7−5)
𝑜 = (7+0)(7+0−2)(7+0−4)(7+0−6).1
(2 − 1)(6 − 1)(6 − 3)(6 − 5) 𝜋
= . (6)(4)(2)
=(7)(5)(3)(1)
(2 + 6)(2 + 6 − 2)(2 + 6 − 4)(2 + 6 − 6) 2
(1)(5)(3)(1) 𝜋 16
=(8)(6)(4)(2) . 2 =35

=0.4571

=0.0614

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 4
 𝜋 𝜋
2.∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑜
(2−1) 𝜋
= .2
2 (8 − 1)(8 − 3)(8 − 5)(8 − 7)(2 − 1) 𝜋
= .
𝜋 (8 + 2)(2 + 8 − 2)(2 + 8 − 4)(2 + 8 − 6)(2 + 8 − 8) 2
=4
(7)(5)(3)(1)(1) 𝜋
=(10)(8)(6)(4)(2) . 2

21𝜋
= 512

=0.12885

𝜋
𝜋
2
6.∫06 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑜 Let u=3x du=3dx
(7 − 1)(7 − 3)(7 − 5)(3 − 1)
= 8( ). 1 Limits in terms of u:
(7 + 3)(7 + 3 − 2)(7 + 3 − 4)(7 + 3 − 6)(7 + 3 − 8)
(6)(4)(2)(2)
From u=3x
=8. (10)(8)(6)(4)(2) . 1
When x=0; u=3(0)=0
1
=5 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
When x=6 ; u=(3)(6 )=2
=0.2 𝜋
1
=3 ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 3𝑥(3𝑑𝑥)

1 (7)(5)(3)(1) 𝜋 35𝜋
=3 . (8)(6)(4)(2) . 2 = 768
= 0.143

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 5