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Lecture 2

Scientific articles are publications based on empirical evidence, which can support hypotheses, describe existing research, or comment on trends. They are categorized into primary resources, requiring original research, and secondary resources, based on published work. Types include full papers, review articles, case studies, and commentaries, each serving distinct purposes in research and analysis.

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2 views

Lecture 2

Scientific articles are publications based on empirical evidence, which can support hypotheses, describe existing research, or comment on trends. They are categorized into primary resources, requiring original research, and secondary resources, based on published work. Types include full papers, review articles, case studies, and commentaries, each serving distinct purposes in research and analysis.

Uploaded by

abdoalisd26
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENTIFIC

ARTICLES

TA R E K D I S H I S H A
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES

Definition:
• Scientific article is a publication ‫ ﻣ"ﺸﻮر‬that is
based on empirical evidence 0/.‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺠﺮ‬.
• It can:
– support a hypothesis ‫ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬with original research,
– describe existing research, or
– comment on current trends in a specific field.
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC
ARTICLES (CONTENT)
• Primary Resources
– Requires original research
– Example: Full paper, Short communication, Case study

• Secondary Resources
– Based on other published work
– Example: Review articles, Mini-reviews, Commentaries,
Opinions, Book review
WHAT THEY ARE USED FOR?
What do you use primary sources for?
• Primary sources are the origin of research.They allow you to:
– Make new discoveries
– Provide credible evidence for your arguments
– Give authoritative information about your topic
– If you don’t use any primary sources, your research may be considered
unoriginal or unreliable.
What do you use secondary sources for?
• Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your
topic.They allow you to:
– Gain background information on the topic
– Support or contrast your arguments with other researchers’ ideas
– Gather information from primary sources that you can’t access directly
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC
ARTICLES (STRUCTURE)
• Full Paper (Original Research)
• Short Communication
• Review Article
• Mini-review Main differences in structure
Main differences in Content
• Case report
Main differences in Type
• Commentaries (opinion)
LONG SHORT

< 15 double-spaced < 8 double-spaced


pages of text (not pages of text
including references) < 20 references
< 10 figures and/or Original Short < 4 figures and/or
tables Research Communication tables

< 22 double- < 8 double-


spaced pages spaced pages
of text (not Mini-review of text
including Review Article
Article <20 references
references) < 4 figures
< 15 figures and/or tables
and/or tables

< 15 double-spaced Case Report Commentaries communication of


pages of text (not- opinion, insight, and
including references) interpretation on a
< 10 figures and/or recently published
tables paper
1. ORIGINAL RESEARCH

• Description: These are detailed studies reporting


original research
• Type: Primary literature
• Content: hypothesis, background study, methods, results,
interpretation of findings, and a discussion of possible
implications
• Effort: Require a significant investment of time
2. REVIEW ARTICLES

• Description: Provide a critical and constructive


analysis of existing published literature in a field
• Type: Secondary literature
• Conetent: Summary, analysis, and comparison leading to
identifying specific gaps or problems and providing
recommendations for future research.
• Forms: literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-
analyses.
3. CASE STUDY

• Description: present the details of real patient cases


from medical or clinical practice. The cases presented are
usually those that contribute significantly to the
existing knowledge on the field.
• Type: Primary literature
• Content: Discuss the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment of a disease.
COMMENTARY

• Description: Commentaries are short articles that draw


attention to or present a criticism of a previously
published article, book, or report
• Why: explaining why it interested them and how it might
be illuminating for readers.
• Type: Secondary literature
RESOURCES
• H.F. Ebel, C. Bliefert, W.E. Russey. The art of scientific writing: from student
reports to professional publications in chemistry and related fields.
• David Bangsberg. Anatomy of a Manuscript: How to write a manuscript in
19 sentences. Harvard Medical School, Harvard Initiative for Global Health

• Lance K. Heilbrun. Manuscript preparation and the publication


process. Karmanos Cancer Institute.
• Rennie, D., Yank, V., Emanuel, L. (1997). When authorship fails: A proposal to
make contributors accountable. JAMA, 278:579-585.

• Resnik D. B. (1997). A proposal for a new system of credit allocation in


science. Science and Engineering Ethics, 3: 237-243.
• Boston University School of Public Health, Overview of Critical Reading

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