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Timing Diagram v1

A timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of instructions in the 8085 microprocessor, measured in T-states. It includes details about clock signals, machine cycles, and control signals, with specific cycles for opcode fetch, memory read/write, and I/O operations. The timing diagram aids in understanding the microprocessor's operation and is essential for designing memory circuits and optimizing performance.

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18 views

Timing Diagram v1

A timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of instructions in the 8085 microprocessor, measured in T-states. It includes details about clock signals, machine cycles, and control signals, with specific cycles for opcode fetch, memory read/write, and I/O operations. The timing diagram aids in understanding the microprocessor's operation and is essential for designing memory circuits and optimizing performance.

Uploaded by

beverlineomondi827
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TIME DIAGRAM

What is a Timing Diagram?


A time diagram is a graphical representation where the 8085 instruction timing diagram
represents the execution time of each instruction in graphical format. Execution time is given in
T-states. The 8085 microprocessor has a set of control signals and data signals that play an
important role in the execution of instructions. In this article, I will explain in detail what a
timing diagram is and how to draw a timing diagram of different instructions
 Clock Signal: The time required to execute an instruction is called a clock cycle.
 Machine Cycle: The time required to access memory or input/output devices is called a
machine cycle. The 8085 has 5 basic machine cycles i.e., load opcode, read from memory,
write to memory, read I/O, and write I/O.
 T-State: A machine cycle and an instruction cycle take several clock periods. The portion
of an operation performed in one system clock period is called a T-state.
 Control Signals: The control signal controls the operations. Common signals are ALE
(address block enable), RD (read), WR (write), and IO/M (input/output) memory.
Machine Cycle of 8085
The 8085 microprocessor has 5 basic machine cycles. They are:
 Opcode Fetch {4T- state}
 Memory Read {3T- state}
 Memory Write {3T- state}
 I/O Read {3T- state}
 I/O Write {3T- state}

Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle of 8085


 Each processor instruction has a one byte opcode.
 Operation codes are stored in memory. Thus, the processor performs an opcode load machine
cycle to load the opcode from memory.
 Thus, each instruction begins with a machine cycle of opcodes.
 The time the processor takes to perform an opcode load cycle is 4T.
 At this time, the first, 3T-states are used to load the opcode from memory, and the remaining
T-states are used for internal opcodes.
Opcode Fetch Cycle

Memory Read Machine Cycle of 8085


 A memory read machine cycle is executed by the processor to read a data byte from memory.
 The processor takes 3T states to perform this cycle.
 Instructions that have more than one byte word will use machine cycle after machine cycle
to load the opcode.

Memory Read Machine Cycle

Memory Write Machine Cycle of 8085


 A write-to-memory machine cycle is executed by the processor to write a data byte to
memory.
 The processor takes 3T states to perform this cycle.
 Instructions that have more than one byte word will use machine cycle after machine cycle
to load the opcode.

I/O Read Machine Cycle


 A reader I/O cycle is performed by the processor to read a data byte from an I/O port or
peripheral that is I/O mapped in the system.
 The processor needs 3T states to execute this machine cycle.

I/O Read Machine Cycle

I/O Write Machine Cycle


 A writer’s I/O cycle is executed by the processor to write a data byte to an I/O port or
peripheral that is I/O mapped in the system.
 The processor needs 3T states to execute this machine cycle.
Timing Diagram of Some Instructions
 MVI A,45
 STA 8000H
 INR M
Timing Diagram of MVI A, 45
 Loading opcode 4EH from memory 2000H. (Operation Code Loading Machine Cycle)
 Read (move) data 45H from memory 2001H. (Memory reading).

Address Mnemonics Opcode

2000H MVI A,45H 4EH

2001H 45H

Timing Diagram of MVI Instructions

Timing Diagram of STA 8000H


 STA stands for Store Accumulator – the contents of the accumulator are stored at (1000H).
 The transaction code of STA indicates 32H. It is provided by 1000H memory (see picture).
– In the machine cycle.
 Then read the sub address (00). – Memory reading machine cycle
 Read higher memory location (80) – Memory read machine cycle.
 Consider the combination of the two addresses and write the details of the accumulator for
8000. – Don’t forget to write the machine cycle
 Assume the memory address for the instruction and let the content of accumulator is C7H.
So, C7H from accumulator is now stored in 8000H.

Address Mnemonics Opcode

1000H STA 8000H 32H

1001H 00H

1002H 80H

Timing Diagram of STA Instructions

Timing Diagram of INR M Instructions


 C500H INR M 34H
 D050 as memory address
 E1H and E2H as opcode
Timing Diagram of INR Instructions

Applications 0f 8085
 System charts keep track of all changes occurring in the system.
 Timelines provide a more accurate representation of physical activity.
 The timing table of 8085 instructions graphically represents the time required to execute each
instruction.
 Timing Diagram is a special form of sequence diagram.
 Timing Diagram keep track of every change that occur in the system.
 The timing diagram is important for planning the clock frequency of the microprocessor.
 The timing diagram helps design memory circuits that meet the required set and hold times
during read and write operations.

Conclusion
The timing diagram of the 8085 microprocessor looks like a brief overview of how the
microprocessor works during operation. It helps engineers solve problems, create good
memories and interactions between devices, make quick decisions, and do good, on-time work.
For students, it simplifies the learning process by providing a visual representation of the inner
workings of a microprocessor. Essentially, it serves as a guide for understanding,
troubleshooting and optimizing the performance of the 8085 microprocessor.

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