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FEM 1_Module 4_Type 1_Lecture Notes

The document discusses the applications of partial differentiation, focusing on finding local maxima and minima for functions of one and two variables. It outlines the prerequisites for understanding maxima/minima, the first and second partial tests, and provides a working rule for determining extreme values. An example is included to illustrate the process of finding stationary points and their corresponding extreme values.

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2 views

FEM 1_Module 4_Type 1_Lecture Notes

The document discusses the applications of partial differentiation, focusing on finding local maxima and minima for functions of one and two variables. It outlines the prerequisites for understanding maxima/minima, the first and second partial tests, and provides a working rule for determining extreme values. An example is included to illustrate the process of finding stationary points and their corresponding extreme values.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Applications of Partial Differentiation

Prerequisite

ˆ For a function of one variable, f (x), we find the local maxima/minima


by differentiation.
0
ˆ Maxima/minima occur when f (x) = 0
0 00
ˆ x = a is a maximum if f (a) = 0 and f (a) < 0
0 00
ˆ x = a is a maximum if f (a) = 0 and f (a) > 0
00 000
ˆ A point where f (a) = 0 and f (a) 6= 0is called a point of inflection.
ˆ Geometrically, the equation y = f (x) represents a curve in the two-
dimensional (x, y) plane, and we call this curve the graph of the function
f (x).

Maximum and Minimum of two variable Functions

ˆ Let z = f (x, y) where x and y are the independent variables and z is


the dependent variable.
ˆ The graph of such a function is a surface in three dimensional space.
ˆ If z = f (x, y) be some function of x and y then we can find extreme
values(Maxima and Minima) of the function using partial derivatives
ˆ Definition
A function f of two variables is said to have a relative maximum
(minimum) at a point (a, b) if there is a disc centred at (a, b) such that
f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y)(f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y)) for all points (x, y) that lie inside the
disc.

43
ˆ Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum (minimum) at
(a, b) if f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y)(f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y)) for all points (x, y) that lie
inside in the domain of f .
ˆ If f has a relative (absolute) maximum or minimum at (a, b) then we
say that f has a relative (absolute) extremum at (a, b)

First Partial Test

ˆ function f has a relative extremum at (a, b), if the first-order derivatives


of f exist at this point,and

fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0

ˆ A point (a, b) in the domain of f (x, y) is called a critical point(stationary


points) of f if fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0, or if one or both partial
derivatives do not exist at (a, b).
ˆ The actual value at a stationary point is called the stationary value.

The second partials test

Let f (x, y) have continuous second-order partial derivatives in some disc


centred at a critical point (a, b), and let r = fxx (a, b), t = fyy (a, b) and s =
fxy (a, b) and define D = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) − fxy (a, b)2

1. If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f has a relative minimumat(a, b)


2. If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at (a, b)
3. If D < 0, then f has a saddle point at(a, b).
4. If D = 0, then no conclusion can be drawn

44
Working Rule (Type 1)

Step (1) For a given function f (x, y), calculate

∂f ∂f ∂ 2 f ∂ 2 f ∂ 2f
; ; ; ;
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y
Step (2) To find stationary points solve

∂f ∂f
=0; =0
∂x ∂y
simultaneously.
This gives pair of (x, y) values known as stationary points or critical
points at which given function may take extreme values.

Step (3) At each stationary points find

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
r= ; t= 2 ; s=
∂x2 ∂y ∂x∂y
Step (4) At each stationary points,Extreme values can be decided as per follow-
ing cases

Case(i) If rt − s2 > 0 and r < 0(ort < 0) at stationary point (a, b) then
f (x, y) is Maximum at (a, b) and Maximum value is given by
fmax (a, b)

Case(ii) If rt − s2 > 0 and r > 0(ort > 0) at stationary point (a, b) then
f (x, y) is Minimum at (a, b) and Minimum value is given by fmin (a, b)

Case(iii) If rt − s2 < 0 at stationary point (a, b) then f (x, y) has neither Max-
ima nor Minima. and such point (a, b) is called Saddle Point

45
Case(iv) If rt − s2 = 0 then test fails and no conclusion is drawn about max-
ima and minima of a function

Examples

Example (Type 1)
Find extreme values of the following function

x3 + 3xy 2 − 3x2 − 3y 2 + 4

Solution
(a) Let f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 3x2 − 3y 2 + 4
Step (1)

f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 3x2 − 3y 2 + 4


∂f
∴ = 3x2 + 3y 2 − 6x
∂x
∂f
= 6xy − 6y
∂y
∂ 2f
r= = 6x − 6
∂x2
∂ 2f
t = 2 = 6x − 6
∂y
∂ 2f
s= = 6y
∂x∂y

Step (2) For stationary points (Critical points)

∂f ∂f
= 0 and =0
∂x ∂y

46
=⇒ 3x2 + 3y 2 − 6x = 0.....(1) and
6xy − 6y = 0.....(2)

By (2)

6y(x − 1) = 0
=⇒ 6y = 0 or (x − 1) = 0
=⇒ y = 0 or x = 1

Case(i) Using y = 0 in (1)

3x2 + 3y 2 − 6x = 0
=⇒ 3x2 − 6x = 0
=⇒ 3x(x − 2) = 0
=⇒ 3x = 0 or (x − 2) = 0
=⇒ x = 0 or x = 2

∴ in this case stationary points are

(0, 0) and (2, 0)


Case(ii) Using x = 1 in (1)

3x2 + 3y 2 − 6x = 0
=⇒ 3 + 3y 2 − 6 = 0
=⇒ 3y 2 − 3 = 0
=⇒ y 2 − 1 = 0
=⇒ y = 1 or y = −1

∴ in this case stationary points are

47
(1, 1) and (1, −1)
Considering both the cases stationary points are

(1, 1), (1, −1), (0, 0). and (2, 0)


Step (3) At each stationary points (Critical points)
(1) At (0, 0)

r = −6 < 0
s=0
t = −6 < 0
rt − s2 = 36 > 0
∴ f (x, y) is maximum at (0, 0) and Maximum value is

fmax (0, 0) = 0 + 0 − 0 − 0 + 4 = 4

(2) At (2, 0)

r=6>0
s=0
t=6>0
rt − s2 = 36 > 0
∴ f (x, y) is minimum at (2, 0) and Minimum value is

fmin (2, 0) = 23 + 0 − 3(22 ) − 0 + 4 = 0

(3) At (1, 1)

r=0
s=6
t=0

48

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