Linear Differential Equation

A Differential Equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives appear in
first degree ony and are not multiplied together is called Linear Differential Equation.
The General Form of Linear Differential Equation is given by
dy
+ Py = Q
dx
Or
dx
+ P 0 x = Q0
dy

where P and Q are constants or functions of x only and P 0 and Q0 are constants or
functions of y only.

The General Solution of First form Linear Differential Equation is given by

Z
y.(I.F.) = Q.(I.F )dx + c

R
where I.F. = e P (x)dx and
The General Solution of Second form Linear Differential Equation is given by
Z
x.(I.F.) = Q0 .(I.F )dy + c

P 0 (y)dy
R
where I.F. = e

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 Example
dy
Solve: xlog(x) + y = 2log(x)
dx
Solution:

Given Equation is not in Linear Differential Equation Form. Re writing the Equa-
tion by dividing throughout with xlog(x), we have

dy y 2
+ =
dx xlog(x) log(x)

Which is the linear Differential Equation where

1
P =
xlog(x)
and
2
Q=
x

Now
R
P (x)dx
I.F. = e
1
R
dx
=e xlog(x)

R 1/x
dx
=e log(x)

= elog (log(x))
I.F. = log(x)

therefore General Solution is

Z
y.(I.F.) = Q.(I.F )dx + c
Z
2
y.(log(x)) = . [log(x)] dx + c
log(x)

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 For R.H.S.
1
Let log(x) = u =⇒ x
dx = du
Z
y.(log(x)) = 2udu + c

y.(log(x)) = [log(x)]2 + c

c
y = log(x) +
log(x)
is the required solution

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 Non-Linear Differential Equation

Equations of the form

dy
f 0 (y) + P f (y) = Q.....(A)
dx

and
dy
+ P y = Qy n .....(B)
dx

where P and Q are constants or functions of x

are known as Non-Linear differential equations and are reducible to linear dif-
ferential equation Form.

For D.E. of the form (1) we substitute v = f (y) so that it reduced in Linear
Differential equation in v and x which is solvable by L.D.E. solution method and
then re substituting v we get the solution of original Equation.

For D.E. of the form (2) we divide throughout by y n so that it reduced in form
(1) then again follow the solution method of Form (1), we can obtain the solution of
given D.E.

Equation (B) are known as Bernoulli’s Equation

Example
dy
Solve: (1) dx
= ex−y (ex − ey )

Solution:

dy
= ex−y (ex − ey )
dx
dy ex
= y (ex − ey )
dx e
dy
ey = e2x − ex ey
dx

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 dy
ey + ex ey = e2x
dx

Let ey = v
dy dv
ey dx = dx
Substituting (2) in (1) , we have
dv
+ ex v = e2x
dx
which isR L.D.E. in v and x
I.F.R = e P dx
x
= e e dx
x
= ee

Solution is,
Z
v.(I.F.) = Q.(I.F )dx + c
Z
ex x
v.(e ) = e2x .(ee )dx + c
Z
ex x
v.(e ) = ex .(ee )ex dx + c

Let ex = t
ex dx = dt

Hence Z
t
v.(e ) = t.(et )dt + c

v.(et ) = tet − et + c
x x x
v.(ee ) = ex ee − ee + c
x
v = ex − 1 + ce−e
x
ey = ex − 1 + ce−e

which is require solution.

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 dy
(2) dx
= x3 y 3 − xy

Solution:

dy
= x3 y 3 − xy
dx
dy
+ xy = x3 y 3
dx

which is Bernoulli’s equation

Dividing throughot by y 3 , we get
1 dy 1
3
+ 2 x = x3
y dx y

substituting y 2 = v we get
−2 dy dv
3
=
y dx dx
1 dy 1 dv
= −[ ]
y 3 dx 2 dx

Hence
1 dv
−[ ] + vx = x3
2 dx

Multiplying throughout by (−2), we get

dv
+ (−2)xv = −2x3
dx

Which isR linear equation in x and v where P = −2x and q = −2x3

I.F.R = e P dx
= e −2xdx
2
= e−x

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 Solution is,
Z
v.(I.F.) = Q.(I.F )dx + c
Z
−x2 2
v.(e )= (−2x3 ).(e−x )dx + c
Z
−x2 2
v.(e )= (−x2 ).(e−x )2xdx + c

Let −x2 = t
2xdx = −dt

Hence Z
t
v.(e ) = t.(et )(−dt) + c

Integrating by parts we get

Z
t t
v.(e ) = −[te − (et )dt] + c

v.(et ) = (et )(1 − t) + c

Re substituting v and t require solution is

1 2

2
= (1 + x2 ) + cex
y

Practice Examples

Solve:

dy 4x y2
(1) y dx + 3
− 3x
=0

dy
(2) xy(1 + xy 2 ). dx =1

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 dy
(3) dx
+ xsin2y = x3 cos2 y

(4) dy
dx
= 1 − x(y − x) − x3 (y − x)2

y2 −3
(5) x2
= 32 ex +c

dy ylogy
(6) dx
+ x−logy
=0

dy
(7) dx
+ xy logy = y
x2
(logy)2

dy 1−2x
(8) dx
+ x2
.y =1

dy
(9) x. dx + 2.y = log(x)

dy
(10) (x + 2y 3 ). dx =y

dy
(11) dx
coshx = 2cosh2 xsinhx − ysinhx

dy
(12) x(x − 1) dx − (x − 2)y = (x3 ).(2x − 1)

(13) (1 + y 2 ) dx
dy
= tan−1 y − x

dy
(14) sin2x dx = y + tanx

(15) (1 + siny) dx
dy
= 2ycosy − x(secy + tany)

(16) (1 + x + xy 2 )dy + (y + y 3 )dx = 0

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 dy
√
(17) (1 − x2 ) dx + 2xy = x. 1 − x2

Answers

2
(1) y 2 + 2x2 = cx 3

y2
(2)− x1 = (y 2 − 2) + ce 2

2
(3) tany = 12 (x2 − 1) + ce−x

1 2
(4) y−x
= −(x2 + 2) + cex 2

cx2
(5) y = x3 + x−1

(6) xlogy − 12 (logy)2 = c

1 1
(7) xlogy
= 2x2
+c

(8) y = x2 + ce1/x .x2

2log(x)−1 c
(9)y = 4
+ x2

(10) x = y 3 + cy

2(coshx)2
(11) y = 3
+ csechx

cx2
(12) y = x3 + x−1

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 −1 y
(13) x = tan−1 y − 1 + cetan

√
(14) y = tanx − 1 + c tanx

(15) x(1 + siny) = y 2 cosy + ccosy

(16) xy + tan−1 y = c

2)
(17) 2tan−1 y = x2 − 1 + ce(x

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